Principles of Information Systems,

Thirteenth Edition

Chapter 5
Database System and Big Data
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 Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
Identify and briefly describe the members of the hierarchy of data
Identify the advantages of the database approach to data
management
Identify the various types of data models and explain how they
are useful in planning a database
Describe the rational database model

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or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to (cont’d):
Define the role of the database schema, data definition language,
and data manipulation language
Discuss the role of a database administrator and data
administrator
Identify the common functions performed by all database
management systems
Define the term big data
Explain why big data represents a challenge and an opportunity

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or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
 Introduction

• Database: an organized collection of data

• A database management system (DBMS) is a group of programs that:
• Manipulate the database
• Provide an interface between the database and its users and other application
programs

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 Hierarchy of Data

• A bit (binary digit) represents a circuit that is either on or off

• A byte is made up of eight bits
• Each byte represents a character
• Field: a name, number, or combination of characters that describes an aspect of
a business object or activity
• Record: a collection of related data fields
• File: a collection of related records

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 Hierarchy of Data

• Database: a collection of integrated and related files

• Hierarchy of data: bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases

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 Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys

• Entity: a person, place, or thing for which data is collected, stored, and
maintained
• Attribute: a characteristic of an entity
• Data item: the specific value of an attribute
• Primary key: a field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record

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Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys

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 The Database Approach

• Traditional approach to data management

• Each distinct operational system used data files dedicated to that system
• Database approach to data management
• Information systems share a pool of related data
• Offers the ability to share data and information resources
• A database management system (DBMS) is required

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The Database Approach

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 Data Modeling

• Data model: a diagram of data entities and their relationships

• Enterprise data modeling: data modeling done at the level of the entire
enterprise
• Entity-relationship (ER) diagrams: data models that use basic graphical symbols
to show the organization of and relationships between data

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or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Data Modeling

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 Relational Database Model

• Relational model: a simple but highly useful way to organize data into
collections of two-dimensional tables called relations
• Each table represents an entity
• Each column represents an attribute of that entity
• Domain: range of allowable values for a data attribute

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Relational Database Model

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 Manipulating Data

• Selecting: eliminating rows according to certain criteria

• Projecting: eliminating columns in a table
• Joining: combining two or more tables
• Linking: combining two or more tables through common data attributes to form
a new table with only the unique data attributes

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Manipulating Data

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 Data Cleansing

• Also called data cleaning or data scrubbing

• The process of detecting and then correcting or deleting incomplete, incorrect,
inaccurate, irrelevant records that reside in a database
• The cost of performing data cleansing can be quite high
• Different from data validation
• Which involves the identification of “bad data” and its rejection at the time of data
entry

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 Relational Database Management Systems (DBMSs)

• Creating and implementing the right database system ensures that the
database will support both business activities and goals
• Capabilities and types of database systems vary considerably

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 SQL Databases: Structured Query Language

• SQL: a special-purpose programming language for accessing and manipulating

data stored in a relational database
• SQL databases conform to ACID properties:
• Atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability
• 1986: SQL was adopted by ANSI as the standard query language for relational
databases

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 Database Activities

• Providing a user view of the database

• Adding and modifying data
• Storing and retrieving data
• Manipulating the data and generating reports

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 Providing a User View

• Schema: a description of the entire database

• A schema can be part of the database or a separate schema file
• In a relational database, the schema defines the table, the fields in each table,
and the relationships between fields and tables.

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 Creating and Modifying the Database

• Data definition language (DDL)

• A collection of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and
relationships in a specific database
• Allows the database’s creator to describe data and relationships that are to be
contained in the schema
• Another important step in creating a database is to establish a data dictionary, a
detailed description of all data used in the database

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 Storing and Retrieving Data

• When an application program needs data, it requests the data through the
DBMS
• Concurrency control deals with the situation in which two or more users or
applications need to access the same record at the same time

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 Manipulating Data and Generating Reports

• Query by Example (QBE) is a visual approach to developing database queries or

requests
• Data manipulation language (DML): a specific language, provided with a DBMS
• Allows users to access and modify the data, to make queries, and to generate reports
• A DBMS can produce a wide variety of documents, reports, and other output
that can help organizations achieve their goals

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Manipulating Data and Generating Reports

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 Database Administration

• Database administrators (DBAs): skilled and trained IS professionals

• Works with users to define their data needs
• Applies database programming languages to craft a set of databases to meet those
needs
• Tests and evaluates databases
• Implements changes to improve their databases’ performance
• Assures that data is secure from unauthorized access

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 Database Administration

• Data administrator: a skilled and trained IS professional who is responsible for

defining and implementing consistent principles for a variety of data issues
• Including setting data standards and data definitions that apply across all the
databases in an organization

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Popular Database Management Systems

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 Popular Database Management Systems

• Database as a Service (DaaS)

• The database is stored on a service provider’s servers
• The database is accessed by the client over a network, typically the Internet
• Database administration is handled by the service provider
• Example of DaaS: Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS)

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 Big Data

• Extremely large and complex data collections

• Traditional data management software, hardware, and analysis processes are
incapable of dealing with them
• Three characteristics of big data
• Volume
• Velocity
• Variety

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Sources of Big Data

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 Big Data Uses

• Examples:
• Retail organizations monitor social networks to engage brand advocates and identify
brand adversaries
• Advertising and marketing agencies track comments on social media to understand
consumers’ responsiveness to ads, campaigns, and promotions
• Hospitals analyze medical data and patient records
• Consumer product companies monitor social networks to gain insight into consumer
behavior
• Financial service organizations use data from customer interactions to identify
customers who are likely to be attracted to increasingly targeted and sophisticated
offers

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 Summary

• The database approach to data management has become broadly accepted

• Data modeling is a key aspect of organizing data and information
• A well-designed and well-managed database is an extremely valuable tool in
supporting decision making
• We have entered an era where organizations are grappling with a tremendous
growth in the amount of data available and struggling how to manage and
make use of it
• A number of available tools and technologies allow organizations to take
advantage of the opportunities offered by big data

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