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Basic Set

The document defines various concepts related to sets: - A set is an unordered collection of distinct objects. Examples of sets include the sets of vowels, odd numbers less than 10, and natural, integer, rational, and real numbers. - Two sets are equal if they have the same elements. A set is a subset of another if all elements of the first set are also elements in the second. - The power set of a set S is the set of all subsets of S. If a set has n elements, its power set has 2n elements. - The Cartesian product of sets A and B is the set of all ordered pairs with the first element from A and the second from B. This

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56 views19 pages

Basic Set

The document defines various concepts related to sets: - A set is an unordered collection of distinct objects. Examples of sets include the sets of vowels, odd numbers less than 10, and natural, integer, rational, and real numbers. - Two sets are equal if they have the same elements. A set is a subset of another if all elements of the first set are also elements in the second. - The power set of a set S is the set of all subsets of S. If a set has n elements, its power set has 2n elements. - The Cartesian product of sets A and B is the set of all ordered pairs with the first element from A and the second from B. This

Uploaded by

aleemabbas828
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Sets

 Definition 1: A set is an unordered collection of


distinct objects
 Definition 2: Objects in a set are called elements, or
members of the set.
 a  A, a  A
 V = {a, e, i, o, u}
 O = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
or O = {x|x is an odd positive integer less than 10}
or O = {xZ+|x is odd and x<10}
 N={0, 1, 2, 3, …}, natural numbers
 Z={…,-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, …}, integers
 Z+={1, 2, 3, …}, positive integers
 Q={p/q|pZ, qZ, and q0}, rational numbers
 Q+={xR|x=p/q, for positive integers p and q}
 R, real numbers
 Definition 3: Two sets are equal if and only if they
have the same elements.
A=B iff x(x  A  x  B)
 Venn diagram
 Universal set U
 Empty set (null set)  (or {})
 Definition 4: The set A is a subset of B if and only if
every element of A is also an element of B.
A  B iff x(x  A  x  B)
 Theorem 1: For every set S,
(1)   S and (2) S  S.
 Proper subset: A  B
x(x  A  x  B)  x(x  B  x  A)
 If AB and BA, then A=B
 Sets may have other sets as members
 A={, {a}, {b}, {a,b}}
B={x|x is a subset of the set {a,b}}
 A=B
 Definition 5: If there are exactly n distinct members in
the set S (n is a nonnegative integer), we say that S is a
finite set and that n is the cardinality of S.
|S|= n
 ||=0
 Definition 6: A set is infinite if it’s not finite.
 Z+
Examples
The Power Set
 Definition 7: The power set of S is the set of all subset
of the set S. P(S)
 P({0,1,2})
 P()
 P({})
 If a set has n elements, then its subset has 2n elements.
Examples
Cartesian Products
 Definition 8: Ordered n-tuple (a1, a2, …, an) is the
ordered collection that has ai as its ith element for
i=1, 2, …, n.

 Definition 9: Cartesian product of A and B,


denoted by A  B, is the set of all ordered pairs (a,
b), where a  A and b  B.

A  B = {(a, b)| a  A  b  B}
 Definition 10: Cartesian product of A1, A2, …, An,
denoted by A1 A2  … An, is the set of all ordered n-
tuples (a1, a2, …, an), where ai  Ai for i=1,2,…,n.
A1 A2  … An = {(a1, a2, …, an)| ai  Ai for i=1,2,…,n}
Examples
 Definition 1: The union of the sets A and B, denoted by
AB, is the set containing those elements that are
either in A or in B, or in both.
 AB={x|xA  xB}
 Definition 2: The intersection of the sets A and B,
denoted by AB, is the set containing those elements
in both A and B.
 A  B={x|xA  xB}
Examples
 Definition 3: Two sets are disjoint if their intersection
is the empty set.

 |AB|=|A|+|B|-| A  B |
 Principle of inclusion-exclusion
 Definition 4: The difference of the sets A and B,
denoted by A-B, is the set containing those
elements that are in A but not in B.
 Complement of B with respect to A
 A-B={x|xA  xB}
 Definition 5: The complement of the set A,
denoted by Ā, is the complement of A with
resepect to U.
 Ā = {x|xA}
Examples
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