ASSIGNMENT

Q 1. What is the full form of ENG & EFP?

Ans – EFP stands for “Electronic Field Production,” and ENG stands for “Electronic News

Gathering.

Q 2. How many types of tripods are there?

Ans- Tripods come in various types, each designed for specific purposes. Some common types of

tripods include:

1. Standard Tripods: These are the most common tripods used for general photography and

videography.

2. Travel Tripods: Compact and lightweight tripods designed for portability.

3. Tabletop Tripods: Small tripods used for supporting cameras on flat surfaces like tables.

4. Monopods: A single-legged support used for stability when shooting in situations where a

full tripod is impractical.

5. Tripod Heads: These are not full tripods but are interchangeable heads that attach to the

tripod legs. Common types include ball heads, pan-and-tilt heads, and gimbal heads.

6. Video Tripods: Designed for video cameras, these tripods often feature fluid heads for

smooth panning and tilting

7. Mini Tripods: Extremely compact tripods used with lightweight cameras and

smartphones.

8. Specialty Tripods: Tripods designed for specific purposes, such as macro photography or

shooting at unusual angles.

Q.3. What is a Monopod?

Ans – A monopod is a single-legged camera support that helps stabilize a camera or camcorder.

Unlike traditional tripods with three legs, monopods have only one leg. They are primarily used

to reduce camera shake and provide support in situations where using a full tripod is impractical

or too cumbersome.

Q.4. What do you mean by Camcorder?

Ans – A camcorder is a portable electronic device designed for capturing and recording video

and audio. The term “camcorder” is a portmanteau of “camera” and “recorder.” Camcorders are

typically used for shooting videos, whether it’s home videos, amateur filmmaking, professional

videography, or news reporting.

Q.5. What do you mean by Pedestal?

Ans- A pedestal refers to a piece of equipment that is used to adjust the height of a camera or

other equipment. It typically consists of a vertical column with a base and a head.The primary

purpose of a pedestal is to raise or lower the camera to achieve the desired framing or shot angle.

Pedestals are commonly used in television studios and other video production settings where

camera height needs to be adjusted quickly and precisely.They often have features like height

adjustment controls, wheels for mobility, and a sturdy base to provide stability. By manipulating

the pedestal, camera operators can achieve various camera angles and shots, making it a valuable

tool in the field of video production.

Q.6. Write different types of Camera Mounts?

Ans – There are several different types of camera mounts used in photography and videography.

These mounts are designed to attach lenses to camera bodies or to connect cameras to various

accessories. Some common camera mounts include:

1. Canon EF (Electro-Focus): Used by Canon for its full-frame and APS-C DSLR cameras.

2. Nikon F Mount:Used by Nikon for its full-frame and APS-C DSLR cameras.

3. Micro Four Thirds (MFT Used by Olympus and Panasonic for mirrorless cameras with a

smaller sensor size.

4. Sony E-mount Used by Sony for its mirrorless cameras, including APS-C and full-frame

models.

5. Fujifilm X-mountl Used by Fujifilm for its mirrorless cameras.

6. Pentax K-mountl Used by Pentax for its DSLR cameras.

7. Leica M-mountl Used by Leica for its rangefinder cameras.

8. LCanon RF-mount Used by Canon for its full-frame mirrorless cameras.

9. Nikon Z-mount Used by Nikon for its full-frame mirrorless cameras.

10. PL Mount A popular mount for professional cinema cameras.

11. C-mount Often used in machine vision applications and some older film cameras

12. LT-mountl An older, adaptable mount used for various camera systems.

Q. 8. What are different categories of Broadcast Standards for TV Broadcast?

Ans – TV broadcast standards refer to the technical specifications used for transmitting and

receiving television signals. Different regions of the world have adopted various broadcast

standards. Some of the major categories of TV broadcast standards include:

1. Analog Standards

- NTSC Used in North America and parts of South America and Asia.

- PAL Commonly used in Europe, Asia, and Africa.

- SECAM Used in France and some other parts of Europe.

2. Digital Standards

- ATSC The standard used for digital terrestrial television broadcasting in the United States

and some other countries.

- DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) Common in Europe and many other parts of the world,

with variations like DVB-T, DVB-T2, DVB-S, DVB-S2, and more.

- ISDB (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting) Used in Japan and several South

American countries.

3. High Definition (HD) and Ultra High Definition (UHD) Standards

- HDTV Various HD standards, such as 720p and 1080i/p, are used for high-definition

broadcasting.

- UHDTV Standards like 4K (UHD) and 8K (UHDTV) have been developed for ultra-high-

definition broadcastin.
4. 3D TV Standards 3D television broadcasting standards were developed, but they are no

longer as prominent due to changes in consumer preferences.

5. Digital Cable and Satellite Standards Cable and satellite TV providers often use

proprietary digital standards for their broadcasts.

6. Internet Streaming Standards Streaming services use various encoding standards, such as

H.264, H.265 (HEVC), and VP9, to deliver content over the internet.

It’s important to note that with the transition from analog to digital broadcasting, many

countries have adopted digital standards, and some have completely phased out analog

broadcasting. The choice of broadcast standards depends on factors like the region, available

infrastructure, and technological advancements.

Q.9. What are the full forms of NTSC & PAL?

Ans – The full forms of NTSC and PAL are:

1. NTSC National Television System Committee

- NTSC is an analog television color system used in North America, parts of South

America, and some other regions. It defines the technical standards for color television

transmission.

2. PAL Phase Alternating Line

- PAL is another analog television color system used in Europe, Asia, Africa, and other

parts of the world. It also sets the standards for color television transmission.

Q 10. What is the full form of RGB?

 Ans – The full form of RGB is “Red, Green, Blue.” It refers to a color model in which colors

are represented as combinations of varying intensities of these three primary colors. The

RGB model is commonly used in digital imaging, displays, and computer graphics to create a

wide range of colors by mixing different intensities of red, green, and blue light.

VIDEO PRODUCTION LAB

PRACTICAL FILE

CAMERA PRACTICAL: Gain, Iris, White balance, Shutter Speed, ND filters.

Certainly, here are some short notes on each of these topics:

1. Gain: Gain, also known as noise, is the random speckling or grainy texture that can

appear in images or videos. It’s often caused by low light conditions or high ISO settings

on your camera.

2. Iris: The iris in a camera controls the aperture, which is the size of the opening that

allows light to pass through the lens. A wider aperture (lower f-number) lets in more light
 and creates a shallow depth of field, while a narrower aperture (higher f-number) lets in

less light and increases the depth of field.

3. White Balance: White balance is the adjustment of the colors in an image or video to

make whites appear truly white. It’s important for accurate color representation,

especially in different lighting conditions. Common settings include daylight, tungsten,

and fluorescent.

4. Shutter Speed: Shutter speed refers to the amount of time the camera’s sensor or film is

exposed to light. A fast shutter speed (e.g., 1/1000) captures fast-moving subjects without

motion blur, while a slow shutter speed (e.g., 1/30) can create intentional motion blur.

5. Filters: Camera filters are attachments that are placed in front of the lens to achieve

various effects. For example, a polarizing filter can reduce reflections and enhance colors,

a neutral density filter reduces the amount of light entering the lens, and color filters can

add creative effects to your images.

These are fundamental aspects of video and photography that impact the quality and aesthetics of

your shots. Understanding and manipulating these settings can greatly improve your creative

control.
OBSERVATION SHEET FOR PRACTICAL (BVCLS)

Observing the use of gain in video recording is important for understanding how it affects the

image quality, especially in low-light situations. Here’s what to look for:

1. Gain Setting: Identify the level of gain applied in the video. Gain is used to amplify the

signal from the camera’s sensor, making the image brighter, but it can introduce noise.

2. Low-Light Performance: Note the lighting conditions in the scene. Gain is often used in

low-light situations to make the image visible, so observe how well the camera handles

low light with and without gain.

3. Image Noise: Assess the amount of noise in the video. An increase in gain can introduce

noise, which appears as grain or speckles in the image. Determine if the noise is

acceptable or distracting.

4. Grain vs. Clarity: Balance between adding gain to make the image visible and avoiding

excessive noise. Observe whether the gain setting maintains image clarity while

improving visibility.

5. Color Quality: Check if the use of gain affects the color accuracy in the video. Excessive

gain can sometimes cause color shifts or saturation changes.

6. Manual vs. Auto Gain: Determine if gain adjustments are made manually or

automatically by the camera. Manual control allows for more precise adjustments.

7. Exposure vs. Gain: Differentiate between the effects of exposure adjustments (shutter

speed, aperture, ISO) and gain adjustments. Gain increases brightness without changing

the exposure settings.

8. Motion Artifacts: Watch for motion artifacts like ghosting or trailing, which can occur

when high gain is used with fast-moving subjects.

 9. Consistency: Observe if the gain setting remains consistent throughout the video or if

changes are made to adapt to changing lighting conditions.

10. Creative Use: Gain can be used creatively to achieve specific looks or effects, such as an

intentional grainy or gritty style. Note if gain is used for artistic purposes.

11. Viewer Experience: Ultimately, consider how the use of gain contributes to the viewer’s

experience and the overall aesthetics of the video. Does it help achieve the desired mood

or storytelling elements?

Observing the use of gain in video recording is important for maintaining image quality in low-

light situations while being aware of its potential to introduce noise. The right balance is crucial

for achieving the desired visual style and technical quality.

Observing the iris, or aperture settings, in a video recording is crucial for controlling the amount

of light entering the camera and influencing the depth of field. Here’s what to look for:
1. Aperture Size: Observe the aperture settings used. A wider aperture (smaller f-number)

lets in more light and creates a shallow depth of field, while a narrower aperture (higher

f-number) allows less light and results in a deeper depth of field.

2. Depth of Field: Analyze how the chosen aperture affects the depth of field. A wider

aperture (e.g., f/2.8) will create a pronounced background blur (bokeh), making the

subject stand out. A narrower aperture (e.g., f/16) will keep more of the scene in focus.

3. Subject Isolation: If the subject is the focal point, consider whether the chosen aperture

effectively isolates it from the background. A wide aperture can draw attention to the

subject, while a narrow aperture may maintain context by keeping the background in

focus.

4. Low-Light Performance: Wider apertures are useful in low-light conditions as they allow

more light in. Observe how well the camera handles low-light situations with different

aperture settings.
 5. Lens Characteristics: Some lenses may exhibit optical characteristics, such as vignetting

or optical aberrations, when used at extreme apertures. Look for these characteristics and

evaluate their impact on the video.

6. Adjustments during Shooting: Note whether the aperture settings are adjusted during the

video recording to adapt to changing lighting conditions or creative intentions.

7. Consistency: Observe if the aperture remains consistent throughout a scene or if changes

in depth of field are used intentionally for storytelling or visual impact.

8. Creative Effects: in some cases, filmmakers might use extreme apertures to create artistic

effects, such as lens flares or unique bokeh shapes.

9. Viewer Experience: Consider how the chosen aperture settings contribute to the overall

visual style and storytelling of the video. Does it help convey the intended mood and

focus the viewer’s attention effectively?

Observing the iris settings in a video recording is essential for achieving the desired visual style

and controlling the depth of field to enhance the storytelling and aesthetics of the video.
When observing white balance in a video recording, you’re essentially evaluating how well the

camera has captured and represented the colors in the scene. Here are key points to consider:

1. Natural Colors: Check if white objects in the video appear truly white. Inaccurate white

balance can lead to a color cast, where whites may look yellowish or bluish.

2. Light Source: Note the type of lighting used in the scene. It could be natural light

(daylight) or artificial light (tungsten, fluorescent, LED). Ensure that the color

temperature setting matches the light source to maintain natural colors.

3. Skin Tones: Examine the skin tones of people in the video. Accurate white balance is

crucial to ensure that skin tones appear realistic and pleasing.

4. Consistency: Observe if the white balance remains consistent throughout the video.

Sudden shifts in lighting conditions may require adjustments to maintain color accuracy.
5. Creative Effects: in some cases, filmmakers intentionally manipulate white balance

settings to create specific visual effects or moods. For example, a cooler (bluish) white

balance might be used to evoke a sense of coldness.

6. Auto vs. Manual White Balance: Determine if the camera’s white balance was set

manually or if it was left on auto. Manual control allows for precise adjustments, while

auto may sometimes lead to inaccuracies.

7. White Balance Cards or Calibration Tools: Professionals often use white balance cards or

calibration tools to achieve precise and consistent white balance. Check if such tools were

employed in the recording.

8. Post-Production: Note whether color correction and white balance adjustments were

made in post-production. This can have a significant impact on the final look of the

video.

9. Viewer Experience: Ultimately, consider how the chosen white balance contributes to the

viewer’s experience. Does it enhance the mood and convey the intended emotions of the

scene?
Assessing white balance is essential for ensuring that the colors in your video appear natural and

consistent, contributing to a visually pleasing and professional-looking production.

Observing the shutter speed in video recording is essential for understanding how it affects the

visual quality and storytelling. Here’s what to look for:

1. Shutter Speed Setting: Identify the specific shutter speed settings used in the video.

Shutter speed is typically measured in fractions of a second (e.g., 1/60, 1/120, etc.).

2. Motion Smoothness: Observe how the chosen shutter speed affects motion in the video.

Faster shutter speeds (e.g., 1/500) freeze fast-moving subjects and create a more

“staccato” or “crisp” look, while slower shutter speeds (e.g., 1/30) introduce motion blur,

creating a smoother, more cinematic feel.

3. Motion Artifacts: Watch for motion artifacts like judder or stuttering, which can occur

when the shutter speed is not in sync with the frame rate. Misaligned shutter speed and

frame rate can create unnatural motion.

4. Depth of Field: Note how the shutter speed affects the depth of field. Slower shutter

speeds (longer exposure times) can create a shallower depth of field, allowing for a

pronounced background blur (bokeh).

5. Exposure Control: Observe how the shutter speed contributes to exposure control. Faster

shutter speeds may be used in bright conditions to avoid overexposure, while slower

speeds can help in low light.

6. Action Sequences: In action sequences, check if the shutter speed is adjusted to capture

fast-moving subjects with precision. High-speed events often require high shutter speeds

to freeze motion.

7. Creative Intent: Consider whether the chosen shutter speed aligns with the creative intent

of the video. Filmmakers may use specific shutter speeds to create a particular mood or

emphasize specific elements.

8. Motion Blur: Analyze how motion blur, if present, affects the storytelling and aesthetics

of the video. It can convey a sense of speed, fluidity, or dreaminess.

 9. Consistency: Observe if the shutter speed remains consistent throughout the video or if

adjustments are made to adapt to changing lighting conditions or creative requirements.

10. Viewer Experience: Ultimately, consider how the chosen shutter speed contributes to the

viewer’s experience and the overall aesthetics of the video. Does it help achieve the

desired mood, realism, or storytelling elements?

Shutter speed plays a critical role in video recording, affecting the perception of motion and

depth of field. Observing and understanding its use in a video is vital for maintaining visual

quality and achieving the desired cinematic or artistic effects.

When observing the use of an ND (Neutral Density) filter in video recording, pay attention to

several key aspects:

1. Purpose: Determine the purpose of using an ND filter. ND filters are primarily used to

reduce the amount of light entering the lens, allowing for specific creative and technical

effects.
2. Light Reduction: Observe the level of light reduction provided by the ND filter. ND

filters come in various strengths (e.g., ND2, ND4, ND8, etc.), and you should note which

strength is used.

3. Exposure Control: Analyze how the ND filter affects the exposure settings. It enables the

use of wider apertures or slower shutter speeds in bright conditions, allowing for creative

control over depth of field and motion blur.

4. Depth of Field: Check whether the ND filter’s use results in a shallower depth of field

(with a wider aperture) or a deeper depth of field (with a narrower aperture) and how this

contributes to the visual style.

5. Motion Blur: Assess how the ND filter influences motion blur in the video. Slower

shutter speeds enabled by the filter can create smooth and cinematic motion blur effects.

6. Maintaining Shutter Angle: In the case of video recording, maintaining the “shutter

angle” (a related concept to shutter speed) is important for achieving a film-like motion

blur. Observe if the filter allows this consistency.

 7. Consistency: Note if the ND filter settings are consistent throughout the video or if

changes are made to adapt to varying lighting conditions or creative requirements.

8. Artistic Effects: Sometimes ND filters are used to create specific artistic effects, such as

capturing waterfalls with a silky effect or achieving long-exposure shots in daylight.

9. Quality: Assess the quality of the ND filter itself. A high-quality filter should not

introduce color shifts, optical distortions, or other artifacts.

10. Viewer Experience: Consider how the use of the ND filter contributes to the viewer’s

experience and the overall aesthetics of the video. Does it help achieve the desired mood

and creative intent?

Observing the use of an ND filter in video recording is essential for understanding its role in

controlling exposure, depth of field, and motion blur, which can significantly impact the visual

style and storytelling of the video.

VIDEO PRODUCTION LAB

TOPICS FROM SYLLABUS

CAMERA

1. Operate and handle video camera:

WHITE BALANCING: White balancing is an important aspect of operating a video camera. It

helps adjust the colors in your video to accurately represent the lighting conditions. To white

balance, you can either use the automatic white balance setting on your camera or manually

adjust it by using a white card or a neutral object.

EXPOSURE: When it comes to exposure on a video camera, it refers to the amount of light that

enters the camera sensor. You can adjust the exposure by changing the settings on your camera,

such as the aperture, shutter speed, and ISO. Increasing the exposure will make the video
brighter, while decreasing it will make it darker. It’s important to find the right balance to ensure

your video is properly exposed.

DEPTH OF FIELD: Depth of field refers to the range of distance in a shot that appears in focus.

You can control the depth of field on a video camera by adjusting the aperture. A wider aperture

(lower f-number) creates a shallow depth of field, where the subject is in focus and the

background is blurred. A smaller aperture (higher f-number) creates a deeper depth of field,

where both the subject and background are in focus.

FILTERS (INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL): Filters on a video camera can refer to both external

and internal filters. External filters are physical attachments that you can place in front of the

camera lens to achieve different effects, such as polarizing filters or neutral density filters.

Internal filters, on the other hand, are digital filters that you can apply directly within the camera

settings or during post-production to alter the color, contrast, or other aspects of the video.

2. Camera mounts, composition continuity of shots and camera movements: Camera

mounts are devices used to stabilize the camera, such as tripods or gimbals, which help in

achieving steady shots. Composition continuity of shots refers to maintaining visual

consistency between different shots in a video, ensuring smooth transitions and a

 cohesive storytelling experience. Camera movements, such as panning, tilting, or

tracking, add dynamism and depth to your shots. They can be used to follow the action,

reveal details, or create a specific mood.

LIGHTING

1. Use different types of light indoor or outdoor for videography: When it comes to using

different types of light for videography, there are various options both indoors and

outdoors. Indoor lighting options include using natural light from windows, utilizing

practical lights like lamps or overhead fixtures, or using professional lighting setups with

soft boxes or LED panels. Outdoor lighting can involve using natural sunlight during the

golden hour for warm and soft lighting, using reflectors or diffusers to control the

intensity and direction of sunlight, or incorporating artificial lighting like portable LED

lights for fill or key lighting. The choice of lighting depends on the desired mood,

atmosphere, and the story you want to convey in your video.

2. Use of filters, reflectors and gels: Filters, reflectors, and gels are useful tools in

videography. Filters can be placed in front of the camera lens to achieve different effects

like polarizing or neutral density filters. Reflectors help bounce and manipulate light,

filling in shadows or adding highlights. Gels are colored filters used to modify the color

temperature of light sources. These tools allow you to enhance the visual aesthetics of

your videos and create a specific mood or atmosphere.