Number Systems
Md. Rahat Khan
Lecturer,
Department of CSE
Khwaja Yunus Ali University
1
2
Learning Objectives
In this lecture you will learn Convert a number’s base
about: Another base to decimal base
Non-positional number system Decimal base to another base
Some base to another base
Positional number system
Shortcut methods for converting
Decimal number system Binary to octal number
Binary number system Octal to binary number
Binary to hexadecimal number
Octal number system
Hexadecimal to binary number
Hexadecimal number system
Fractional numbers in binary
number system
3
Number Systems
Two types of number systems are:
① Non-positional number systems
② Positional number systems
Non-positional Number Systems 4
Characteristics
Use symbols such as I for 1, II for 2, III for 3, IIII for 4, IIIII
for 5, etc.
Each symbol represents the same value regardless
of its position in the number
The symbols are simply added to find out the value
of a particular number
Difficulty
It is difficult to perform arithmetic operation with
such a number system
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Positional Number Systems
Characteristics
Use only a few symbols called digits
These symbols represent different values depending on the
position they occupy in the number
The value of each digit is determined by
① The digit itself
② The position of the digit in the number
③ The base of the number system (base = total number of
digits in the number system)
The maximum value of a single digit is always equal
to one less than the value of the base
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Positional Number Systems- Classification
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Decimal Number System
Characteristics
Has 10 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).
Hence, its base = 10
The maximum value of a single digit is 9 (one less
than the value of the base)
We use this number system in our day-to-day life
Example
258610 = (2 x 103) + (5 x 102) + (8 x 101) + (6 x 100)
= 2000 + 500 + 80 + 6
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Binary Number System
Characteristics
Has only 2 symbols or digits (0 and 1). Hence its base = 2
The maximum value of a single digit is 1 (one less than the value of
the base)
This number system is used in computers
Example
101012 = (1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) x (1 x 20)
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1
= 2110
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Bit
Bit stands for binary digit
A bit in computer terminology means either a 0 or a 1
A binary number consisting of n bits is called an n-bit
number
Representing Numbers in 11
Different Number Systems
In order to be specific about which number system
we are referring to, it is a common practice to
indicate the base as a subscript.
Thus, we write: 101012 = 2110
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Octal Number System
Characteristics
Has total 8 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).
Hence, its base = 8
The maximum value of a single digit is 7 (one less than the value of
the base)
Example
20578 = (2 x 83) + (0 x 82) + (5 x 81) + (7 x 80)
= 1024 + 0 + 40 + 7
= 107110
Hexadecimal Number System 13
Characteristics
Has total 16 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F).
Hence its base = 16
The symbols A, B, C, D, E and F represent the decimal values 10, 11,
12, 13, 14 and 15 respectively
The maximum value of a single digit is 15 (one less than the value of
the base)
Example
1AF16 = (1 x 162) + (A x 161) + (F x 160)
= 1 x 256 + 10 x 16 + 15 x 1
= 256 + 160 + 15
= 43110
Converting a Number of Another 14
Base to a Decimal Number
Example
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Converting a Decimal Number
to a Number of Another Base
Example:
16
Converting a Number of Some
Base to a Number of Another Base
Example:
17
Converting a Number of Some
Base to a Number of Another Base
Shortcut Method for Converting a Binary 18
Number to its Equivalent Octal Number
Example:
Shortcut Method for Converting an 19
Octal Number to Its Equivalent Binary
Number
Example:
Shortcut Method for Converting a 20
Binary Number to its Equivalent
Hexadecimal Number
Example:
Shortcut Method for Converting a 21
Hexadecimal Number to its
Equivalent Binary Number
Example: 2AB16 = ?2
Step 1: Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4 digit binary number
216 = 210 = 00102
A16 = 1010 = 10102
B16 = 1110 = 10112
Step 2: Combine the binary groups
2AB16 = 0010 1010 1011
2 A B
Hence, 2AB16 = 0010101010112
Formation of Fractional Numbers in 22
Binary Number System
Example:
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Formation of Fractional Numbers
in Octal Number System
Example:
24
Key Words/Phrases
Base Least Significant Digit (LSD)
Binary number system Memory dump
Binary point Most Significant Digit (MSD)
Bit Non-positional number
Decimal number system system
Division-Remainder technique Number system
Fractional numbers Octal number system
Hexadecimal number system Positional number system
