Chapter 6: Special-purpose Operating Systems

➢ Open-source and Proprietary Operating System

➢ Fundamentals of Distributed Operating System
➢ Network Operating System
➢ Embedded Operating Systems
➢ Cloud and IoT Operating Systems
➢ Real-Time Operating System
➢ Mobile Operating System
➢ Multimedia Operating System
➢ Comparison between Functions of various Special-purpose Operating Systems.
➢ Open-source and Proprietary Operating System
An open-source operating system is a type of operating system whose source code is made
freely available to the public, allowing anyone to view, use, modify, and distribute the code.
Open-source operating systems are typically created and maintained by a community of
developers and users who collaborate on improving and extending the software.
Open-source operating systems are licensed under a variety of open source licenses, such as
the GNU General Public License (GPL), which requires that any modifications to the source
code be released under the same license. This ensures that the software remains open and
free for everyone to use and contribute to.
Type of open source OS
1. Linux: Linux is one of the most popular open source operating systems, and is used
widely in servers, desktops, and mobile devices. It is known for its stability, security,
and flexibility.
2. FreeBSD: FreeBSD is a Unix-like operating system that is designed to be fast, efficient,
and reliable. It is often used in servers, embedded systems, and networking devices.
3. OpenBSD: OpenBSD is a security-focused operating system that is known for its strong
focus on security and cryptography. It is often used in firewalls, VPNs, and other
security applications.
4. Ubuntu: Ubuntu is a Linux-based operating system that is designed to be easy to use
and user-friendly. It is often used in desktops and laptops.
5. Fedora: Fedora is a community-driven Linux-based operating system that is known for
its cutting-edge features and technologies. It is often used by developers and power
users.
6. Debian: Debian is a stable and reliable Linux-based operating system that is often used
in servers and other mission-critical applications.
7. CentOS: CentOS is a community-supported Linux distribution that is based on Red Hat
Enterprise Linux. It is often used in servers and other enterprise applications.
Advantages of Open-source OS

• Cost: Open source operating systems are typically free to download and use, which
can be a major advantage for individuals and organizations with limited budgets.
• Customization: Because the source code for open source operating systems is freely
available, users can modify and customize the software to meet their specific needs.
This can be a significant advantage for businesses that require specialized software
solutions.
• Security: Open source operating systems are often considered to be more secure than
proprietary operating systems, as the source code is available for review by anyone.
This means that vulnerabilities can be quickly identified and patched by the
community.
• Flexibility: Open source operating systems are designed to be flexible and adaptable,
and can be used in a wide range of applications and devices.
Disadvantages of Open-source OS

• Support: Open source operating systems typically do not come with formal support
from a vendor, which means that users may need to rely on community support or pay
for third-party support.
• Complexity: Open source operating systems can be more complex to install and
configure than proprietary operating systems, which may require a higher level of
technical expertise.
• Compatibility: Open source operating systems may not be compatible with all
hardware and software, which can be a disadvantage for users who need to use
specific applications or devices.
• Fragmentation: The open source community is often fragmented, with many different
distributions and variations of open source operating systems available. This can make
it difficult for users to choose the right distribution for their needs.

➢ Propriety Operating System

A proprietary operating system is an operating system that is owned and licensed by a single
company, and the source code is not publicly available. The company that owns the operating
system typically controls the development, distribution, and support of the software, and
users are required to pay a license fee to use the software legally.
Examples of proprietary operating systems include Microsoft Windows, Apple macOS, and
IBM z/OS. These operating systems are widely used in desktops, laptops, servers, and
mainframes.
Some advantages of proprietary operating systems include:

• Ease of use: Proprietary operating systems are often designed to be user-friendly and
easy to use, with a consistent graphical user interface.
• Support: Proprietary operating systems typically come with formal support from the
vendor, which can be helpful for users who need assistance with installation,
configuration, or troubleshooting.
• Compatibility: Proprietary operating systems are often designed to be compatible with
a wide range of hardware and software, making them a good choice for users who
need to use specific applications or devices.
• However, there are also some disadvantages to proprietary operating systems, such
as:
• Cost: Proprietary operating systems typically require users to pay a license fee to use
the software legally, which can be a significant expense for individuals and
organizations.
• Lack of customization: Because the source code is not publicly available, users are
typically unable to modify or customize the operating system to meet their specific
needs.
• Security: Proprietary operating systems are often targeted by hackers and other
malicious actors, and vulnerabilities may take longer to be identified and patched.
➢ Difference between open source and propriety Operating system

Sr. No. OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE PROPRIETARY SOFTWARE

Open-source software is computer

Proprietary software is computer
software whose source code is available
software where the source codes
openly on the internet and
01. are publicly not available only the
programmers can modify it to add new
company which has created can
features and capabilities without any
modify it.
cost.

Here the software is developed and

Here the software is developed and tested by the individual or
02.
tested through open collaboration. organization by which it is owned
not by the public.

In open-source software the source In proprietary software, the source

03.
code is public. code is protected.

Proprietary software can not be

Open-source software can be installed
04. installed into any computer without
on any computer.
a valid license.

Users do not need to have any Users need to have a valid and
05. authenticated license to use this authenticated license to use this
software. software.

Proprietary software is managed by

Open-source software is managed by an
06. a closed team of individuals or
open-source community of developers.
groups that developed it.

It is not much flexible so there is a

It is more flexible and provides more
07. very limited innovation scope with
freedom which encourages innovation.
the restrictions.
➢ Fundamentals of Distributed Operating System
A distributed operating system (DOS) is an operating system that runs on multiple
interconnected computers and allows them to work together as a single system. In a
distributed operating system, resources such as memory, processing power, and storage are
shared among the different computers, allowing for greater efficiency and scalability.
Distributed operating systems are commonly used in large-scale computing environments
such as data centers, cloud computing, and supercomputers. They are designed to be fault-
tolerant and resilient, so that if one computer fails, the system can continue to operate
without interruption.
Some examples of distributed operating systems include:
1. Google's Borg: Borg is a distributed operating system that is used by Google to manage
its vast computing resources. It is designed to be scalable and fault-tolerant, and allows
for the efficient management of large numbers of computing resources.
2. Apache Hadoop: Hadoop is an open source distributed operating system that is
designed for processing large data sets. It is used by many organizations for big data
processing and analysis.
3. Windows Azure: Azure is a cloud computing platform from Microsoft that uses a
distributed operating system to provide scalable computing resources to customers.
4. Kubernetes: Kubernetes is an open source platform for managing containerized
applications. It uses a distributed operating system to manage large numbers of
containers across multiple servers.
Advantages:

• Scalability: Distributed operating systems can be designed to scale horizontally,

meaning that additional computing resources can be added to the system as needed.
This allows the system to handle increasing workloads without the need for significant
changes to the architecture.
• Fault tolerance: Distributed operating systems can be designed to be fault-tolerant,
meaning that if one component of the system fails, the system can continue to operate
without interruption. This can improve system reliability and minimize downtime.
• Resource sharing: Distributed operating systems allow for the sharing of resources
such as memory, processing power, and storage across multiple computers. This can
increase efficiency and reduce costs, as resources can be utilized more effectively.
• Performance: Distributed operating systems can provide high levels of performance,
as workloads can be distributed across multiple computers and executed in parallel.
This can result in faster processing times and improved throughput.
Disadvantages:

• Complexity: Distributed operating systems can be more complex to set up and manage
than traditional operating systems. They may require specialized knowledge and skills,
and may be more difficult to troubleshoot when problems arise.
 • Security: Distributed operating systems can be more difficult to secure than traditional
operating systems, as they may be more vulnerable to attacks and breaches.
• Compatibility: Distributed operating systems may not be compatible with all hardware
and software, which can be a disadvantage for users who need to use specific
applications or devices.
• Cost: Distributed operating systems can be more expensive to implement than
traditional operating systems, as they may require specialized hardware and software,
as well as additional personnel to manage and maintain the system.

➢ Network Operating System

A network operating system (NOS) is an operating system that manages and controls network
resources and services, enabling multiple devices and users to communicate and share
information across a network.
The primary function of a network operating system is to provide networking services,
including file and print sharing, directory services, security, and administration. It enables
computers and other devices to communicate with each other, share resources, and access
network services.
Types of network OS are:
1. Windows Server: Developed by Microsoft, Windows Server is one of the most widely
used network operating systems. It provides a range of networking features, including
file and print sharing, directory services, and security.
2. Linux: Linux is an open-source operating system that is widely used for networking. It
provides a range of networking features and tools, such as network protocols, services,
and management tools.
3. Unix: Unix is a multi-user and multi-tasking operating system that is widely used in
enterprise-level networking. It provides a range of networking features, including file
and print sharing, directory services, and security.
4. Novell NetWare: Developed by Novell, NetWare is a popular network operating system
that provides a range of networking features and tools, such as file and print sharing,
directory services, and security.
5. macOS Server: Developed by Apple, macOS Server is a network operating system
designed for use on Mac computers. It provides a range of networking features,
including file and print sharing, directory services, and security.
6. IBM AIX: IBM AIX is a Unix-based operating system that is widely used in enterprise-
level networking. It provides a range of networking features and tools, such as network
protocols, services, and management tools.
Advantages:

• Centralized Management: Network operating systems provide centralized

management of network resources, such as user accounts, printers, and data storage.
This makes it easier for network administrators to manage and maintain the network.
 • Scalability: Network operating systems are designed to be scalable, which means they
can handle the growth of the network as the organization expands. This makes it easier
to add new devices and users to the network as needed.
• Security: Network operating systems provide security features such as access control,
authentication, and encryption to protect sensitive data and prevent unauthorized
access to the network.
• Resource Sharing: Network operating systems enable resource sharing, such as file and
printer sharing, which can improve productivity and reduce costs.
• Collaboration: Network operating systems allow users to collaborate and share
information, making it easier to work together on projects and tasks.
Disadvantages:

• Complexity: Network operating systems can be complex and require specialized skills
and knowledge to set up and maintain.
• Cost: Network operating systems can be expensive to purchase and maintain,
particularly for larger organizations.
• Compatibility: Network operating systems may not be compatible with all hardware
and software, which can limit the organization's options when it comes to selecting
devices and applications.
• Performance: Network operating systems can impact network performance,
particularly if they are not configured correctly or if they are not designed to handle
the organization's workload.
• Security Risks: Network operating systems can also pose security risks if not properly
secured and maintained, which can result in data breaches and other security
incidents.

➢ Embedded Operating Systems

An embedded operating system (OS) is an operating system designed to run on specialized
hardware, such as embedded systems and devices, rather than on general-purpose computing
platforms like desktops or servers.
Embedded OSes are typically lightweight, compact, and optimized for specific hardware and
application requirements, making them well-suited for use in small devices with limited
processing power and memory.
Embedded operating systems may be built on top of other operating systems, such as Linux,
or they may be purpose-built for a specific device or application. They may be designed to run
in real-time or to support specific communication protocols, depending on the requirements
of the device or system they are running on.
1. Real-time Operating Systems (RTOS): RTOS are designed for devices that require real-
time processing and low latency communication. They are often used in industrial
control systems, aerospace and defense systems, and automotive systems.
 2. Mobile Operating Systems: Mobile operating systems, such as Android and iOS, are
designed for smartphones and tablets, and provide support for features such as
touchscreens, cameras, and mobile connectivity.
3. Wearable Operating Systems: Wearable operating systems, such as Wear OS and
watchOS, are designed for smartwatches and other wearable devices, and provide
support for features such as fitness tracking, notifications, and voice commands.
4. Embedded Linux: Embedded Linux is a version of the Linux operating system that is
optimized for embedded systems. It is often used in devices such as routers, set-top
boxes, and other network-connected devices.
5. Real-time Java: Real-time Java is a version of the Java programming language that is
optimized for real-time processing. It is often used in embedded systems that require
real-time processing and communication.
6. Windows IoT: Windows IoT is a version of the Windows operating system that is
designed for embedded devices. It is often used in devices such as kiosks, digital
signage, and other specialized systems.

Advantages:

• Efficient Resource Utilization: Embedded operating systems are designed to use

minimal resources such as memory and processing power, making them ideal for small
and resource-constrained devices.
• Customizability: Embedded operating systems can be customized to meet the specific
requirements of the device or system they are running on, providing greater control
over functionality and performance.
• Reliability: Embedded operating systems are designed to be reliable and stable, with
minimal downtime or system crashes.
• Real-time Processing: Embedded operating systems can be optimized for real-time
processing, making them suitable for applications that require quick response times
and low-latency communication.
• Security: Embedded operating systems can be designed with security in mind, ensuring
that data and systems are protected from external threats.
Disadvantages:

• Limited Functionality: Embedded operating systems are often limited in terms of the
applications and features they support, which can be a disadvantage for devices that
require more advanced functionality.
• High Development Costs: Developing an embedded operating system can be
expensive, particularly if it requires customization or integration with other systems.
• Hardware Compatibility Issues: Embedded operating systems are often tied to specific
hardware, which can make it difficult to switch to new hardware or upgrade existing
devices.
 • Vendor Dependence: Embedded operating systems are often provided by vendors who
may limit access to source code or restrict modifications, leading to a dependence on
the vendor for updates and support.
• Learning Curve: Developing and using an embedded operating system requires
specialized knowledge and skills, which can be a barrier to entry for some developers
and organizations.

• Cloud and IoT Operating Systems

loud and IoT operating systems (OS) are specialized operating systems designed to run on
cloud servers and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, respectively.
A cloud OS is designed to provide infrastructure and platform services for cloud computing. It
is optimized for virtualization, scalability, and distributed computing, and provides APIs and
tools for managing resources such as storage, compute, and networking.
An IoT OS, on the other hand, is designed for resource-constrained devices that are connected
to the internet. These devices are typically small, with limited memory and processing power,
and require an OS that can support the communication protocols and network connectivity
required by IoT applications.
IoT operating systems may also include features such as real-time processing, low power
consumption, and support for sensors and actuators.
Examples of cloud operating systems include Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure,
and Google Cloud Platform. Examples of IoT operating systems include TinyOS, Contiki, and
FreeRTOS.
Overall, cloud and IoT operating systems are designed to support the specific requirements of
cloud computing and IoT devices, respectively, and are optimized for performance, scalability,
and reliability in these environments.

• Real-Time Operating System

A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system designed to handle real-time
applications that require precise and predictable response times.
An RTOS can be classified into two types based on the time constraints:
1. Hard Real-time Systems: In a hard real-time system, the system must respond to a
specific event within a defined time frame, failure to do so can result in catastrophic
consequences. Examples of hard real-time systems include flight control systems,
medical equipment, and industrial control systems.
2. Soft Real-time Systems: In a soft real-time system, the system must respond to events
within a specific time frame, but there is a degree of tolerance for missed deadlines.
Examples of soft real-time systems include multimedia applications and gaming.
Pros of real-time operating systems:

• Precise and Predictable Response Times: Real-time operating systems are designed to
provide predictable and precise response times, making them ideal for time-critical
applications.
• Efficient Resource Utilization: Real-time operating systems are designed to use minimal
resources such as memory and processing power, making them ideal for small and
resource-constrained devices.
• Real-time Scheduling: Real-time operating systems provide real-time scheduling, ensuring
that tasks with high-priority are executed first, which ensures timely completion of tasks.
• Deterministic Behavior: Real-time operating systems provide deterministic behavior,
ensuring that the same input results in the same output every time.
Cons of real-time operating systems:

• Limited Functionality: Real-time operating systems are often limited in terms of the
applications and features they support, which can be a disadvantage for devices that
require more advanced functionality.
• High Development Costs: Developing an RTOS can be expensive, particularly if it requires
customization or integration with other systems.
• Hardware Compatibility Issues: RTOS are often tied to specific hardware, which can make
it difficult to switch to new hardware or upgrade existing devices.
• Complex Programming Model: Developing and using an RTOS requires specialized
knowledge and skills, which can be a barrier to entry for some developers and
organizations.

Examples of real-time operating systems include FreeRTOS, VxWorks, QNX, and eCos.

➢ Mobile Operating System

A mobile operating system (OS) is an operating system designed for mobile devices such as
smartphones and tablets. Mobile OS are responsible for managing the device hardware and
software resources, providing user interfaces, and running applications.
There are three main types of mobile operating systems:
1. iOS: iOS is the mobile operating system developed by Apple for its iPhones and iPads.
It is known for its user-friendly interface, tight security, and high-quality applications.
2. Android: Android is the mobile operating system developed by Google for a variety of
smartphones and tablets. It is known for its flexibility, customization options, and wide
range of device support.
3. Windows Phone: Windows Phone is a mobile operating system developed by
Microsoft for its smartphones. It features a unique tile-based interface, seamless
integration with Microsoft Office, and high-quality camera software.
Pros of mobile operating systems:

• User-Friendly Interfaces: Mobile operating systems are designed to provide user-

friendly interfaces that are optimized for touchscreens and mobile devices, making
them easy to use.
• Wide Range of Applications: Mobile operating systems have access to large app stores
that provide a wide range of applications for users to download and use.
• High-Level Security: Mobile operating systems are designed with high-level security
features that protect the device from malware, viruses, and other security threats.
• Cloud Integration: Mobile operating systems have built-in cloud integration that allows
users to access their data and files from anywhere, making it easy to stay connected
and productive.
Cons of mobile operating systems:

• Limited Customization: Mobile operating systems are often limited in terms of

customization options, which can be a disadvantage for power users who want more
control over their devices.
• Compatibility Issues: Mobile operating systems can sometimes have compatibility
issues with certain applications or devices, which can be frustrating for users.
• Battery Life: Mobile operating systems are known for consuming a lot of battery power,
which can be a disadvantage for users who need to use their devices for extended
periods.
• Limited Multitasking: Mobile operating systems can be limited in terms of multitasking
capabilities, which can be a disadvantage for users who need to run multiple
applications at once.

➢ Multimedia Operating System

A multimedia operating system is an operating system that is optimized for handling
multimedia data such as images, videos, and audio. These operating systems are designed to
provide high-quality multimedia playback and editing capabilities.
There are several types of multimedia operating systems:
1. Windows Media Center: Windows Media Center is an operating system designed for
home theater PCs that provides a full range of multimedia capabilities, including TV
recording, music playback, and video editing.
2. Mac OS X: Mac OS X is the multimedia operating system developed by Apple that
provides a range of multimedia capabilities, including high-quality video playback,
music editing, and photo editing.
3. Linux Multimedia Studio: Linux Multimedia Studio is an open-source operating system
designed for multimedia production that provides a range of multimedia editing
capabilities.
Pros of multimedia operating systems:

• High-Quality Multimedia Playback: Multimedia operating systems are designed to

provide high-quality playback of multimedia content such as videos, images, and
audio.
• Advanced Multimedia Editing Capabilities: Multimedia operating systems often
provide advanced multimedia editing capabilities, allowing users to edit and create
multimedia content with ease.
• Multitasking Capabilities: Multimedia operating systems often provide multitasking
capabilities, allowing users to run multiple multimedia applications simultaneously.
• Customizability: Multimedia operating systems are often highly customizable, allowing
users to tailor the operating system to their specific needs.
Cons of multimedia operating systems:

• Limited Compatibility: Some multimedia operating systems may have limited

compatibility with certain hardware or software, which can be a disadvantage for
users.
• Complexity: Multimedia operating systems can be complex and require specialized
knowledge and skills to use effectively.
• Cost: Some multimedia operating systems can be expensive to purchase or require
additional hardware or software to function properly.

Comparison between Functions of various Special-purpose Operating Systems.

Criteria Functional OS Special-Purpose OS

Purpose Designed to provide a general-purpose Designed for a specific task or

computing environment application

Flexibility Offers flexibility to support a wide range of Offers limited flexibility and is optimized
applications for a specific task

Complexity Can be complex due to the need to support a Can be simpler because it is optimized
wide range of applications for a specific task

Resource Can be resource-intensive due to the need to Can be optimized to use minimal
utilization support a wide range of applications resources

Cost Generally less expensive Can be more expensive due to

customization and development costs

Examples Windows, macOS, Linux ATMs, Point of Sale Systems, Traffic

Lights, Elevator Control System