Databases, Data, and Information
Database Data Information
• Collection of • Collection of • Processed data
data organized unprocessed • Organized
in a manner items • Meaningful
that allows • Text • Useful
access, • Numbers
retrieval, and • Images
use of that • Audio
data
• Video
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Databases, Data, and Information
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Databases, Data, and Information
• Database software, often called a database
management system (DBMS), allows users to:
Create a computerized Add, modify, and
database delete data
Create forms and
Sort and retrieve data
reports from the data
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Databases, Data, and Information
• Data is organized in levels
– Characters, fields records, and files
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Databases, Data, and Information
• A character is one byte
– Numbers, letters, space,
punctuation marks, or
other symbols
• A field is a combination
of one or more related
characters
– Field name
– Field size
– Data type
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Databases, Data, and Information
• A record is a group of related fields
– A primary key is a field that uniquely identifies each record
• A data file is a collection of related records
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Databases, Data, and Information
• File maintenance refers to the procedures that
keep data current
Adding Modifying Deleting
records records records
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Databases, Data, and Information
• Validation compares data with a set of rules or
values to find out if the data meets certain criteria
Alphabetic/Numeric
Range check Consistency check
check
Completeness check Check digit Other checks
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File Processing Systems and Databases
File processing system Database approach
• Each department has its • Programs and users share
own set of files data
• Redundant data • Reduced data redundancy
• Isolated data • Improved data integrity
• Shared data
• Easier access
• Reduced development
time
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File Processing Systems and Databases
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File Processing Systems and Databases
• Disadvantages of a database approach
– Can be more complex than a file processing system
– Require more memory and processing power
– Data can be more vulnerable
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File Processing Systems and Databases
• Web databases offer information about:
Television
Jobs Travel Destinations
programming
Local and
Photos Movies Videos national
weather
Sporting Legislative
events information
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File Processing Systems and Databases
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File Processing Systems and Databases
• A data model defines how users view the
organization of the data
Multidimensional
Relational Object-oriented
and other
database database (OODB)
database types
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Database Management Systems
• A data dictionary contains data about each file in
the database and each field in those files
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Database Management Systems
• A DBMS provides several tools that allow users
and programs to retrieve and maintain data in the
database Query language
Query by example
Form
Report writer
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Database Management Systems
• A query is a request for specific data from the database
• A query language consists of simple, English-like statements that
allow users to specify the data to display, print, store, update, or
delete
• Structured Query Language (SQL) is a popular query language that
allows users to manage, update, and retrieve data
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Database Management Systems
• Most DBMSs include query by example (QBE), a
feature that has a graphical user interface to assist
users with retrieving data
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Database Management Systems
A DBMS provides means to
ensure that only authorized
users access data
• Access privileges
• Principle of least privilege policy
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Database Management Systems
• A DMBS provides a variety of techniques to
restore the database to a usable form in case it is
damaged or destroyed
Backup Log
Recovery Continuous
utility backup
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