Review of Signal and System and signal Processing Module 01 - Lecture 01, EC305-Digital Signal Processing M. C. Patel Autumn Semester, 2023-24 ‘Table of contents Contents 1 Basic Elements of a Digital Signal Processing 1 11 Definitions of Various Term 1 12. Basic Element of Digital Signal Processing System 2 1.3 Advantage of Digital over Analog Signal Processing 3 2. Classification of Signals 3 2.1 Multichannel and Multidimensional Signal 3 1 Basic Elements of a Digital Signal Processing la Definitions of Various Term Introduction It is an area of science and engineering that developed rapidly over last four decades, Due to advancement is chip fabrication, signal processing tasks, which are realize by digital hardware are less expensive, and more reliable. ‘The digital signal processing is not giving solution to all, but it cover larger solution at sufficient high speed Digital signal processing hardware allows programmable operations. An through software processing functions of hardware. So this gives more flexibility in terms of system design. 1e can modified signal Higher degroe of precision is achievable in digital signal processing due to hardware and software both, Flow coverage Signal, Systems, and Signal Proce: A Signal is defined as any physieal quan ‘This module introduce basic analysis tools and techniques for digital processing of signals It introduce some of necessary terminology, describing the important operations associated with process of converting, fan analog signal to digital form suitable for processing. ‘Then discuss about drawbacks, when conversion of analog to digital and digital to analog is done. Controlling and proper of sampling may give the distortion to bound value, The second drawback is, when we are working with digital signal processing, we have finite precision value form, quantization process. So this issues is covered in topic of finite word length effect. a ty that varies with time, space or any other independent variable or variables. Examples are sult Bt , a constant. Sa(t) = 2012, a more quantity. Sly) =3x-+ 2xy + 10y2, a variables representation A speech cannot be described functionally by any expression as above,Figure 1: Example of a speech signal Signal Characteristics ‘So, we are fragment the speech signal and a segment of speech may be represented to a high degree of accuracy as ‘sum of several sinusoids of different amplitudes and frequency. SAM(t) sin Bar (t+ 8,08) CO) Where {As(t)}, (Fi(t)}, and {0;(t)} are sets of amplitudes, frequencies and phases of sinusoids, They are time vat = Means we are getting stich coefficient value for other segments also ing nature. Signals Characteristics ‘Other Examples of signal are “+ Blectrocardiogram(ECG) : gives information of patient's heart + Electroencephalogram (EEG) : gives information of patient's brain activity. + Image signal: it is function of two independent variables, and dependent variable is spatial intensity of this coordi- nates Signal Source A natural signal are the means by which such signal are generated. As speech signal are generated by vocal cord Image are obtained by exposing a photographie film to se ‘Thus signal generation is usually associated with a system that respond to stimulus or force. ‘This stimulus in combination of system is called signal source. Thus we have sources, “+ Speech some. + Images souree. + Various other typos of source. System Characteristics ‘system is defined as a physical device that performs an operation on signal ult) = Text) ® Examples are: A filter used to reduce the noise and interference corrupting a desired information-bearing signal, = FILTER performs some operation(s) on the signal, which has the effect of reducing (filtering) the noise and inter ference from the desired information-bearing signal Processing of signal (Signal Processing) + When we pass a signal through a system, as in filtering, we say that we processed the signal. (As filtering) + Asin above example, processing of the signal involves filtering the noise and interference from the desired signal » System is characterized by the operation perform by system on signal + As if the operation is linear, the system is linear. “+ And if the operation on the signal is non-linear, the system is said to be non-linear. Digital Signal Processing + For subject, the bronden definition for system is : a system which operation is not only restricted to physical device Dut also realized through software also. “+ This processing of siguals on digital computer, the operations perform on signal consists of a number of mathematical ‘operations as specified by’ a software program. ‘The method or set of rules for implementing the system by program, that performs the corresponding mathematical operations is called an algorithm, + Digital system can be implemented as a combination of digital hardware and software, each of which perform its ‘own set of specified operations.Figure 2: Analog Signal Processing, ee Figure 3: Digital Signal Processing (two block D-to-A and A-to-D) 1.2 Basic Element of Digital Signal Processing System Basic Element of DSP system Most of the signal encountered in sei contimious time, space and process are also in analog nature, Analog Signal Processing e and engineering are analog in nature. That means we are working in Digital Signal Processing 1.3. Advantage of Digital over Analog Signal Processing Advantage of Digital over Analog signal Processing ‘There are many advantage of DSP over ASP: + Digital Programmable system allows flexibility in processing operations by simply new program. While in analog reconfiguration means new circuit design. + Accuracy and Tolerance of DSP is much higher as compared to that of analog, However, to acquired required accuracy need to defined some of parameters as word length, floating-point, fixed point for DSP processor. + Digital signal are easily stored on media without terioration or loss of signal fidelity, Tt makes it very easy trans: portable. “+ The digital signal processing methods allows more sophisticated signal processing algorithms “+ The digital implementation is cheapest than itis analog counterpart. ‘This is due to flexibility ini dsp algorithms he practical limitation is the speed of operations of A/D converters and digital signal processor. There are analog signals with large bandwidths for which digital processing approaches beyond the state of art of digital hardware, 2° Classification of Signals Classification of Signal ‘The method what we use in processing a signal or in analyzing the response of a system to a signal depend heavily on ‘the characteristics attributes of the specific signal. ‘There are some techniques that can only apply to specific families of signal So it is essential to have classification of signal. Here are some classification; + Multichannel and Multidimensional Signals + Continuows-Time versus Discrete-time signals, + Continuous valued versus Discrete-valued signals. + Deterministic versus Random Signals 2.1 Multichannel and Multidimensional Signal Multichannel and Multidimensional Signal A signal described by a function of one oF more independent variables. ‘The dependent variable values can be real-valued scalar quantity, a complex value quantity or a vector. Examples are: sin(@nt) - Real valued signal s(t) © sa(t) = Ae = Acos(3nt) + jAsin(3nt), ~ Complex valued signaluw bhoww bbonw Figure 4: Example of Multiple channel signals, Figure 5: Example of Multidimensional signals ‘The figure shows the three components of a vector signal that represent the ground acceleration due to an earthquake. If we refer $x(t), K=1.2.3, denotes the signal from the k-th sensor as function of time. Te set of p =3 signals can be represented by a vector Ss(t), where s(t) Salt) = ]Salt) 3) Sat = Refer to Electrocardiography if there are 12-lead eleetrocardiograms (ECG) are often used in practice, which result in Séchannel and 12-channel signal ‘And if signal refer to M- dependent variable, this refers to M-dimensional signal, Example is Image as seen in figure. As a example, color TV picture i three channel, three dimer nal signal, which is represented by a vector as Tab yst) Toyst) = [Igoe t) “ Boley. 8) In this subject we deal mainly with single channel, one dim ‘8 signal ‘Questions? wional real oF complex valued signals and we refer thea