PRESENTATION TOPIC: INTEL ARCHITECTURE 32 BIT
Characteristics / Features of Intel Architecture:
1. Memory Access:
16-bit: Limited to a maximum of 64KB memory segments.
32-bit: Can access larger memory spaces up to 4GB.
64-bit: Allows for addressing an extensive range of memory, well beyond what is practical for most current
applications.
2. Register Size:
16-bit: Operates with 16-bit registers, limiting data manipulation capabilities.
32-bit: Employs 32-bit registers, allowing for more extensive data processing and larger data values.
64-bit: Utilizes 64-bit registers, providing enhanced computational capabilities and support for larger data
sets.
3. Address Bus Width / RAM:
16-bit: Supports a maximum of 2^16 (64KB) memory addresses.
32-bit: Enables addressing up to 2^32 (4GB) memory locations.
64-bit: Provides an expansive address space of 2^64, allowing access to an enormous amount of memory.
4. Data Bus Width:
16-bit: Features a 16-bit data bus, limiting the amount of data transferred in each clock cycle.
32-bit: Utilizes a wider 32-bit data bus, facilitating faster data transfer rates.
64-bit: Expands the data bus to 64 bits, enabling even more substantial data throughput.
5. Maximum Data Size:
16-bit: Processes data in 16-bit chunks, limiting data size and precision.
32-bit: Handles data in 32-bit units, offering improved precision and larger data representation.
64-bit: Processes data in 64-bit chunks, providing even greater precision and support for massive datasets.
6. Performance:
16-bit: Suitable for simpler applications and systems with limited computational demands.
32-bit: Strikes a balance between performance and memory efficiency, widely used in various applications.
64-bit: Optimized for high-performance computing, handling resource-intensive tasks with improved
efficiency.
7. Compatibility:
16-bit: Older architecture primarily found in legacy systems.
32-bit: Widely used in both legacy and modern systems; still prevalent in many applications.
64-bit: Modern architecture increasingly becoming the standard, offering compatibility with 32-bit software
through emulation or compatibility modes.
8. Operating System Support:
16-bit: Historically associated with early operating systems like MS-DOS.
32-bit: Supports a wide range of operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and macOS.
64-bit: Commonly used in contemporary operating systems, providing enhanced performance and
addressing capabilities.
9. Instruction Set:
16-bit: Limited instruction set compared to later architectures.
32-bit: Expanded instruction set, accommodating more complex operations.
64-bit: Further augmentation of the instruction set, incorporating advanced functionalities for modern
computing needs.
10. Virtual Memory:
16-bit: Limited virtual memory capabilities compared to later architectures.
32-bit: Supports more extensive virtual memory addressing, enhancing multitasking and system stability.
64-bit: Provides an expansive virtual memory space, crucial for handling complex applications and large
datasets in modern computing environments.
11. Security Features:
16-bit: Basic security features with limited focus on modern security threats.
32-bit: Enhanced security features, including support for DEP (Data Execution Prevention) and NX bit.
64-bit: Introduces advanced security measures like hardware-based data execution prevention, secure boot,
and virtualization support for increased system integrity.
12. Memory Protection:
16-bit: Limited memory protection mechanisms.
32-bit: Implements more robust memory protection, preventing unauthorized access and enhancing system
stability.
64-bit: Enhances memory protection with features like Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) and
hardware-enforced data execution prevention.
13. Energy Efficiency:
16-bit: Relatively lower power consumption compared to later architectures.
32-bit: Optimizations for power efficiency become more prominent.
64-bit: Continues the trend of improving energy efficiency with advanced power management features.
14. Processor Access:
16-bit Processor: Intel 8086
The Intel 8086, introduced in 1978, is a 16-bit microprocessor and one of the earliest members of the x86
family. It had a 16-bit data bus and a 20-bit address bus, allowing it to address up to 1 MB of memory. The
8086 was widely used in early personal computers.
32-bit Processor: Intel Pentium Series
The Intel Pentium series, starting with the original Pentium processor released in 1993, marked the shift to 32-
bit architecture. The Pentium processors, such as Pentium II, Pentium III, and subsequent generations, were
designed for 32-bit operating systems and applications. These processors featured a 32-bit data bus and
expanded capabilities compared to their 16-bit predecessors.
64-bit Processor: Intel Core i7 Series (e.g., Intel Core i7-8700K)
The Intel Core i7 series, starting with the Nehalem microarchitecture in 2008, represents Intel's transition to
64-bit architecture. For example, the Intel Core i7-8700K, part of the 8th generation (Coffee Lake) released in
2017, is a 64-bit processor. These processors feature a 64-bit data bus, support for 64-bit operating systems,
and increased memory addressing capabilities, allowing them to handle more significant amounts of memory.
15. Parallel Transmission:
16-bit: Limited support for parallel processing.
32-bit: Transmit 32 bit in parallel
64-bit: Transmit more than 32 bit in parallel.
16. Cost:
16-bit: Cheaper than 32 and 64 bit
32-bit: Cheap in price
64-bit: Expensive than 16 and 32 bit
17. Applications:
16-bit: 16 bit microcontroller is used in,
Engine control system
Medical devices i.e. pace-maker
Remote controller
Digital toys
Embedded systems
32-bit: 32 bit microcontroller is used in,
Face recognition
Huge data processing
Personal computer
Office routine tasks
64-bit: 64 bit microcontroller is used in,
Multitasking
Personal computer
Video and audio auditing
Server applications
INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE OF 80386
It is divided into 3 sections.
CPU MMU BIU
(Central Processing Unit) (Memory Management Unit) (Bus Interface Unit)
EU IU
(Execution Unit) (Instruction Unit)
8 8 It decodes the
General Special bytes
purpose purpose
registers registers
Used for handling
data or calculating
offset addresses
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