SUMMER 2023
Unit 1 Introduction To Communication System.
Analog and Digital Messages, Channel Effect, Signal-to Noise ration and
capacity,Modulation and Detection, History of Communications.
(Revision of Signal Transmission through a linear system, Signal
distortion over a communication channel, Signal Energy and Energy
spectra density, Signal power and power density).
1 Compare Analog and Digital Communication. 3
2 Define: Modulation, SNR and Channel capacity.
3 Explain the classification of signals.
4 State the advantages of Digital Communication
5 Explain the components of digital communication system.
6
Define Following Terms:
(1) Modulation Index (2) Power spectral density (3) Signal
Distortion
7
“If SNR=∞ Can we achieve Channel Capacity C=∞ Practically?”
Justify according to shanon’s equation.
8
Compare the analog communication system and digital
communication system.
9
Describe the need of modulation in commutation system.
10
Explain the Shannon’s channel capacity theorem in details.
11
List only advantages of digital communication
12
Draw the detailed Block Diagram of Communication System.
13
(i) Discuss Channel Capacity relative to Channel Bandwidth and
Signal Power.
(ii) Discuss the Trade off between Bandwidth and SNR.
14
Compare Analog and Digital Communication.
15
Draw basic diagram of both analog and digital communication
system and explain in brief
16
Draw the detailed Block Diagram of Communication System.
17
Discuss the Trade off between Bandwidth and
SNR
18 Discuss Channel Capacity relative to Channel Bandwidth and Signal
Power.
Unit 2 Amplitude modulation And Demodulations
Single and Double sideband Amplitude modulation, Amplitude
modulation, Bandwidth-efficient Amplitude modulation, VSB, Local
Carrier synchronization, FDM, PLL.
19 Analog communication
20
What is modulation? Why modulation required? Describe in
detail.
21 4
Give Comparison between Am and FM.
22 7
Explain Vestigial Side Band AM in brief.
23 7
An AM signal is represented by
e(t) = (10+ 4 cos 1000 π t ) cos (2 π 106 t).
Find: Modulation index, total power , sideband power, efficiency
and transmission Bandwidth required for this AM signal.
24 7
A 10 kw carrier wave is amplitude modulated at 80%. Compute
sideband power, total power and efficiency
25
Compare DSB-FC, DSB-SC, SSB,VSB
26 An audio signal given as 15 sin (2π(1500t)) amplitude modulates a
carrier given as 60 sin (2π(100,000t)). Determine the following
1. Sketch the Audio signal
2. Sketch the carrier signal.
3. Determine the percentage of index
4. Draw the frequency spectrum of modulated signal with all
frequency component
27
Draw basic diagram of both analog and digital communication
system and explain in brief
28
With related to Amplitude modulation discuss following
parameters: (i) Modulation index (ii) Modulation depth (iii)
Bandwidth requirement
29 Explain DSB amplitude modulation with necessary figures
30 Write a note on Envelope detector
31 VSB is a clever compromise between SSB and DSB for broadcast
television. Justify.
32
List the methods of generation of SSB. Explain any one method in
detail. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of SSB over DSB
modulation technique
33
“VSB is clever compromise between SSB and DSB for Broadcast
Television” Justify.
34
Briefly Describe Signal-Squaring Method of carrier regeneration
using PLL at the DSB-SC receiver
35
Show that any scheme that can be used to generate DSB-SC can
also generate AM.
36
Determine ɳ and percentage of the total power carried by the side
bands of the AM wave for tone modulation when μ=0.6 and μ=0.4
37
Describe SSB generation using the phase shift method
38
Show that any scheme that can be used to demodulate DSB-SC can
also demodulate AM.
39
The modulation indexes of two waves are 0.5 and 0.6 respectively
then calculate total modulation index of the system.
40
Draw and explain in brief super heterodyne
receiver.
41
Draw and explain circuit of envelope detector for AM wave. Also
discuss the types of distortions in the detector output.
42
Define following terms: (a) modulation index (b) Transmission
efficiency
43
Discuss the modulation index of AM wave using Trapezoidal
display.
44
Discuss the Vestigial Sideband Transmission
(VSB) in details.
45
Why is Modulation required in Communication? Discuss in detail
46
A certain transmitter radiates 9kW with the carrier unmodulated
and 10.125kW when the carrier is sinusoidally modulated. Calculate
the modulation index. If another sine wave is simultaneously
transmitted with modulation index 0.4, determine the total radiated
power.
47
Derive expression of Total transmission bandwidth required for
DSBSC and SSB in terms of modulating signal frequency. Make
suitable comment for bandwidth efficient Amplitude Modulation
48
Draw and explain every block in Superheterodyne
receivers.
49
Define Following Terms:
(1) Modulation Index (2) Power spectral density (3) Signal
Distortion
50
What is modulation? Why modulation required? Describe in detail
51
Give comparison between AM and FM
systems
52
An audio signal given as 15 sin (2π(1500t)) amplitude modulates a
carrier given as 60 sin (2π(100,000t)). Determine the following
1. Sketch the Audio signal
2. Sketch the carrier signal.
3. Determine the percentage of index
4. Draw the frequency spectrum of modulated signal with all
frequency component
53
List the methods of generation of SSB. Explain any one method in
detail. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of SSB over DSB
modulation technique.
54
Draw the general block diagram of a super heterodyne receiver and
briefly explain the function of each block.
55
A certain transmitter radiates 9kW with the carrier unmodulated
and 10.125kW when the carrier is sinusoidally modulated. Calculate
the modulation index. If another sine wave is simultaneously
transmitted with modulation index 0.4, determine the total radiated
power
56
Derive expression of Total transmission bandwidth required for
DSBSC and SSB in terms of modulating signal frequency. Make
suitable comment for bandwidth efficient Amplitude Modulation.
57
Given modulating bit stream is 10010011. Draw the ASK,FSK and
BPSK signals. Also draw the waveforms for carrier and modulating
bit stream.
Unit 3 Angle Modulation and demodulation
Nonlinear Modulation, Bandwidth of Angle-modulated Waves,,
Generating FM waves, Demodulation of FM signals, Nonlinear distortion
and interference, Superheterodyne Receivers, FM broadcasting System.
58
Compare Amplitude Modulation and Angle Modulation
59
Explain Armstrong method of FM generation with neat diagram.
60
Enlist various methods of FM generation. Explain any one of them.
61 Write a note on FM receiver.
62 Write a note on demodulation of FM
63 What is Carson’s rule in FM?
64 What is modulation index for FM?
65 State the unique features of FM
66 Explain Preemphasis and Deemphasis in FM broadcasting
67 How the FM waves are generated?
68
Discuss drawbacks of direct method for FM
generation
69 An FM wave is given by
e(t) = 10sin (5 × 108 t + 4sin1250t).
Determine: (i) The carrier frequency (ii) Modulating frequency (iii)
The modulation index (iv) The maximum deviation.
70 A 107.6 MHz carrier is frequency modulated by a 7 KHz sine wave.
The resultant FM signal has a frequency deviation of 50 KHz.
i) Find the carrier swing of the FM signal.
ii) Determine the highest and lowest frequencies attained by the
modulated signal
iii) What is the modulation index of the FM wave?
71
Briefly Describe L-carrier hierarchical long haul analog telephone
FDM system
72
Explain the Armstrong indirect FM transmitter with neat sketch.
73
Compare the wideband and narrowband FM.
74
State the Carson’s rule and explain in brief.
75
Explain pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in relation to FM.
76
Enlist various methods of FM generation. Explain any one of them.
77
Explain Preemphasis and Deemphasis in FM broadcasting with
block diagram , filter circuits and frequency response.
78
Explain Armstrong method of FM generation with neat diagram
79
Explain pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in relation to FM
80
Explain Phased Look Loop with all necessary details.
81
What is the mathematical expression for instantaneous frequency
for frequency modulation and Phase Modulation?
82
Explain Preemphasis and Deemphasis in FM broadcasting with
block diagram , filter circuits and frequency response
83
An angle modulated signal with carrier frequency ωc = 2π × 105 is
described by the equation e(t) = 10cos(ωct +
5sin3000t+10sin2000πt)
Find: power of modulated signal, frequency deviation Δf and
deviation ratio β
Unit 4 Sampling and Analog to digital Conversion
Sampling theorem, Sampling and signal reconstruction, Aliasing, Types
of sampling, Quantization, PCM, Companding, DPCM, ADPCM, Delta
modulation, Adaptive delta modulation, T1 carrier system
84 Analog to Digital conversion
85
State and prove sampling theorem. Also explain types of sampling
in details
86
State and explain Sampling theorem.
87
What is aliasing
effect?
88
Describe the effect of slope overloading and hunting in delta
modulation.
89
A compact disc (CD) records audio signals digitally by PCM.
Assume audio signal’s BW to be 15 KHz. If signals are sampled
at a rate 20% above Nyquist rate for practical reasons and the
samples are quantized into 65,536 levels, determine bps required
to
90 What is interpolation? Explain signal reconstruction using the
interpolation formula.
91 Derive the formula for signal to quantization noise ratio for PCM.
92 Discuss advantages and disadvantages of delta modulation.
93 What is companding process in PCM? State laws for the same.
94 A TV signal having a BW of 4.2 MHz is transmitted using binary
PCM system. Given that the number of quantization levels is 512.
Determine Code word length, Transmission BW, Final bit rate and
Output signal to quantization noise ratio.
95 How to remove the disadvantage of thresholding of coding and
overloading found in Delta modulation?
96 Write a note on Differential Pulse Code Modulation.
97 What is Companding?
98
Briefly describe the types of sampling and its importance.
99
Explain Time Division Multiplexing for PCM in T1 carrier systems
100
A signal m(t) of Bandwidth B=4kHz is transmitted using a binary
companded PCM with μ=100.Compare the case of L=64 and L=256
from the point of view of transmission bandwith and the output
SNR.
101
Compare DPCM and PCM
102
Determine the output SNR of a linear delta modulation system for a
2KHz sinusoidal input signal sampled at 64KHz. Neglect slope
overload distortion and the post reconstruction filter has a
bandwidth of 4KHz.
103 Explain delta sigma Modulator operation with block diagram.
104 Compare DM and ADM
105 A TV signal having a bandwidth of 4.2MHz is transmitted using
binary PCM system. Given that the number of quantization level is
512 .Calculate(i)Codewardlength(ii)Transmission Bandwidth.
106
State sampling theorem and determine the Fourier spectrum of
sampled signal.
107
Explain the Delta modulation technique and explain threshold and
overloading effects with neat diagram.
108
Explain the Aliasing effect with neat diagram.
109
Draw and explain in brief the block diagram of PCM technique
110
Determine the relation of power of the quantization noise
𝑁𝑞=𝑀𝑝2/3𝐿2 and SNR
(
𝑆0/𝑁𝑞=3𝐿2 𝑆0/𝑀𝑝2) , where 𝑀𝑝 is the peak amplitude, L is no. of
uniform quantization levels and 𝑆0 is signal power
111
Draw the detailed block diagram of PCM.
112
Calculate the bit rate for T1 carrier
system
113
Explain DPCM with block diagram.
With mathematical analysis prove that SQNR is improved in DPCM
as compared to PCM
114
State ‘Sampling Theorem’. Discuss Nyquist Rate of sampling.
115 A message signal x(t) band limited to 3 KHz is sampled at a rate 33.34
% higher than the Nyquist rate. Calculate the sampling rate. The
maximum acceptable error in the sample amplitude (the maximum
quantization error) is 0.5% of the peak amplitude mp . The quantized
samples are binary coded. Find the bit rate. Find the minimum
bandwidth of a channel required to transmit the coded binary signal. If
24 such signals are time division multiplexed, determine the maximum
transmission bandwidth required to transmit the multiplexed signal.
116 Explain ‘Slope Overload’ with diagram.
Derive the condition to avoid slope overload considering x(t)=A
cos(ɷm t) as input signal, δ as step size and Ts as sampling interval.
117 Explain Clock Recovery in PCM system.
118 State and prove sampling theorem in time domain. Explain aliasing.
119 Explain Delta Modulation in detail. Also discuss its advantages and
disadvantages
120 Derive the formula for signal to quantization noise ratio for PCM
Unit 5 Digital Data Transmission
Components of digital communication system, line coding, pulse shaping,
Scrambling, Regenerative Repeater, Eye Diagram, Timing Extraction,
Detection Error Probability, M-ary communication, Digital Carrier
Systems
121
What is line coding? What are the ideal requirements from line
coding?
122 What is Inter Symbol Interference? Explain the Nyquist’s first criteria
for zero ISI.
123 Draw the block diagram of Regenerative repeater and briefly explain
the function of each block.
124 Explain the zero forcing equalizer with necessary diagrams and
expressions
125 Explain PLL
126 What is scrambling? Draw a typical scrambler and descrambler
127 What is an Eye diagram? Explain with example.
128 Explain eye diagram. How ISI and other signal degradation can be
studied using eye-diagram.
129 What do you understand by M-ary communication?
130 For the data stream 10111001 draw the following formats.
i) Polar NRZ ii)Bipolar NRZ iii) AMI NRZ
131 What is line coding? What are the ideal requirements from line
coding?
132 Draw the transfer function of ideal phase shifter
133 What is scrambling? Explain scrambling and descrambling process
with block diagram and suitable example
134 What is scrambling? Draw a typical scrambler and descrambler.
135 Explain the zero forcing equalizer with necessary diagrams and
expressions.
136 Draw the block diagram of Regenerative repeater and briefly explain
the function of each block.
137 What is Inter Symbol Interference? Explain the Nyquist’s first criteria
for zero ISI.
138
Explain briefly w.r.to eye diagram.
(i) Sensitivity to timing Jitter(ii)Level crossing Jitter.(Timing Jitter)
139 Mention Nyquist first criteria for zero ISI.
140 What do you mean by bit scrambling.
141 Compare RZ and NRZ line codes.
142 List the line coding properties.
143 Explain in brief Nyquist criteria for Zero ISI.
144 Determine the expression of Power Spectrum Density (PSD) of Polar
signaling.
145 Determine the expression of Power Spectrum Density (PSD) of Polar
signaling.
146 Explain in brief Signaling with controlled ISI.
147 Determine the Detection error probability for polar signaling.
148 Enlist the properties of Line Codes
149 Explain how to read an eye diagram.
150 Explain Data Scrambling with suitable example
151 Give the full forms of (i) ISI (ii) PSD (iii) AMI
152 Draw the signals for Unipolar NRZ, Unipolar RZ, Polar NRZ, Polar
RZ for 10100111 data.
153
Draw the transfer function of ideal phase shifter
154 Explain the zero forcing equalizer with necessary diagrams and
expressions
Unit 6 Introduction to Digital Modulation-Demodulation Techniques
Modulation techniques for ASK,FSK, PSK, MSK, BPSK, QPSK, GMSK
155 Digital modulation – keying techniques
156 Differentiate BPSK,QPSK and DPSK
157 Discuss the MSK modulation technique and list the merits of it
.
158 Explain coherent detection of Frequency-Shift keying (FSK) signal
with necessary equations
159 Draw the waveform of OQPSK generator for bit pattern 01101011001
160 Explain Noise immunity of digital signals.
161 Explain coherent detection of Frequency-Shift keying (FSK) signal
with necessary equations
162 Compare ASK and FSK.
163 Draw and explain a Regenerative Repeater in detail.
164 Draw the block diagram of GMSK modulation technique and explain
it.
165 Explain in brief Frequency Shifting Keying (FSK) technique and list
the applications of it.
166 Explain GMSK.
167 Briefly discuss the PSD of Digital Carrier Modulation.
168 Explain BPSK modulation with neat sketch.
169 Explain QPSK modulation with neat sketch
170
Explain the generation and demodulation of QPSK signal using
suitable block diagram
171
Explain the modulation and demodulation of ASK and FSK
techniques
172
Given modulating bit stream is 10010011. Draw the ASK,FSK and
BPSK signals. Also draw the waveforms for carrier and modulating
bit stream.
173
Explain QPSK modulator with schematic diagram.
174 Explain in brief Frequency Shifting Keying (FSK) technique and list
the applications of it.
175 Draw the block diagram of GMSK modulation technique and explain
it.
176 Explain Noncoherent detection of Amplitude-Shift keying (ASK)
signal with necessary equations and diagrams.
177 Explain coherent detection of Frequency-Shift keying (FSK) signal
with necessary equations.
178 Discuss the MSK modulation technique and list the merits of it
179
Explain QPSK modulator with schematic diagram
