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January 10th, 2021 Go to comments

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Note: If you are not sure about Wireless, please read our Wireless tutorial.

Quick Wireless Summary

WLAN Modes:

WLAN has two basic modes of operation:

* Ad-hoc mode: In this mode devices send data directly to each other without an AP.

* Infrastructure mode: Connect to a wired LAN, supports two modes (service sets):

+ Basic Service Set (BSS): uses only a single AP to create a WLAN

+ Extended Service Set (ESS): uses more than one AP to create a WLAN, allows roaming in a larger area than a
single AP. Usually there is an overlapped area between two APs to support roaming. The overlapped area should be
more than 10% (from 10% to 15%) to allow users moving between two APs without losing their connections (called
roaming). The two adjacent APs should use non-overlapping channels to avoid interference. The most popular non-
overlapping channels are channels 1, 6 and 11 (will be explained later).

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Roaming: The ability to use a wireless device and be able to move from one access point’s range to another without
losing the connection.

Cisco Access Points (APs) can operate in one of two modes: autonomous or lightweight
+ Autonomous: self-sufficient and standalone. Used for small wireless networks. Each autonomous AP must be
configured with a management IP address so that it can be remotely accessed using Telnet, SSH, or a web interface.
Each AP must be individually managed and maintained unless you use a management platform such as Cisco DNA
Center.
+ Lightweight: The term ‘lightweight’ refers to the fact that these devices cannot work independently. A Cisco
lightweight AP (LAP) has to join a Wireless LAN Controller (WLC) to function. LAP and WLC communicate with
each other via a logical pair of CAPWAP tunnels.

An LAP operates in one of six different modes:

+ Local mode (default mode): measures noise floor and interference, and scans for intrusion detection (IDS) events
every 180 seconds on unused channels
+ FlexConnect, formerly known as Hybrid Remote Edge AP (H-REAP), mode: allows data traffic to be switched
locally and not go back to the controller. The FlexConnect AP can perform standalone client authentication and
switch VLAN traffic locally even when it’s disconnected to the WLC (Local Switched). FlexConnect AP can also
tunnel (via CAPWAP) both user wireless data and control traffic to a centralized WLC (Central Switched).
+ Monitor mode: does not transmit at all. It acts like a dedicated sensor for location-based services (LBS), rogue
AP detection, and Checks Intrusion Detection System (IDS). In this mode, AP will not broadcast an SSID so clients
are unable to connect to it.
+ Rogue detector mode: monitor for rogue APs. It does not handle data at all.
+ Sniffer mode: run as a sniffer and captures and forwards all the packets on a particular channel to a remote
machine where you can use protocol analysis tool (Wireshark, Airopeek, etc) to review the packets and diagnose
issues. Strictly used for troubleshooting purposes.
+ Bridge mode: bridge together the WLAN and the wired infrastructure together.
+ Sensor mode: this is a special mode which is not listed in the books but you need to know. In this mode, the
device can actually function much like a WLAN client would associating and identifying client connectivity issues
within the network in real time without requiring an IT or technician to be on site.

– Control and Provisioning for Wireless Access Point (CAPWAP) is an IETF standard protocol which enables a
WLC to manage multiple APs. CAPWAP is similar to LWAPP except the following differences:

+ CAPWAP uses Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) for authentication and encryption to protect traffic
between APs and controllers. LWAPP uses AES.

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+ CAPWAP has a dynamic maximum transmission unit (MTU) discovery mechanism.

+ CAPWAP runs on UDP ports 5246 (control messages) and 5247 (data messages)

Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is defined as the ratio of the transmitted power from the AP to the ambient (noise
floor) energy present. To calculate the SNR value, we add the Signal Value to the Noise Value to get the SNR ratio.
A positive value of the SNR ratio is always better.

The 2.4 GHz band is subdivided into multiple channels each allotted 22 MHz bandwidth and separated from the next
channel by 5 MHz.
-> A best practice for 802.11b/g/n WLANs requiring multiple APs is to use non-overlapping channels such as 1, 6,
and 11.

Types of external antennas:

+ Omnidirectional: Provide 360-degree coverage. Ideal in houses and office areas
+ Directional: Focus the radio signal in a specific direction. Examples are the Yagi and parabolic dish
+ Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) – Uses multiple antennas (up to eight) to increase bandwidth

Question 1

An engineer must configure a WLAN using the strongest encryption type for WPA2-PSK. Which cipher fulfills the
configuration requirement?

A. WEP
B. RC4
C. AES
D. TKIP

Answer: C

Explanation

Many routers provide WPA2-PSK (TKIP), WPA2-PSK (AES), and WPA2-PSK (TKIP/AES) as options. TKIP is
actually an older encryption protocol introduced with WPA to replace the very-insecure WEP encryption at the time.
TKIP is actually quite similar to WEP encryption. TKIP is no longer considered secure, and is now deprecated. In
other words, you shouldn’t be using it.

AES is a more secure encryption protocol introduced with WPA2 and it is currently the strongest encryption type for
WPA2-PSK.

Question 2

Which unified access point mode continues to serve wireless clients after losing connectivity to the Cisco Wireless
LAN Controller?
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A. sniffer
B. mesh
C. flex connect
D. local

Answer: C

Explanation

In previous releases, whenever a FlexConnect access point disassociates from a controller, it moves to the standalone
mode. The clients that are centrally switched are disassociated. However, the FlexConnect access point continues to
serve locally switched clients. When the FlexConnect access point rejoins the controller (or a standby controller), all
clients are disconnected and are authenticated again. This functionality has been enhanced and the connection
between the clients and the FlexConnect access points are maintained intact and the clients experience seamless
connectivity. When both the access point and the controller have the same configuration, the connection between the
clients and APs is maintained.

Reference: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/wireless/controller/7-
4/configuration/guides/consolidated/b_cg74_CONSOLIDATED/b_cg74_CONSOLIDATED_chapter_010001101.html

Question 3

Which QoS Profile is selected in the GUI when configuring a voice over WLAN deployment?

A. Bronze
B. Platinum
C. Silver
D. Gold

Answer: B

Explanation

Cisco Unified Wireless Network solution WLANs support four levels of QoS: Platinum/Voice, Gold/Video,
Silver/Best Effort (default), and Bronze/Background.

Reference: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/wireless/controller/7-
4/configuration/guides/consolidated/b_cg74_CONSOLIDATED/b_cg74_CONSOLIDATED_chapter_01010111.html

Question 4

What is a design element when deploying an 802.11b wireless infrastructure?

A. disabling TPC so that access points can negotiate signal levels with their attached wireless devices.
B. setting the maximum data rate to 54 Mbps on the Cisco Wireless LAN Controller
C. allocating non overlapping channels to access points that are in close physical proximity to one another
D. configuring access points to provide clients with a maximum of 5 Mbps

Answer: C

Question 5

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Which statement about Link Aggregation when implemented on a Cisco Wireless LAN Controller is true?

A. To pass client traffic two or more ports must be configured

B. The EtherChannel must be configured in “mode active”
C. When enabled the WLC bandwidth drops to 500 Mbps
D. One functional physical port is needed to pass client traffic

Answer: D

Explanation

Link aggregation (LAG) is a partial implementation of the 802.3ad port aggregation standard. It bundles all of the
controller’s distribution system ports into a single 802.3ad port channel.

Restriction for Link aggregation:

+ LAG requires the EtherChannel to be configured for ‘mode on’ on both the controller and the Catalyst switch ->
Answer B is not correct.
+ If the recommended load-balancing method cannot be configured on the Catalyst switch, then configure the LAG
connection as a single member link or disable LAG on the controller -> Answer A is not correct while answer D is
correct.

Reference: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/wireless/controller/7-5/configuration-
guide/b_cg75/b_cg75_chapter_0100010.html

Question 6

Which mode allows access points to be managed by Cisco Wireless LAN Controllers?

A. autonomous
B. lightweight
C. bridge
D. mobility express

Answer: B

Explanation

A Lightweight Access Point (LAP) is an AP that is designed to be connected to a wireless LAN (WLAN) controller
(WLC). APs are “lightweight,” which means that they cannot act independently of a wireless LAN controller
(WLC). The WLC manages the AP configurations and firmware. The APs are “zero touch” deployed, and individual
configuration of APs is not necessary.

Reference: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/wireless/aironet-1200-series/70278-lap-faq.html

Question 7

Which type of wireless encryption is used for WPA2 in pre-shared key mode?

A. TKIP with RC4

B. RC4
C. AES-128
D. AES-256

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Answer: D

Explanation

We can see in this picture we have to type 64 hexadecimal characters (256 bit) for the WPA2 passphrase so we can
deduce the encryption is AES-256, not AES-128.

Reference: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/wireless-mobility/wireless-lan-wlan/67134-wpa2-
config.html

Question 8

Which two values or settings must be entered when configuring a new WLAN in the Cisco Wireless LAN Controller
GUI? (Choose two)

A. management interface settings

B. QoS settings
C. ip address of one or more access points
D. SSID
E. Profile name

Answer: D E

Question 9

Which feature on the Cisco Wireless LAN Controller when enabled restricts management access from specific
networks?

A. CPU ACL
B. TACACS
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C. Flex ACL
D. RADIUS

Answer: A

Explanation

Whenever you want to control which devices can talk to the main CPU, a CPU ACL is used.

Note: CPU ACLs only filter traffic towards the CPU, and not any traffic exiting or generated by the CPU.

Reference: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/wireless/4400-series-wireless-lan-controllers/109669-secure-
wlc.html

Question 10

Which 802.11 frame type is association response?

A. management
B. protected frame
C. control
D. action

Answer: A

Explanation

There are three main types of 802.11 frames: the Data Frame, the Management Frame and the Control Frame.
Association Response belongs to Management Frame. Association response is sent in response to an association
request.

Question 11

When configuring a WLAN with WPA2 PSK in the Cisco Wireless LAN Controller GUI, which two formats are
available to select? (Choose two)

A. ASCII
B. base64
C. binary
D. decimal
E. hexadecimal

Answer: A E

Explanation

When configuring a WLAN with WPA2 Preshared Key (PSK), we can choose the encryption key format as either
ASCII or HEX.

Reference: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/wireless/controller/9800/config-guide/b_wl_16_10_cg/multi-
preshared-key.pdf

Question 12
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What is a benefit of using a Cisco Wireless LAN Controller?

A. Central AP management requires more complex configurations

B. Unique SSIDs cannot use the same authentication method
C. It supports autonomous and lightweight APs
D. It eliminates the need to configure each access point individually

Answer: D

Question 13

Several new coverage cells are required to improve the Wi-Fi network of an organization. Which two standard
designs are recommended? (Choose two)

A. 5GHz provides increased network capacity with up to 23 nonoverlapping channels,

B. 5GHz channel selection requires an autonomous access point.
C. Cells that overlap one another are configured to use nonoverlapping channels.
D. Adjacent cells with overlapping channels use a repeater access point.
E. For maximum throughput, the WLC is configured to dynamically set adjacent access points to the same channel.

Answer: A C

Explanation

The 802.11 standard defines 23 20MHz wide channels in the 5 GHz spectrum. Each channel is spaced 20MHz apart
and separated into three Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (UNII) bands.

Reference:
https://documentation.meraki.com/MR/WiFi_Basics_and_Best_Practices/Channel_Planning_Best_Practices

Comments (6) Comments

1. Farshad
October 13th, 2020

Hi Guys,

I can’t see the questions!

2. Someone
October 16th, 2020

@Farshad get the premium membership to see them.

3. Alex
February 10th, 2021

@9tut, why on Q13 E is marked as a right answer?

Two neighbor (adjacent) APs on the same channel would interfere.

4. 9tut
February 10th, 2021

@Alex: Thanks for your detection, we have just fixed Q.13.

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5. E04
February 15th, 2021

in the quiz, answer 13 is not yet corrected.

6. Erbucharest
September 24th, 2021

q7 answer is aes- 128.

“WPA 2 is the next generation of Wi-Fi security. ….. recommended Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
encryption algorithm with the use of Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code
Protocol (CCMP). AES Counter Mode is a block cipher that encrypts 128-bit blocks of data at a time with a
128-bit encryption key. The CCMP algorithm produces a message integrity code (MIC) that provides data
origin authentication and data integrity for the wireless frame.”
source: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/wireless-mobility/wireless-lan-wlan/67134-wpa2-
config.html

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