COMPLEX ANALYSIS
THEOREMS AND RESULTS
JAMES BROOMFIELD
Theorem. (Cauchy-Riemann Equations) A function f : C → C given
by f (z) = u(x, y) + i · v(x, y), where u and v are differentiable real functions,
is holomorphic on a domain Ω if and only if the following equations are
satisfied on Ω
∂u ∂v
=
∂x ∂y
(1)
∂u ∂v
=−
∂y ∂x
Theorem. (Cauchy-Goursat Theorem) If f : C → C is holomorphic on
a simply connected open subset U of C, then for any closed rectifiable path
γ ∈ U,
I
f (z)dz = 0
γ
Theorem. (Cauchy’s Integral Formula) Let U be a simply connected
open subset of C, let γ ∈ U be a closed rectifiable path containing a, and let
γ have winding number one about the point a. If f : U → C is holomorphic,
then
I
(n) n! f (z)
f (a) =
2πi γ (z − a)n+1
This also formula holds for n < m if f is only m-times differentiable.
Theorem. (Residue Theorem) Let D be an open set, E a discrete subset
of D, and γ a null-homotopic piecewise smooth closed curve in D which
doesn’t intersect E and has winding number one with respect to each a ∈ E.
Under these conditions, if f : D \ E → C is holomorphic, then
I X
f (z) dz = 2πi Res (f, a)
γ a∈E
1
2 JAMES BROOMFIELD
Definition. (Line integrals) Let γ be a smooth path parameterized by
γ(t), for a ≤ t ≤ b. If f is a complex function on γ, then the line integral
of f over γ is
Z Z b
f (z)dz = f (γ(t))γ 0 dt.
γ a
Result. (Trivial estimation for line integrals) Let γ be a smooth path
parameterized by γ(t), for a ≤ t ≤ b. If f is a complex function on γ, then
the line integral of f over γ is
Z
f (z) dz ≤ sup |f (z)| · length (γ).
γ z∈γ
Theorem. (Morera’s Theorem) If D isR a connected open set and f :
D → C is a continuous function such that T f dz = 0 for each triangular
path T in D, then f is analytic.
Theorem. (Open Mapping Theorem) If D is a domain in the complex
plane, and f : D → C is a non-constant holomorphic function, then f is an
open map. That is, f maps open subsets of D to open subsets of C.
Theorem. (Louiville’s Theorem) A bounded entire function is constant.
Theorem. (Maximum Modulus Principle) An analytic function on a
region D which attains its maximum on the interior of D is constant.
Theorem. (Schwarz’s Lemma) Let f map the open unit disk to itself
with the origin fixed. Then |f (z)| ≤ |z| for all z in the disk, and |f 0 (0)| ≤ 1.
Further, if either |f (z)| = z or |f 0 (z)| = 1, then f (z) = c · z for some c of
modulus 1, i.e. f is a rotation.
Theorem. (Schwarz Reflection Principle) Let D be a region of the
complex plane that is symmetric with respect to the real axis. Denote the
D+ , D0 , and D− to be the intersection of D with the upper half plane, the
real axis, and the lower half plane respectively.
If f : D+ ∪ D0 → C is a continuous function which is analytic on D+ ,
then f admits a unique extension to an analytic function. This extension is
defined by f (z) = f (z) for z ∈ D− .
COMPLEX ANALYSIS THEOREMS AND RESULTS 3
Theorem. (Argument Principle) Let D be an open set, let f be a mero-
morphic function on D, and let γ be a null-homotopic piecewise smooth
closed curve in D which doesn’t intersect either set of zeros of f or the set
of poles of f . Then
Z 0
1 f (z)
dz = N − P
2πi γ f (z)
Where N is the number of zeros of f in γ and P is the number of poles of
f in γ.
Theorem. (Roché’s Theorem) Let f be holomorphic on an open set U
containing D, where ∂D is a simple closed path. Suppose that f does not
vanish on ∂D. If another holomorphic function g on U satisfies
|f (z) − g(z)| < |f (z)|,
for all z ∈ ∂D, then f and g have the same number of zeros inside of f .
Theorem. (Great Picard’s Theorem) Every nonconstant entire func-
tion attains every comple value with at most one exception. Furthermore,
every analytic function assumes every complex value, with possibly one ex-
ception, infinitely often in any neighborhood of an essential singularity.
If f is an analytic function from C to the extended complex plane, then f
assumes every complex value, with possibly two exceptions, infinitely often
in any neighborhood of an essential singularity.
Theorem. (Identity Theorem) Let f and g be holomorphic functions on
a connected open set D. If f = g on a subset S having an accumulation
point in D, then f = g on D.
Definition. (Möbius Transformation) A function
az + b
f (z) =
cz + d
with a, b, c, d ∈ C and ad − bc 6= 0 is called a Möbius transformation.
Result. (Conformality of Möbius transformation) A Möbius trans-
formation
az + b
f (z) =
cz + d
−d
is conformal except at c . When vied as an extended complex-valued func-
tion, f is conformal everywhere.
4 JAMES BROOMFIELD
Result. (Möbius transformation of bigons) Möbius transformations
send bigons to bigons.
Result. (Inverse of Möbius transformations) Let
az + b
f (z) =
cz + d
be a Möbius transformation. Then
dz − b
f −1 (z) =
−cz + a
is an inverse for restriction of f to C \ { −d
c }
Definition. (Cayley Transformations) A Möbius transformation taking
the upper half plane to the unit disk is called a Caley transformation. An
example of such a map is
z−i
f (z) = .
z+i
The inverse for this example is
−1 z+1
f (z) = i
−z + 1
Theorem. (Riemann Mapping Theorem) Let D ( C be simply-connected.
Then D is conformally equivalent to the open disk.
