: Sunday, September 16, 2018 Data Structures & Operating Systems Basic Components of Operating Systems pee EROAWEN ~= “Associate Professor, Department of Computer Sci. and areca Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad Allahabad-211004, UP, India-Basic concepts of operating systems Key Words Ff 2 * Resource: In the context of a computer system, it means 2) memory or any input / output device. Process: It is a program in execution. * File: It is a data storage unit that holds information. * System programs: These could be operating system, compilers, editors, loaders, ut s, etc. Application programs: These are database systems, business programs, etc. * Process management: These are jobs related to the unhindered execution of programs. Memory management: An activity or a set of activities associated with allocating and de-allocating memory space. \/O device: This refers to a proper activation and de-activation of input / output device management with appropriate hardware and software. Manoj Wariya .| Department of Computer Sci. and Engineering, MNNIT Allahabadconcepts of operating systems Key Words * File management: A set of jobs associated with creating, ® retrieving, deleting, amending data storage units on storage devices and keeping track of the same. * Protection: It is the mechanism for controlling the access of programs, in Operating System processes, or users to the resources in the computer. Command interpreter: It a system program, which is an essential component of the operating system, that accepts, deciphers and executes the job related to the command statement. * Kernel: It is the core library of functions that provides the most basic interface between the computer machine and the rest of the operating system. * System calls: It provides the interface between a running program and the operating system. Manoj Wariya | Department of Computer Sci. and aria VIN Na] esteconcepts of operating systems Key Words Operating system commands : These are commands through @ which the user interacts with the operating system directly. Batch processing :These are jobs that are executed with minimum user interaction and as and when the computer system is available following a schedule. Multiprogramming: Multi programming refers to the situation in which a single CPU divides its time between more than one job. = Multitasking :Multi tasking refers to execution of more than one application program at any given time. Time-sharing :In the context of a computer, time-sharing means sharing of the computer resources among many users by allocating them for a specified time. Manoj Wariya | re ASSL AAA teeth MNNIT AllahabadEE etel ites) le Rel mele eo Key Words " Multiprocessing :Any simultaneous execution of multiple processes on different processors. ey ——e * Real-time: In the context of an operating system, it is an Operating system that provides quick and time critical response. = Networked computing :A collection of physically interconnected computers. * Distributed computing :This refers to processing of computing jobs by automatically sharing the job-processing load among the constituent computers connected to the same network. Ee MLS CURR CAUSE Maia eeeBasic concepts of operating systems Introduction = Without software, a computer basically a useless equipment. With software, a computer can store, process, and retrieve information and engage in many other valuable activities. = Computer software can be divided roughly into two parts: system programs, which manage the operation of the computer itself, and application programs, w perform the actual work the user wants. = The most important system program is the operating system (OS) that controls all the computer resources and provides the base upon which the application program can be written. VET rey RW LEN Department of Computer Sci. and Engineering, Barking | Aine Web system! resenvation browser Command interpeetr Complers | Eators Osarating system Nechine language ie Manama | Micro-programming > Hardvere MNNIT AllahabadBasic concepts of operating systems Introduction: Operating System = An operating system is a collection of programs that acts as an interface between the user of a computer and the computer hardware. @ = Without software, a modern-day computer is unusable. Software comprising operating system, programming language compilers, etc. are essential to provide an ‘user-friendly’ interface to the user. "A n operating system is an important part of almost every computer system that comprises three main components: = The hardware (memory, CPU, arithmetic-logic unit, various storage devices, 1/O, peripheral devices, etc.) = Systems programs (operating system, compilers, editors, loaders, ut etc.) = Ap ication programs (database systems, business programs, etc.) Manoj Wariya | Department of Computer Sci. and Engineering, MNNIT AllahabadBasic concepts of operating systems Introduction: Operating System A software that acts as an interface between the user and hardware of the computer system = Asoftware that provides a working environment for the users’ applications = A resource manager that manages the resources needed for all the applications in the background = A software in which all common functions required to work on the computer system have been put together. > 4 Manoj Wariya | Department of Computer Sci. and Sala A ELE SET]Basic concepts of operating systems Need of OS How are the files as a logical concept mapped to the physical disk? Today, we are able to open many windows at a time; who is managing all these windows despite a single processor? Dy Who ensures that the CPU is not sitting idle or busy forever? - Sometimes we see some messages like memory error or power failure, connection failure in network, paper jam in printer, etc. Who is detecting these errors and displaying error messages? Who manages the limited memory despite the large size of user programs? Our processes can also communicate and cooperate via some synchronization mechanisms? = Who schedules tasks to the CPU for execution? What happens to a task when the CPU is already busy in processing some other task? Despite a single processor, it seems that many jobs are being executed in parallel. How does this happen? Manoj Wariya | Department of Computer Sci. and Engineering, MNNIT AllahabadBasic concepts of eyelet Need of OS = Suppose, some user are working in a LAN (local area network) with a single printer and more than one user gives a print command. How are the request of multiple users on a single printer managed? = Who protects one user's area from unauthorized access by another user’s tasks? fe) Coe = Why is it that sometimes our system hangs? Manoj Wariya | Department of Computer Sci. and ayaa) MNNIT AllahabadBasic concepts of operating systems Functions of Operating Manages the computer’s resources: The OS controls and efficiently utilizes hardware components such as CPU, memory, and I/O devices. i) Provides a user interface: The OS enables users to easily interact with the computer hardware. For Example, the Windows operating system displays icons, using which the user can interact with the system. Process management: The OS enables a user to execute more than one job at the same time to enhance productivity, Multiple process begin executed at the same time calls for efficient utilization of the system’s resources by the operating system. Memory Management: Finding vacant spaces in the primary memory, loading the appropriate data and programs in the located space, executing them, and removing them from the memory is all done by the operating system. File management: The OS allows users to create, copy, delete, and rename files. Security management: The OS protects stored information from malicious les stored cannot be accessed by users. It ensures that the data and unauthorized users. Manoj Wariya | Depart ee TCS eC UC Raunt AN Ee etErle) lel te Kel ele Tela Functions of Operating " Device Management: The operating system manages and controls all |/O devices such as disks, tape, terminal printer, and keyboard to ensure correct data transmission to and from divides. It also provides an intuitive interface so that the users can easily work with them. Booting Services: Booting means loading an operating system in to the computer’s main memory. After the operating system is loaded, it becomes ready for users to run their applications. During the boot process, the computer performs a self-diagnostic test, also known as a POST (Power On Self Test) to ensure that all components are operational. It also loads necessary drives and programs that help the computer and devices communi ith each other. ate Manoj Wariya | PEAS CURCUMIN ae IN LEE]Basic concepts of operating systems Components of an Operating tem =\In general there are two main components of an operating system: ™ command interpreter = Kernel = Command interpreter = Command interpreter is one of the most important components of an operating system. It the primary interface between the user and the rest of the system. = Kernel = Kernel is a core part of the operating system and is loaded on the main memory when it starts up. It is the core library of functions; the operating system ‘knows’. In the kernel, there are the functions and streams to communicate with the system’s hardware resources. Kernel Hardware 1 Manoj Wariya | Depar'EE letse ieee mel Ceres Interaction with Operating " Broadly speaking, there are two ways to interact with an operating system: = By means of operating system calls in a program = Directly by means of operating system commands = System calls = System calls provide the interface between a running program and the operating system. *® These calls are generally available as assembly language instructions, and are usually listed in the manuals used by assembly language programmers. = Some systems may allow system calls to be made directly from a high-level language program, in which case the calls normally resemble predefined function or subroutine calls. = System calls can be roughly grouped into five major categories : process control, file manipulation, device manipulation, information maintenance and communications. Manoj Wariya DiS EUAN OC IL ASSO RCUCR UAV Leal Ts]Erte sel ile tole Kel Rolle tt SA Interaction with Operating S) . (> = Operating system commands a = Apart from system calls, users may interact with the operating system directly by means of commands. For example, if the user wants to list files or sub-directories in MSDOS, the DIR command is invoked. In either case, the operating system acts as an interface between users and the hardware of a computer system. The fundamental goal of a computer system is to solve user problems. The computer hardware is designed towards this goal. The command function of controlling and allocating resources are then brought together into one piece of software, the operating system. janoj Wariya | Department of Computer Sci. and tanya i) FAVED Elerle}EEN elle keke act ee History of Operating Systems = By tracing that evolution, the common elements of operating systems can be identified as well as how and why they developed a as they are now. CE = Operating systems and computer architecture have a great deal of influence on each other. Operating systems were developed to fa ate the use of the hardware. = First Generation (1945-55) = Second Generation (1956-63)—Transistors and Batch System = Third Generation (1964-80)—Integrated Chips and Multiprogramming = Fourth Generation (1980-present)— Personal Computers Manoj Wariya ES lana keel cece ent Engineering, MNNIT AllahabadBasic concepts of operating systems CLM NCTM Tae a Ol TeT tite] System User ( and application —_ \ Fig. 1.4 Computer system Manoj Wariya | Department of Computer Sci. and Uae EV TS]EER ekeeile lee Me) Ley aot Computer System with Operating System Manoj Wariya EU ee ORCL R can ae NN ele eeePreemie eee Re) sorta ear Evolution of Operating tel Pee ual (ee eg Vacuum tubes based technology, plug First 1940s—1950s boards and punched cards, magnetic No operating system core memories Foye ticuil-us eu ecal Leds cue ae Vee lel} Manoj WariyaBasic concepts of opera ESC Evolution of Le TVET naye leraneler rela iareys| Problems and development of Operating aS) : fe systems Second 1950s—1960s Transistors based Set up delay problem due to loading and technology, Mainframe — unloading of tapes in earlier computer systems. computers, line CPU was idle. ig “magnetic PURE ea Beene Jobs of users prepared with same programming Si ee eecpagler language were batched together. inkers, loaders, compilers, FORTRAN, Automated job sequencing Se sae COBOL Resident monitor Batch systems Mismatch between the speed of CPU and I/O Offline operation with magnetic tapes ~+y Tapes were sequential access devices Department of Computer Sci. and Engineer: MNNIT Allahabad Manoj WariyaBasic concepts of teas ey Evolution of LO) J-Te-T tae} Problems and development of Operating TTL fod a2) Computer architecture Systems Third 1960s—-1980s IC based technology, Hard disks came into existence Minicomputer Spooling> Magnetic disk Multipragramming Multi programmed batch systems Lack of user/programmer interaction with their jobs in multi programmed batch systems Timesharing multiuser systems — CTss MULTICS UNICS UNIX, Unix written in C Manoj Wariya | Departmen of Computer Sci. and Engineering, MNNIT AllahabadBasic concepts of cere Se Evolution of Operating Problems and development of Operating Bid CTT Tec afetg} 1980s— USI and VLSI based’ CP/M for PCs Fourth Present technology, ~~ MS-DOS Microcomputer Multiuser facilities were not there in DOS XENIX, 08/2 No user friendliness and convenience due to command driven and complex file systems Apple Macintosh Windows Multitasking Multithreading X-windows Motif Network operating systems Distributed operating systems eset alae) eo eee LON urate VN Lae ortel Manoj Wariyare oKi Cases Goals of an Operating System = Convenience Hardware abstraction / Virtual machine. Convenient programming environment = Response Time = Easy to use interface = Resource utilization / management = Protection Manoj Wariya | Department of Computer Sci. and Engineering, MNNIT Allahabadpasic concepts of operating San BET) ae) i ace Roles pty eens Applicable to which type of Urey) Batch systems = % = = Ee Y' More than onejob can EMS (FORTRAN Background jobs in which the be stored in main monitor user interaction is not necessary memory system), Batches of same type of (BM's Operating jobs can be executed system for quickly 7094 Multiuser systems Jobs of different users CTSS by MIT, When multiple users need to who are connected toa TSS by IBM, share a single system main computer are MULTICS, UNIX executed through the multiprogramming Interaction of jobs with the user is possible Debugging is easy | Department of Computer Sci. and Engineeri AN larles-e| Manoj Wariyaea me cis ACs Types of Operating Systems Use) eer system Multitasking systems Network systems Manoj Wariya Lard iscty Celta Multiple tasks of 3 single user can be opened on: the system through The user is able to Novell connect to another Netware, machine and perform Windows NT, many operations Windows 2000, The user is aware of the Windows XP, location of the network — Sun Solaris node where he/she wants to connect aye) ys la ao) UR ANN Eee et] application When a user wants to open and work simultaneously on many windows on the system When a user wants to remote login on a system, wants to transfer a file, etc. on a network systemEases dee) Lei eee Types of Operating Systems Type of operating system Distributed systems Real-time systems Manoj Wariya Features/benefits When multiple nodes of a. Amoeba, V wide network realized as system, a powerful machine Chorus sharing the resources on the network. The users are not aware where their processes are being sent and executed. Used to handle time- psos, bound responses to the VxWorks, ications RTLinux, etc. | Department of Computer Sci. and Engineering, MNNIT Allahabad Applicable to which type ros application When computational speed and resource sharing is required implemented through various full computer systems in a network Applicable to systems which require time-bound response, e., for the real-time processin: systems oaType of boo alyeg Tod aie system ON yield m edi aS aL Eye telay Embedded Specialized systems with Used in consumer electronics systems size, memory and power Toshiba Pocket__items, mobile phones, smart restrictions PC, Palm Os, aise ae Symbian 0s, - iPhone OS, RIM’s BlackBerry, Windows Phone, Linux, Palm WebOS, Android and Maemo. Manoj Wariya | Department of Computer Sci. and Engineering, MNNIT AllahabadBasic concepts of operating eee 1 Types of Operating Systems oe Modern computer Operating systems may be classified into three came according to the nature of interaction that takes place etween the computer user and user’s program during processing. = The three groups are called batch process, time-shared, and real-time operating systems. = Batch Process Operating System In a batch process operating system, environment users submit jobs to a central place where these jobs are collected in batch, and subsequently placed in an input queue in the computer where they are run. = Two major disadvantages and they are as follows: = Non-interactive environment = Offline debugging Manoj Wariya_| Department Pret cuas ee irc Murti th A AllahabadBasic concepts of operating systems Types of Operating Systems * Multiprogramming Operating System * Amultiprogramming operating system allows more than one active user program (or part of user program) to be stored in the main memory simultaneously. * Compared to batch operating systems, multiprogramming operating systems are fairly sophisticated. * Multitasking operating systems * Multi-user operating system + Multiprocessing system * Time-sharing Operating Systems + Another mode for delivering computing services is provided by time-sha’ operating systems. * In this environment a computer pro’ many users concurrently online. les computing services to several or Manoj Wariya -| Department of Computer Sci. and Engineering, MNNIT Allahabadend ge SYN, ey On ) ES Sila bus — WO) Mig Lem Sram Sy4kla bug Cb) oy. fa Soy _ Seb an () as PPT Raho Comboma nh 4 OF OC. 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