Number System

Presented By Nyatega, C.O

 In a digital system, the system can understand only the optional number
system. In these systems, digits symbols are used to represent different
values, depending on the index from which it settled in the number
system.

 In simple terms, for representing the information, we use the number

system in the digital system.
The digit value in the number system is calculated
using:

 The digit
 The index, where the digit is present in the number.
 Finally, the base numbers, the total number of digits available in the
number system.
Types of Number System

 In the digital computer, there are various types of number systems used
for representing information.
 Binary Number System
 Generally, a binary number system is used in the digital computers. In this number
system, it carries only two digits, either 0 or 1. There are two types of electronic pulses
present in a binary number system. The first one is the absence of an electronic pulse
representing '0'and second one is the presence of electronic pulse representing '1'. Each
digit is known as a bit. A four-bit collection (1101) is known as a nibble, and a collection
of eight bits (11001010) is known as a byte. The location of a digit in a binary number
represents a specific power of the base (2) of the number system.
 Characteristics:
 It holds only two values, i.e., either 0 or 1.
 It is also known as the base 2 number system.
 The position of a digit represents the 0 power of the base(2). Example: 2 0
 The position of the last digit represents the x power of the base(2). Example: 2 x, where x
represents the last position, i.e., 1
 Examples:
 (10100)2, (11011)2, (11001)2, (000101)2, (011010)2.
 Decimal Number System
 The decimal numbers are used in our day to day life. The decimal number
system contains ten digits from 0 to 9(base 10). Here, the successive place
value or position, left to the decimal point holds units, tens, hundreds,
thousands, and so on.
 The position in the decimal number system specifies the power of the base
(10). The 0 is the minimum value of the digit, and 9 is the maximum value of
the digit. For example, the decimal number 2541 consist of the digit 1 in the
unit position, 4 in the tens position, 5 in the hundreds position, and 2 in the
thousand positions and the value will be written as:
 (2×1000) + (5×100) + (4×10) + (1×1)
 (2×103) + (5×102) + (4×101) + (1×100)
 2000 + 500 + 40 + 1
 2541
 Octal Number System

 The octal number system has base 8(means it has only eight digits from 0 to
7). There are only eight possible digit values to represent a number. With the
help of only three bits, an octal number is represented. Each set of bits has a
distinct value between 0 and 7.
 Characteristics:
 An octal number system carries eight digits starting from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
and 7.
 It is also known as the base 8 number system.
 The position of a digit represents the 0 power of the base(8). Example: 80
 The position of the last digit represents the x power of the base(8). Example:
8x, where x represents the last position, i.e., 1
 Hexadecimal Number System

 It is another technique to represent the number in the digital system called

the hexadecimal number system. The number system has a base of 16
means there are total 16 symbols(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F) used
for representing a number. The single-bit representation of decimal values10,
11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 are represented by A, B, C, D, E, and F. Only 4 bits are
required for representing a number in a hexadecimal number. Each set of bits
has a distinct value between 0 and 15.
 Characteristics:
 It has ten digits from 0 to 9 and 6 letters from A to F.
 The letters from A to F defines numbers from 10 to 15.
 It is also known as the base 16number system.
 In hexadecimal number, the position of a digit represents the 0 power of the
base(16). Example: 160
 In hexadecimal number, the position of the last digit represents the x power of
the base(16). Example: 16x, where x represents the last position, i.e., 1
Number Base Conversion
 In our previous section, we learned different types of number systems
such as binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal. In this part of the
tutorial, we will learn how we can change a number from one number
system to another number system.
 As, we have four types of number systems so each one can be
converted into the remaining three systems. There are the following
conversions possible in Number System
 Binary to other Number Systems.
 Decimal to other Number Systems.
 Octal to other Number Systems.
 Hexadecimal to other Number Systems.
 Binary to other Number Systems
 There are three conversions possible for binary number, i.e., binary to decimal, binary
to octal, and binary to hexadecimal. The conversion process of a binary number to
decimal differs from the remaining others. Let's take a detailed discussion on Binary
Number System conversion.
 Binary to Decimal Conversion
 The process of converting binary to decimal is quite simple. The process starts from
multiplying the bits of binary number with its corresponding positional weights. And
lastly, we add all those products.
 Example 1: (10110.001)2
 We multiplied each bit of (10110.001)2 with its respective positional weight, and last
we add the products of all the bits with its weight.
 (10110.001)2=(1×24)+(0×23)+(1×22)+(1×21)+(0×20)+(0×2-1)+(0×2-2)+(1×2-3)
(10110.001)2=(1×16)+(0×8)+(1×4)+(1×2)+(0×1)+(0×1⁄2)+(0×1⁄4)+(1×1⁄8)
(10110.001)2=16+0+4+2+0+0+0+0.125
(10110.001)2=(22.125 )10
 Binary to Octal Conversion
 The base numbers of binary and octal are 2 and 8, respectively. In a binary
number, the pair of three bits is equal to one octal digit. There are only two
steps to convert a binary number into an octal number which are as follows:
 In the first step, we have to make the pairs of three bits on both sides of the
binary point. If there will be one or two bits left in a pair of three bits pair, we
add the required number of zeros on extreme sides.
 In the second step, we write the octal digits corresponding to each pair.
 Example 1: (111110101011.0011)2
 1. Firstly, we make pairs of three bits on both sides of the binary point.
 111 110 101 011.001 1
 On the right side of the binary point, the last pair has only one bit. To make it a
complete pair of three bits, we added two zeros on the extreme side.
 111 110 101 011.001 100
 2. Then, we write the octal digits, which correspond to each pair.
 (111110101011.0011)2=(7653.14)8
 Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion
 The base numbers of binary and hexadecimal are 2 and 16, respectively. In a binary
number, the pair of four bits is equal to one hexadecimal digit. There are also only two
steps to convert a binary number into a hexadecimal number which are as follows:
 In the first step, we have to make the pairs of four bits on both sides of the binary
point. If there will be one, two, or three bits left in a pair of four bits pair, we add the
required number of zeros on extreme sides.
 In the second step, we write the hexadecimal digits corresponding to each pair.
 Example 1: (10110101011.0011)2
 1. Firstly, we make pairs of four bits on both sides of the binary point.
 101 1010 1011.0011
 On the left side of the binary point, the first pair has three bits. To make it a complete
pair of four bits, add one zero on the extreme side.
 0101 1010 1011.0011
 2. Then, we write the hexadecimal digits, which correspond to each pair.
 (010110101011.0011)2=(5AB.3)16
 Decimal to other Number System
 The decimal number can be an integer or floating-point integer. When the
decimal number is a floating-point integer, then we convert both part (integer
and fractional) of the decimal number in the isolated form(individually). There
are the following steps that are used to convert the decimal number into a
similar number of any base 'r'.

 In the first step, we perform the division operation on integer and successive
part with base 'r'. We will list down all the remainders till the quotient is zero.
Then we find out the remainders in reverse order for getting the integer part
of the equivalent number of base 'r'. In this, the least and most significant
digits are denoted by the first and the last remainders.
 In the next step, the multiplication operation is done with base 'r' of the
fractional and successive fraction. The carries are noted until the result is zero
or when the required number of the equivalent digit is obtained. For getting
the fractional part of the equivalent number of base 'r', the normal sequence
of carrying is considered.
Decimal to Binary Conversion

 For converting decimal to binary, there are two steps required to perform,
which are as follows:
 In the first step, we perform the division operation on the integer and the
successive quotient with the base of binary(2).
 Next, we perform the multiplication on the integer and the successive
quotient with the base of binary(2).
 Example 1: (152.25)10
 Step 1:
 Divide the number 152 and its successive quotients with base 2.
(152)10=(10011000)2
 Step 2:
Now, perform the multiplication of 0.25 and successive fraction with base 2.
Operation Result carry
0.25×2 0.50 0
0.50×2 0 1
(0.25)10=(.01)2
Decimal to Octal Conversion

 For converting decimal to octal, there are two steps required to perform,
which are as follows:
 In the first step, we perform the division operation on the integer and
the successive quotient with the base of octal(8).
 Next, we perform the multiplication on the integer and the successive
quotient with the base of octal(8).
 Example 1: (152.25)10
Step 1:
Divide the number 152 and its successive quotients with base 8.
Operation Quotient Remainder
152/8 19 0
19/8 2 3
2/8 0 2

(152)10=(230)8
Step 2:
Now perform the multiplication of 0.25 and successive fraction with base 8 .
Operation Result carry
0.25×8 0 2

(0.25)10=(2)8

So, the octal number of the decimal number 152.25 is 230.2

Decimal to hexadecimal conversion

 For converting decimal to hexadecimal, there are two steps required to

perform, which are as follows:
 In the first step, we perform the division operation on the integer and
the successive quotient with the base of hexadecimal (16).
 Next, we perform the multiplication on the integer and the successive
quotient with the base of hexadecimal (16).
 Example 1: (152.25)10
 Step 1:
 Divide the number 152 and its successive quotients with base 16.

Operation Quotient Remainder

152/16 9 8
9/16 0 9

(152)10=(98)16
 Step 2:
 Now perform the multiplication of 0.25 and successive fraction with base
16.
Operation Result carry
0.25×16 0 4

(0.25)10=(4)16
So, the hexadecimal number of the decimal number 152.25 is
98.4.
 Octal to other Number System
 Like binary and decimal, the octal number can also be converted into other number
systems. The process of converting octal to decimal differs from the remaining one.
Let's start understanding how conversion is done.
 Octal to Decimal Conversion
 The process of converting octal to decimal is the same as binary to decimal. The
process starts from multiplying the digits of octal numbers with its corresponding
positional weights. And lastly, we add all those products.
 Let's take an example to understand how the conversion is done from octal to decimal.
 Example 1: (152.25)8
 We multiply each digit of 152.25 with its respective positional weight, and last we add
the products of all the bits with its weight.
 (152.25)8=(1×82)+(5×81)+(2×80)+(2×8-1)+(5×8-2)
(152.25)8=64+40+2+(2×1⁄8)+(5×1⁄64)
(152.25)8=64+40+2+0.25+0.078125
(152.25)8=106.328125
 So, the decimal number of the octal number 152.25 is 106.328125
 Octal to Binary Conversion
 The process of converting octal to binary is the reverse process of binary to octal. We
write the three bits binary code of each octal number digit.
 Example 1: (152.25)8
 We write the three-bit binary digit for 1, 5, 2, and 5.
 (152.25)8=(001101010.010101)2
 So, the binary number of the octal number 152.25 is (001101010.010101)2

 Octal to hexadecimal conversion

 For converting octal to hexadecimal, there are two steps required to perform, which are
as follows:
 In the first step, we will find the binary equivalent of number 25.
 Next, we have to make the pairs of four bits on both sides of the binary point. If there will
be one, two, or three bits left in a pair of four bits pair, we add the required number of
zeros on extreme sides and write the hexadecimal digits corresponding to each pair.
 Example 1: (152.25)8
 Step 1:
 We write the three-bit binary digit for 1, 5, 2, and 5.
 (152.25)8=(001101010.010101)2
 So, the binary number of the octal number 152.25 is (001101010.010101)2
 Step 2:
 1. Now, we make pairs of four bits on both sides of the binary point.
 0 0110 1010.0101 01
 On the left side of the binary point, the first pair has only one digit, and on
the right side, the last pair has only two-digit. To make them complete pairs
of four bits, add zeros on extreme sides.
 0000 0110 1010.0101 0100
 2. Now, we write the hexadecimal digits, which correspond to each pair.
 (0000 0110 1010.0101 0100)2=(6A.54)16
Hexa-decimal to other Number System

 Like binary, decimal, and octal, hexadecimal numbers can also be

converted into other number systems. The process of converting
hexadecimal to decimal differs from the remaining one. Let's start
understanding how conversion is done.
 Hexa-decimal to Decimal Conversion
 The process of converting hexadecimal to decimal is the same as binary
to decimal. The process starts from multiplying the digits of hexadecimal
numbers with its corresponding positional weights. And lastly, we add all
those products.
 Let's take an example to understand how the conversion is done from
hexadecimal to decimal.
 Example 1: (152A.25)16
 Step 1:
 We multiply each digit of 152A.25 with its respective positional
weight, and last we add the products of all the bits with its weight.
 (152A.25)16=(1×163)+(5×162)+(2×161)+(A×160)+(2×16-1)+(5×16-2)
(152A.25)16=(1×4096)+(5×256)+(2×16)+(10×1)+(2×16-1)+(5×16-2)
(152A.25)16=4096+1280+32+10+(2×1⁄16)+(5×1⁄256)
(152A.25)16=5418+0.125+0.125
(152A.25)16=5418.14453125
 So, the decimal number of the hexadecimal number 152A.25
is 5418.14453125
 Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
 The process of converting hexadecimal to binary is the reverse process of
binary to hexadecimal. We write the four bits binary code of each
hexadecimal number digit.
 Example 1: (152A.25)16
 We write the four-bit binary digit for 1, 5, A, 2, and 5.
 (152A.25)16=(0001 0101 0010 1010.0010 0101)2
 So, the binary number of the hexadecimal number 152.25
is (1010100101010.00100101)2
 Hexadecimal to Octal Conversion
 For converting hexadecimal to octal, there are two steps required to perform, which are
as follows:
 In the first step, we will find the binary equivalent of the hexadecimal number.
 Next, we have to make the pairs of three bits on both sides of the binary point. If there
will be one or two bits left in a pair of three bits pair, we add the required number of
zeros on extreme sides and write the octal digits corresponding to each pair.
 Example 1: (152A.25) 16
 Step 1:
 We write the four-bit binary digit for 1, 5, 2, A, and 5.
 (152A.25)16=(0001 0101 0010 1010.0010 0101) 2
 So, the binary number of hexadecimal number 152A.25 is (0011010101010.010101) 2
 Step 2:
 3. Then, we make pairs of three bits on both sides of the binary point.
 001 010 100 101 010.001 001 010
 4. Then, we write the octal digit, which corresponds to each pair.
 (001010100101010.001001010) 2=(12452.112)8
 So, the octal number of the hexadecimal number 152A.25 is 12452.112