Knitting The Space-Time Fabric with Eulers Number (e), Golden Ratio (φ) and π.

By Celal Korkut Vata

Stereo-Vision as our biological in born setting allows us, the Homo Sapiens, to perceive the Universe in
depth, in 3D. We can visualize and imagine the Universe in 3D according to the Euclidian Geometry.
Our senses are best fitted to Earth, to a medium size rocky planet, 50 AU away from a medium size
main stream star in the Milky Way Galaxy among trillions of other Galaxies.

Further, our short term and long term memories allow us to perceive time simply as before and after
of obvious events as such before or after the sunset. Although not quantitative, Homo Sapiens have
an inborn biological sense of time.

The invention of mathematical symbols around 4000 years ago enabled us to quantify time in terms of
defined units as well as space in terms of defined distances as solid entities. Newtonian understanding
of the Universe is based on the simple quantification of our senses using mathematical symbols.

However, Einstein´s General Relativity cannot be understood simply with our inborn senses using the
Euclidian Geometry of today. Gravitational Time Dilation, Space Time Curvature, Singularities,
Gravitational Waves are terms that are mostly stated in social media with little in depth understanding
even by the experts.

This study lays a foundation of Space-time Fabric using Euler`s Number, (e)(1) Fibonachhi`s number
(Golden ratio, φ)(2) and π(3). The Pytogorean Triangle, e2 + φ2 = π 2 is taken as the measure of
the Euclidian Geometry we are living in. The intricate relationship of e and φ; 1/e + 1/ φ = 1 and the
resulting equation of linear and quadratic dimensions; e + φ = e x φ is studied for the knitting
motive of Space Time Fabric both in Euclidian as well as in Non-euclidian Geometries.
e, φ and π as Determinats of the Euclidian Geometry.

The Pythagorean triangle as defined by the e2 + φ2 = π 2 is the simple but fundamental

mathematical description of the Euclidian geometry we are living in. We are allowing a 1%
margin of error on both sides of the particular equation; in other words we are permitting a
1% error margin for an equation of squares of three basic universal irrational constants. We
can also think that way, if no error margins were to be defined for the Universal Architecture,
we wouldn`t be able to put satellites into the orbit as we had to send out the satellites with a
practically impossible accuracy.
Another solid relationship between e, φ and π is; e x φ x π =13.7. Again, we are allowing a margin
of error on both sides of the equation for the multiplication of these three irrational constants.

Irrational numbers bring in irrational margins of errors (4).

13.7 is the fundamental mathematical determinant of both the size and the age of the
Universe as the Universe is 13.7 billion light years big and 13.7 years old. Time and space are
interwoven into this constant along with another Universal Constant, π, the only determinant
of the circular and the spherical geometries of Euclid.
We are confident that in the equation e x φ x π =13.7, e and φ are determinants of time and
space (may not be respectively but be interchangeably) and π is the fundamental determinant
of the Euclidian Spherical Geometry.

Our assumption is that in the undisturbed Euclidian geometry the equations; e2 + φ2 = π 2 and
e x φ x π =13.7 are holding tight within the defined and allowed error margins (5).
Therefore, Space-Time Distortions can be defined and calculated using distorted values of e,
φ and π (9).
e and φ in Linear and Quadratic Combinations as Knits of The Space Time
Fabric.

The irrational constants e and φ are unique in the sense that they fulfill the equation; 1/e + 1/
φ = 1. That leads to the equation e x φ = e + φ. Basically, the sum of e and φ is equal to the
product of e and φ. Both linear and quadratic combinations of e and φ are equal to 4.32-4.39
with an acceptable error margin for irrational numbers. The particular equation distinctively
shows a linear (1D) and quadratic(2D) symmetry. Such a symmetry is the best steppingstone
for building a 3D geometry.
Such a not coincidental relationship (5) between e and φ can be described, mathematically,
as the following:

φ x φ x sin(900) = 2.618 ≈ e

Figure 1.
Cross Product of two vectors with magnitudes φ and φ:
φ is taken as the determinant of space and (φ x φ) is taken as the determinant of 2D Space.
The resulting vector of the cross product is the determinant of time with the magnitude e and
with an angle 900 (π/2) to the 2D surface defined by (φ x φ). This is a basic mathematical
depiction of 2D Space-Time, Space being a 2D surface and Time being a single dimension
“running through the 2D Space”. In that particular 2D architecture it is not possible to travel
on the (φ x φ) surface as time passes only perpendicular to (through) it. Maxwells right hand
rule applies here to link Space and Time at a right angle. We can instinctively say that 2D Space
(φ x φ=e) induces time, (e) and time (e) in turn induces 2D Space (φ x φ=e).
Extrapolating the same architecture to 3D leads to a Space Time Architecture with space and
time running in all 3D dimensions both perpendicular, with an angle 900(π/2) and parallel, with
an angle of 00 to each other (Figure 2). Time flows into every direction and distance extends
into every direction as well.
In that particular architecture, one can travel in every direction. Further, In the particular
architecture the arrow of time is defined with respect to the arrow of space.

e e

φ φ e
y φ z y φ z
φ
φ x x
a b

Figure 2.
Extension of Cross Product of e and φ into 3D
Adding another spatial dimension to the 2D space as depicted in Figure 1 leads to a 3D space
architecture which can be visualize by 3 different 2D surfaces perpendicular to each other (x-
y, x-z, and y-z). a) The time arrow with the magnitude of e=2.718 induced by the 2D surface
(φ x φ) at the plane-x-z. b) All three 2D surfaces (x-y, x-z, y-z) are represented by (φ x φ)
are inducing time vectors with the magnitude e and extending in x, y and z directions.
Dot-Product of e and φ (4.32) Supporting the Cross Product e and φ (4.39).
The above described architecture is further strengthen by the dot product of e and φ as in
(Figure 3.)
Dot Product of e and φ:

e . φ . cos(0) = 4.32
4.32
a) b)

e
4.32
Φ e

φ
φ . e x cos(0)= 4.39 φ
4.32 e

c)
y
Φ1 x φ2 x sin (90) = e1;
e1 . φ3 . cos (0) = 4.32 (y)
e1 x φ2 x sin (90) = 4.39 (x)
e1 e1 x φ1 sin(90) = 4.39 (z)

Φ3 z
Φ2

φ1
x
Figure 3.
Cross-Product and Dot-Product of e and φ supporting each other in Space Time Architecture:
a) Visual representation of dot product of e and φ leading to the vector with the
magnitude 4.39
b) Visual representation of all of the dot products of e and φ in 3D, in x, y and z.
c) Visual representations of dot product e1 . φ3 . cos (0) = 4.32 (y) and cross products
e1 x φ2 x sin (90) = 4.39 (x) and e1 x φ1 sin(90) = 4.39 (z) supporting each other.
Spacetime according to e1 is depicted here in detail. The same metric when applied
to other time dimensions (e2 and e3) results in the complete architecture as depicted
in part b).

If the cross product of e and φ, (e x φ) x sin (90) = 4.39 is the unit motive for Space-Time
knitting, then the dot product of e and φ, (e . φ. Cos(0))= e + φ = 4.32 is the knot of the knitting
motive with the same numerical value within the error window.
The cross product of e and φ, as e x φ x sin(90) = 4.39 is the first loop binding 2D Space to 1D
time with the defined right angle of 90o(π/2). As the electromagnetic force architecture is
defined by the right hand rule 90o(π/2), the cross product of e (here taken as time) and φ (here
taken as space) is defined by the right hand rule.
In summary, the single unit, single motive for space time fabric is woven with e and φ in the
single dimension (D1) by e + φ = 4.32= e . φ . cos (0) = 4.32 and in the second dimension with
e x φ = e x φ x sin(90)= 4.39. These dimensions (1D) and (2D) are further interwoven into the
third dimension (3D) where every unit of e and φ are fitting into each other in all the three
dimensions (x, y and z). The structure is analogous to the Lego architecture with proportionally
defined Lego pieces fitting into each other.
The error margins, 4.32-4.39 can be interpreted as necessary adjustments for infinite number
of units to be fitted to form the Space-Time Fabric. Another analogy would be the individual
loops of textile-fabrics. If there were no error margins of elasticity for the individual loops of
Space-Time we wouldn`t be speaking about a fabric. And it is not a coincident that we are
using the term space-time fabric, today. Also, it is not a coincidence that the most appealing
musical tone resonates around 432Hz Hz (the frequency with which the A note in the middle C
octave on a piano vibrates) (7) as it directly fits into the Space Time Architecture defined by
4.32 and 4.39.
Another explanation of the observed error margin would be the fractal continuity of the e, φ
and π structure from the quantum scale to the astronomical scale as the error margin, the
error window allows the unit described by e, φ and π to repeat itself at every scale from the
quantum scale to the astronomical scale through the error window. In other words, the error
windows are the fractal interfaces in between the different scales of the Universal
Architecture.
Blackhole Morphology According to e, φ and π.
The architecture described so far lays down the foundation of Space-Time Fabric (matrix)
based on e, φ and π with the error margins of about 1%. We can confidently say that any
distortion of Space-Time Fabric beyond the defined error margins requires the significant
distortion of the irrational constants e, φ and π well beyond their defined values.
The fundamentals of Space-Time Distortion in the vicinity of a Black Hole with respect to e, φ
and π, is described in another work of ours (9) before as the following;.

f(x) = 13. 7
√ (x 2 – e2) . √ (x 2 – φ 2)

Figure 4.
π (d) = π-distorted, e(d)=e-distorted, and φ(d)= φ distorted.

e(d) = √( x2 – φ2) and φ(d) = √( x2 – e2)

F(x)= π(d) with respect to the distance (x) from the center of the Blackhole. At R= φ=1.618
and R=e=2.718 Space Time Fabric breaks apart into infinity. Between R= φ=1.618 and
R=e=2.718 Space Time Fabric, where presumably the halo of the Blackhole lies space Time
Fabric is described by i=√-1. Within the center of the blackhole in the singularity π (d) is
equal to -3.1415 indicating a perfect symmetry and reversal of Space Time Fabric (9).
Atomic Structure with respect to e, φ and π.

If we want to extrapolate our Hypothesis on The Space-Time Fabric onto the atomic structure
we have to assume that not only extremely strong radial (point) gravitational fields but also
extremely strong radial (point) electromagnetic fields distort the Space-Time-Fabric in a
similar fashion. A field might be defined as a distortion in the Space-Time Fabric regardless of
its gravitational or electromagnetic origin.
In our Black Hole Distortion Map (Figure 4), distances R=e 2.718 and R= φ=1.618 from the
singularity, from the center of the blackhole corresponds to points where Space-Time Fabric
is broken apart into (+)infinity and (-)infinity, respectively. In the Atomic Hydrogen Model,
the 3s, 3p and 2s and 2p orbits fall into the same radial coordinates of R=e=2.718 and R=
φ=1.618, where the electron density in terms of probability distribution corresponds exactly
to R2=e2=7.389 and R2= φ2= 2.618, respectivelly (10) (Figure 5).

Based on the probing of our hypothesis on the blackhole model as well as on the atomic model
of the Hydrogen we can say that point-gravities and point electrical charges distort Space Time
Matrix in the similar fashion.

The ratio of Electromagnetic Force to Gravity is in between 1042 (modelled after electron to
electron interaction) and 1039 (modelled after proton-electron interaction) (6). If we model a
blackhole with a radius, R= 106km = 109m and compare it with the radius scale that of the
Hydrogen atom of 5.29 x 10-11 m we get the size ratio R(Blackhole) / R(Hydrogen) = 109m /
5.29 x 10-11 m = 1.89 x 10 -19

F(gravity) = mM G /R(blackhole)2, F(electromagnetism) = q1q2 K /R(hydrogen)2

(R(blackhole) / R(hydrogen))2 = 3.57 x 10 -38

F(electromagnetic) / F(gravity) = 10 (42 – 39)

The inverse of the (R(black hole) / R(hydrogen))2 = 3.57 x 10 -38 ratio, 2.8 x 1037 fits into the
defined window for the ratio of the Electromagnetic Force to Gravity 1042 - 1039 considering
the vastness of the scales.
The ball point calculation done here is for a small size Black hole model and the defined
window 1042 - 1039 for F(electromagnetic) / F(gravity) holds true for black holes with
magnitudes of bigger sizes.
Electron Density in Atomic Hydrogen w(r)= r2[R(r)]2

R = e = 2.718, R2= 7.389

R= φ= 1.618, R 2=2.618 ≈ e

R= 1, R2= 1

Figure 5.
The electron density distributions of 1s, 2s and 3s as well as 2p and 3p orbits of the Hydrogen
Atom model are in concordance with our Black Hole model. 1s orbit is defined at R=1, leading
to probability distribution at R2=1. 2s and 2p orbits are defined at R= φ =1.618, leading to a
probability distribution at R2= φ2 = 2.618 and 3s and 3p orbits are defined at R= e = 2.718,
leading to a probability distribution at R2 = 7.389. Basically, 2s and 2p orbitals are defined by
φ and φ2 and 3s and 3p orbitals are defined by e and e2..
Geometry of the Strong Nuclear Force.
So far we have probed our hypothesis at the interstellar, interplanetary scale as defined by
the Euclidian Geometry in between a Black hole and an atom. The distortion of Space Time
Fabric around a Blackhole and around an atomic nuclei have similar architectures as defined
and explained by the distortions of e, φ, and π.
If we want to probe our hypothesis at the subatomic level we have to go down to
femtometer(fm) scales. The diameter of a proton is defined as 0.833 x 10 -15m. Considering
the possible error margins for the measurement at the femtometer scale we are taking this
value as 1 x 10-15 m for the sake of simplicity. Hence, the force graphics as depicted below
belongs to a proton with a diameter if 1 fm, 10-15 m (8). With respect to the protons diameter
1 x 1 x 10-15 we are demarking distances Rφ = φ = 1.618 and Re = e =2.718.

Rφ = φ = 1.618 Re = e =2.718

Figure 6.

The Strong Nuclear Force mapped at the Proton Scale.

The attractive strong nuclear force is at its highest at R=1 (1 fm is roughly taken as the radius
of a proton). Beyond Rφ = φ = 1.618, the energy well of the strong nuclear force starts to
abate. At Re = e =2.718 the strong nuclear force equals zero and beyond Re = e =2.718 the
strong nuclear force becomes repulsive for protons.
Strong Nuclear Force:

It has been observed that beyond Re = e =2.718 strong nuclear force is repulsive. According
to our hypothesis Space Time Fabric breaks apart at Rφ = φ = 1.618 and at Re = e =2.718. Above
Re = e =2.718 the strong nuclear force becomes repulsive for two protons (+, +). Below Rφ = φ
= 1.618 we are observing a sharp increase in the attractive strong nuclear force magnitude
that maximizes at R=1. Below R=1 the attractive strong nuclear force diminishes sharply and
becomes repellent, abruptly. That particular architecture defines a window of the most
attractive stability at R=0.681. The nucleons, protons or neutrons whose center of mass and
charge are in between roughly R1/φ = 0.618 and R = 1 apart, feel the strongest attractive
nuclear force. This shows a partial overlap of two nucleotides. The R1/φ = 0.618 limit is a rough
guess considering the difficulties of making measurements at below femtometer scales. The
Rφ = φ = 1.618 and Re = e =2.718 architecture as defined in this study depicts a subatomic
picture where nucleons are held together with a partial overlap. Complete overlap leading to
nucleon fusion is not allowed in this model.
For the blackhole architecture and for the Atomic Architecture we have strong evidence that
at Rφ = φ = 1.618 and at Re = e =2.718 Space-Time Fabric breaks apart and possibly reverses;
time dimension becoming space dimension and space dimension becoming time dimension.
Such a reversal may well explain the switch of the attractive strong nuclear force to the
repellent force at Re = e =2.718 and beyond.
Figure 7.

The Strong Nuclear Force mapped around a Proton in Detail.

The attractive strong nuclear force is at its highest at R=1 (1 fm is roughly taken as the radius
of a proton). Beyond Rφ = φ = 1.618, the energy well of the strong nuclear force starts to
abate. At Re = e =2.718 the strong nuclear force equals zero and beyond Re = e =2.718 the
strong nuclear force becomes repulsive for protons.
Conclusion:
Fundemental Equations and their explanations:

φ x φ = φ2 = 2.618 ≈ e
e2 + φ2 = π 2
e x φ x π = 13.7
e + φ = e x φ, 4.32 ≈ 4.39
e x φ x sin (90) = 4.39 = e x φ
e . φ x cos (0) = 4.32 = e + φ
1/e + 1/ φ = 1
f(x) = 13. 7
√ (x 2 – e2) . √ (x 2 – φ 2)
Estimated age and size of the Universe is 13.7 x 109 light years

e and φ are the only number pair fulfilling a linear and quadratic combination with the same
value, e + φ = e x φ, 4.32 ≈ 4.39. Therefore, e and φ are the only numbers whose cross-
product and dot product have the same value. The Space Time Architecture as described in this
work could only be build on top of the e and φ. None of the other defined mathematical
constants fullfill this criteria.
In this work we have defined Euclidian Geometry using the equation of the three irrational
constants, e, φ and π as e2 + φ2 = π 2 . The equation e x φ x π = 13.7 is interpreted as a unique
motive for Grand Universal Architecture as we believe that e and φ represent time and space
not respectively but interchangeably. Also, π is unquestionably the only constant representing
circular and spherical structures of the Euclidian Geometry.
The equation, e + φ = e x φ, 4.32 ≈ 4.39 is unique to e and φ among all universal constants,
and leads to a 3D structure that supports itself (self sustaining) in every direction (Figures 1,2
and 3). In that architecture, time and space are interwoven into each other. The cross product,
e x φ x sin (90) = 4.39 = e x φ, with a 90o, right angle is represented by the right hand rule.
Analogues to the coupling of the electric field to magnetic field we can hypothesize that one
dimensional time and two dimensional space can induce each other (Figures 2., 3.). For
coupling we have employed exactly the same right hand formula Maxwell has used to build
electro-magnetism.
Extending the defined architecture into 3D upon addition of a third spatial dimension gives us
a 3D Space Time Structure, where time and space is aligned into each other in every direction
and can be defined with respect to each other. Time is defined with respect to space and space
is defined with respect to time. (Figures 1 , 2 and 3.)
It is definitely not a coincidence that the most appealing musical tone 432 Hz (the frequency
with which the A note in the middle C octave on a piano vibrates)(7) fits right into the cross
product and dot product of e and φ (4.39 and 4.32) as its resonance exactly matches into
time and space in 3D.
We believe that the defined error windows for the equations of the irrational numbers, e, φ
and π are absolutely necessary, if we are trying to construct the architecture of Space Time
Fabric. These error windows can be imagined as elastic loops of the textile fabrics giving
flexibility to the fabric in the grand scheme. Also, we firmly believe that the defined error
windows are outlining a fractal structure within the Grand Universal Architecture as vaguely
defined fractal boundaries are transition stages in between different scales. The corners-
edges of fractals are always fuzzy until we zoom in and see the exact replica of the grand
fractal structure within the fuzzy transition corners-edges of the fractal motive at the next-
lower scale.
Employing the following equation from a previous work of ours:

f(x) = 13. 7
√ (x 2 – e2) . √ (x 2 – φ 2)

We have mapped distorted values of e, φ and π ;

e(d)= √ (x 2 – φ 2),

φ(d)= √ (x 2 – e2),

π(d) = f(x), π(d) being π-distorted as a function the distance (x) from the center of the black
hole. The importance of these findings were discussed in our previous work (reference)

Further, we have questioned the distortion of the Space Time Fabric due to the electrostatic
forces employing the Atomic Structure model of the Hydrogen. The electron density
distributions of 1s, 2s and 3s as well as 2p and 3p orbits of the Hydrogen atom model are in
concordance with our Black Hole model (Figure). 1s orbit is defined at R=1, leading to
probability distribution at R2=1. 2s and 2p orbit is defined at R= φ =1.618, leading to a
probability distribution at R2= φ2 = 2.618 and 3p orbit is defined at R= e = 2.718, leading to a
probability distribution at R2 = 7.389. 2s and 2p orbitals are defined by φ and φ2 and 3s and
3p orbitals are defined by e and e2 (Figure5).

These results strongly point to the same Space Time Architectures around Blackholes and
atomic nuclei. The direct correlation of the inverse squares of Hydrogen Atom Radius,
R(hydrogen) versus Blackhole Radius, R(blackhole) with the ratio of the gravitational force and
electro magnetic force is the first important and fundamental test that our hypothesis has
passed.

Further, down at the subatomic level, at the femtometer scale we have probed our hypothesis
onto the proton structure. At R= φ =1.618 and R= e = 2.718 distances with respect to the
proton, R=1 we observe drastic changes in the strong nuclear force. Beyond R= e = 2.718 the
attractive strong nuclear force transits into the repulsive realm and below R= φ =1.618 down
to R= 1 the strong nuclear force is in its most attractive form. This gives the neighboring
nucleons (protons or neutrons) energetically most favorable positions when their centers
(both gravity and mass) are apart from each other at 0.618 and 1 distances,( R=1 being the
radius of the proton) from each other. That particular architecture allows a partial overlap for
the neighboring nucleons but a full overlap leading to a nucleon-nucleon fusion is prohibited.
According to the architecture as put forward here we can say that Space`Time Well, due to
the strong point charge of a proton is enough to hold on another proton. Beyond R= e = 2.718
strong nuclear force is zero for a neutron-proton pair and repulsive for a proton-proton pair.
We can confidently say that proton pairs whose centers of mass and charge are apart from
each other between R=0.618 and R=1 distances are subject to attractive strong nuclear force
and proton-proton pairs whose centers of mass and charge are apart at R=1.618 and beyond
are subjected to repulsive forces. In the former region of R=0.618 and R=1, the attractive
forces resulting from the distortion of Space Time Fabric are much greater than the repulsive
forces due to electromagnetism.
We can conclude that strong point gravity and strong point charges distort Space Time Fabric
similarly with R= φ =1.618 and R= e = 2.718 distances from the point center being break points
of the Space Time Fabric. It is highly probable that the same architecture is present at the
subatomic level at the proton scale. In the Euclidian geometry we are living in, according to
our biological time and space perception, e represents the time and φ represents the space.
However, beyond R=1.618 and R=2.718 of a Blackhole (R=1) time and space are reversed. The
same can also be said for the Hydrogen Atom Model and for the Proton.

It is a question for further debate whether such a space-time reversal at R=1.618 and R=2.718
distances gives the structural integrity to Blackholes, atoms and to subatomic particles, such
as protons.

In Sum, we firmly believe that the Space Time Architecture as described here is an important
step linking the Euclidian Geometry based on the Pytogorean Triangle to the relativistic
geometries of Atomic Nuclei and Black Holes. Our work extends Homo Sapiens` understanding
of Space and Time one step further beyond Newtonian understanding of Space and Time and
builds a solid bridge between Newtonian and relativistic perceptions of Space and Time. That
bridge as depicted in this work extends from the work of Pytogoras to the work of Einstein,
linking Space and Time using exactly the same formula Maxwell had used (the right hand rule)
to combine electric and magnetic fields.

Future computational studies requiring higher computational powers will shed light on the
described error windows as the error windows should be probed for fractal transitions from
scale to scale.

When confirmed by “time the merciless” (unlike time the merciless, space has merci in the
Euclidian geometry) our work can extend the Pytogorean triangle into the future of Homo
Sapiens across the Universe provided that Homo Sapiens do not self destruct.
Dust to Dust, Ashes to Ashes.
Space to Time, Time to Space.

References:

1. e

2. φ

3. π

4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_coincidence

5. Why the Glow of Mathematics Fits the Hands of The Natural Sciences So Well: How far Down The
(Fibonacci) Rabbit Hole Goes. David F. Haight European Scientific Journal, May 2016 edition vol 12.,
No.15 ISSN: 1857-7881

6. To calculate the ratio of the strength of the electromagnetic and gravitational force which mass is
needed?

https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/638453/to-calculate-the-ratio-of-the-strength-of-the-
electromagnetic-and-gravitational

7. Fundamental Frequencies Of Musical Notes In A=432 & A=440 Hz – My New Microphone

https://mynewmicrophone.com/fundamental-frequencies-of-musical-notes-in-a432-a440-hz/

8- Distance between two nucleons (physicsforums.com)

https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/distance-between-two-nucleons.950404/

9. Manuscript Blackhole Mapping | PDF | Pi | Black Hole (scribd.com)

https://de.scribd.com/document/604632380/Manuscript-Blackhole-Mapping

10. Where does the maximum electron density occur for 2s and 2p orbitals in hydrogen
atom?
https://socratic.org/questions/562cf481581e2a5240784aec