K means Clustering – Introduction
K-Means Clustering is an Unsupervised Machine Learning algorithm, which groups
the unlabeled dataset into different clusters.
K means Clustering
Unsupervised Machine Learning learning is the process of teaching a computer to
use unlabeled, unclassified data and enabling the algorithm to operate on that data
without supervision. Without any previous data training, the machine’s job in this
case is to organize unsorted data according to parallels, patterns, and variations.
The goal of clustering is to divide the population or set of data points into a number
of groups so that the data points within each group are more comparable to one
another and different from the data points within the other groups. It is essentially a
grouping of things based on how similar and different they are to one another.
We are given a data set of items, with certain features, and values for these features
(like a vector). The task is to categorize those items into groups. To achieve this, we
will use the K-means algorithm; an unsupervised learning algorithm. ‘K’ in the name
of the algorithm represents the number of groups/clusters we want to classify our
items into.
(It will help if you think of items as points in an n-dimensional space). The
algorithm will categorize the items into k groups or clusters of similarity. To
calculate that similarity, we will use the euclidean distance as a measurement.
The algorithm works as follows:
1. First, we randomly initialize k points, called means or cluster centroids.
2. We categorize each item to its closest mean and we update the mean’s
coordinates, which are the averages of the items categorized in that cluster
so far.
3. We repeat the process for a given number of iterations and at the end, we
have our clusters.
The “points” mentioned above are called means because they are the mean values of
the items categorized in them. To initialize these means, we have a lot of options. An
intuitive method is to initialize the means at random items in the data set. Another
method is to initialize the means at random values between the boundaries of the
data set (if for a feature x, the items have values in [0,3], we will initialize the means
with values for x at [0,3]).
The above algorithm in pseudocode is as follows:
Initialize k means with random values
--> For a given number of iterations:
--> Iterate through items:
--> Find the mean closest to the item by calculating
the euclidean distance of the item with each of the means
--> Assign item to mean
--> Update mean by shifting it to the average of the items
in that cluster
Import the necessary Libraries:
We are importing Numpy for statistical computations, Matplotlib to plot the graph,
and make_blobs from sklearn.datasets.
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import make_blobs
Create the custom dataset with make_blobs and plot it
X,y = make_blobs(n_samples = 500,n_features = 2,centers = 3,random_state = 23)
fig = plt.figure(0)
plt.grid(True)
plt.scatter(X[:,0],X[:,1])
plt.show()
Output:
Clustering dataset
Initialize the random centroids
Python3
k = 3
clusters = {}
np.random.seed(23)
for idx in range(k):
center = 2*(2*np.random.random((X.shape[1],))-1)
points = []
cluster = {
'center' : center,
'points' : []
}
clusters[idx] = cluster
clusters
Output:
{0: {'center': array([0.06919154, 1.78785042]), 'points': []},
1: {'center': array([ 1.06183904, -0.87041662]), 'points': []},
2: {'center': array([-1.11581855, 0.74488834]), 'points': []}}
Plot the random initialize center with data points
Python3
plt.scatter(X[:,0],X[:,1])
plt.grid(True)
for i in clusters:
center = clusters[i]['center']
plt.scatter(center[0],center[1],marker = '*',c = 'red')
plt.show()
Output:
Data points with random center
Define euclidean distance
Python3
def distance(p1,p2):
return np.sqrt(np.sum((p1-p2)**2))
Create the function to Assign and Update the cluster center
Python3
#Implementing E step
def assign_clusters(X, clusters):
for idx in range(X.shape[0]):
dist = []
curr_x = X[idx]
for i in range(k):
dis = distance(curr_x,clusters[i]['center'])
dist.append(dis)
curr_cluster = np.argmin(dist)
clusters[curr_cluster]['points'].append(curr_x)
return clusters
#Implementing the M-Step
def update_clusters(X, clusters):
for i in range(k):
points = np.array(clusters[i]['points'])
if points.shape[0] > 0:
new_center = points.mean(axis =0)
clusters[i]['center'] = new_center
clusters[i]['points'] = []
return clusters
Create the function to Predict the cluster for the datapoints
Python3
def pred_cluster(X, clusters):
pred = []
for i in range(X.shape[0]):
dist = []
for j in range(k):
dist.append(distance(X[i],clusters[j]['center']))
pred.append(np.argmin(dist))
return pred
Assign, Update, and predict the cluster center
Python3
clusters = assign_clusters(X,clusters)
clusters = update_clusters(X,clusters)
pred = pred_cluster(X,clusters)
Plot the data points with their predicted cluster center
Python3
plt.scatter(X[:,0],X[:,1],c = pred)
for i in clusters:
center = clusters[i]['center']
plt.scatter(center[0],center[1],marker = '^',c = 'red')
plt.show()
Output:
K-means Clustering
Example 2:
Import the necessary libraries
Python3
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.cm as cm
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.cluster import KMeans
Load the Dataset
Python3
X, y = load_iris(return_X_y=True)
Elbow Method
Finding the ideal number of groups to divide the data into is a basic stage in any
unsupervised algorithm. One of the most common techniques for figuring out this
ideal value of k is the elbow approach.
Python3
#Find optimum number of cluster
sse = [] #SUM OF SQUARED ERROR
for k in range(1,11):
km = KMeans(n_clusters=k, random_state=2)
km.fit(X)
sse.append(km.inertia_)
Plot the Elbow graph to find the optimum number of cluster
Python3
sns.set_style("whitegrid")
g=sns.lineplot(x=range(1,11), y=sse)
g.set(xlabel ="Number of cluster (k)",
ylabel = "Sum Squared Error",
title ='Elbow Method')
plt.show()
Output:
Elbow Method
From the above graph, we can observe that at k=2 and k=3 elbow-like situation. So,
we are considering K=3
Build the Kmeans clustering model
Python3
kmeans = KMeans(n_clusters = 3, random_state = 2)
kmeans.fit(X)
Output:
KMeans
KMeans(n_clusters=3, random_state=2)
Find the cluster center
Python3
kmeans.cluster_centers_
Output:
array([[5.006 , 3.428 , 1.462 , 0.246 ],
[5.9016129 , 2.7483871 , 4.39354839, 1.43387097],
[6.85 , 3.07368421, 5.74210526, 2.07105263]])
Predict the cluster group:
Python3
pred = kmeans.fit_predict(X)
pred
Output:
array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
1, 1,
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
1, 1,
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2,
2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2,
2, 2,
2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1],
dtype=int32)
Plot the cluster center with data points
Python3
plt.figure(figsize=(12,5))
plt.subplot(1,2,1)
plt.scatter(X[:,0],X[:,1],c = pred, cmap=cm.Accent)
plt.grid(True)
for center in kmeans.cluster_centers_:
center = center[:2]
plt.scatter(center[0],center[1],marker = '^',c = 'red')
plt.xlabel("petal length (cm)")
plt.ylabel("petal width (cm)")
plt.subplot(1,2,2)
plt.scatter(X[:,2],X[:,3],c = pred, cmap=cm.Accent)
plt.grid(True)
for center in kmeans.cluster_centers_:
center = center[2:4]
plt.scatter(center[0],center[1],marker = '^',c = 'red')
plt.xlabel("sepal length (cm)")
plt.ylabel("sepal width (cm)")
plt.show()
Output:
K-means clustering
