Module 6: Lesson 1
Matter
Focus Question
What makes up everything around us?
New Vocabulary
atom isotope
nucleus compound
proton ion
neutron ionic bond
electron covalent bond
element molecule
Review Vocabulary
substance: the form of matter that has a
uniform and unchanging composition
Atoms
• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up
space.
• Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
Atoms
The Structure of an Atom
• Atoms are made up of smaller particles called
neutrons, protons, and electrons.
• Neutron and protons are located at the center
of the atom, called the nucleus.
• Protons are positively charged particles
(p+).
• Neutrons are particles that have no charge
(n0).
Atoms
The Structure of an Atom
• Electrons are negatively charged particles (e-).
• Electrons constantly move around an atom’s
nucleus.
Elements
• An element is a pure substance that cannot be
broken down into other substances by physical
or chemical means.
• Elements are made of only one type of atom.
• There are over 100 known elements, 92 of
which occur naturally.
• Each element has a unique name and symbol.
Elements
The Periodic Table of the Elements
• Horizontal rows are called periods.
• Vertical columns are called groups.
• Elements in the same group have similar
chemical and physical properties.
Elements
Elements
Isotopes
• Atoms of the same element that have the same
number of protons and electrons but that have
a different number of neutrons are called
isotopes.
Elements
Radioactive Isotopes
• Changing the number of neutrons in an atom
does not affect the charge, but it does affect the
stability.
• When a nucleus breaks apart, it gives off
radiation that can be detected and used for
many applications.
• Isotopes that give off radiation are called
radioactive isotopes.
Compounds
• A compound is a pure substance formed when two
or more different elements combine.
• Compounds are always formed from a specific
combination of elements in a fixed ratio.
• Compounds cannot be broken down into simpler
compounds or elements by physical means, but they
can be broken down by chemical means.
Chemical Bonds
• Compounds such as water are formed when
two or more substances combine.
• The force that holds the substances together
is called a chemical bond.
• Electrons travel around the nucleus of an
atom in areas called energy levels.
• Atoms become more stable by losing
electrons or attracting electrons from other
atoms.
Chemical Bonds
• An atom that has lost or gained one or more
electrons is an ion.
• Ions carry an electric charge.
• An ionic bond is an electrical attraction
between two oppositely charged atoms.
Chemical Bonds
• The chemical bond that forms when
electrons are shared is called a covalent
bond.
• A molecule is a compound in which the
atoms are held together by covalent bonds.
Quiz
1. Which describes the particle or particles that are in
the nucleus of an atom ?
A electron and neutron
B electron only
C neutron and proton CORRECT
D proton and electron
Quiz
2. Which process changes a chlorine atom into a
chloride ion?
A electron gain C proton gain
CORRECT
B electron loss D proton loss
Quiz
3. How do the isotopes of hydrogen differ?
A in the number of C in the number of
protons energy levels
B in the number of D in the number of
electrons neutrons CORRECT
Quiz
4. Which of these is a pure substance that cannot be
broken down by a chemical reaction?
A a compound C an element
CORRECT
B a mixture D a neutron
