Atoms, Molecules and Ions

Chapter 2

Dr. Mohammed Suleiman Shtaya

 Rutherford’s Model of
the Atom

atomic radius ~ 100 pm = 1 x 10-10 m

nuclear radius ~ 5 x 10-3 pm = 5 x 10-15 m
2
mass p ≈ mass n ≈ 1840 x mass e-

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 Atomic number, Mass number and Isotopes
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus
Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with different
numbers of neutrons in their nuclei

Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number

1 2 3
1H 1H (D) 1H (T)
235 238
92 U 92 U 4
The Isotopes of Hydrogen

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Write the symbol for the atom that has an
atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19.

How many electron and how may neutrons does

this atom have?

#e=9
# n = A –Z = 19- 9 = 10
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 14
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in C ?
C = carbon Z= 6= # p
6 protons, 8 (14 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

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How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in C ?
C = carbon Z= 6= # p

6 protons, 5 (11 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

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Neutral atom #e=#P =Z

#n =A-Z

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2.6 Molecules and Ions
Compound: Combination of atoms
Chemical bond:
The force that holds atoms togethers in a compound
Bonds Type:
Covalent bond:
sharing electrons, the resulting collection of atoms is called
a molecular
Ionic bond:
electron transfere, the resulting collection of atoms is called
Ionic compound
Polar bond: or Polar covalent bond
Electrons are partially transfered 9
Formulas and Models

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A molecular formula shows the exact number of
atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a
substance

An empirical formula shows the simplest

whole-number ratio of the atoms in a substance

molecular empirical
H2O H2O
C6H12O6 CH2O

O3 O
N2H4 NH2
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An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net
positive or negative charge.
cation – ion with a positive charge
If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons
it becomes a cation.

11 protons 11 protons
Na 11 electrons Na+ 10 electrons

anion – ion with a negative charge

If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons
it becomes an anion.
17 protons 17 protons
Cl 17 electrons Cl- 18 electrons
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 2.7 An introduction to the Modern Periodic Table
Alkali Earth Metal
Alkali Metal

Noble Gas
Group

Halogen
Period

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A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a
definite arrangement held together by chemical forces

H2 H2O NH3 CH4

A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms

H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO

diatomic elements

A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms

O3, H2O, NH3, CH4
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A monatomic ion contains only one atom
Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3-

A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom

OH-, CN-, NH4+, NO3-

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Common Ions Shown on the Periodic Table

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 27 3+
How many protons and electrons are in 13 Al ?

13 protons, 10 (13 – 3) electrons

78 2-
How many protons and electrons are in 34 Se ?

34 protons, 36 (34 + 2) electrons

#n = A-Z= 78-34= 44
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For neutral atom #e=#p=Z
# n = A -Z
For ions #p = Z
# e = Z - charge
# n = A -Z

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19
20
ionic compounds consist of a combination of cations
and an anions
• The formula is usually the same as the empirical formula
• The sum of the charges on the cation(s) and anion(s) in
each formula unit must equal zero
The ionic compound NaCl

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The most reactive metals (green) and the most reactive
nonmetals (blue) combine to form ionic compounds.

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Formula of Ionic Compounds
2 x +3 = +6 3 x -2 = -6

Al2O3
Al3+ O2-

1 x +2 = +2 2 x -1 = -2

CaBr2
Ca2+ Br-

2 x +1 = +2 1 x -2 = -2

Na2CO3
Na+ CO32-
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 Chemical Nomenclature
• Ionic Compounds
– Often a metal + nonmetal
– Anion (nonmetal), add “ide” to element name

BaCl2 barium chloride

K2O potassium oxide
Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide

KNO3 potassium nitrate

AlCl3 Aluminum chloride
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 • Transition metal ionic compounds
– indicate charge on metal with Roman numerals

FeCl2 2 Cl- -2 so Fe is +2 iron(II) chloride

FeCl3 3 Cl- -3 so Fe is +3 iron(III) chloride

Cr2S3 3 S-2 -6 so Cr is +3 (6/2) chromium(III) sulfide

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Na+ O2-

Na2O Sodium oxide

Mg 2+ O2-

MgO Magnesium oxide

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CuCl Cupper (I) chloride

CuCl2 Cupper (II) chloride

MgO Magnesium oxide

2+
Hg2Br2 Mercury (I) bromide Hg2
Mercury (I)
HgBr2 Mercury (II) bromide 2+
Hg
Mercury (II)

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O oxygen

O-2 Oxide (-2) Na2O sodium oxide

O2 -1 Supper oxide (-1/2) NaO2 sodium supper oxide

O2 -2 Peroxide (-1) Na2O2 sodium peroxide

H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide
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Cu1+ NO31-

CuNO3 Copper (I) nitrate

Cu2+ NO31-

Cu(NO3)2 Copper (II) nitrate

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• Molecular compounds
− Nonmetals + nonmetals or metalloids
− Common names (H containing cmpd.)
− H2O, NH3, CH4,
− Element furthest to the left in a period
and closest to the bottom of a group on
periodic table is placed first in formula
− If more than one compound can be
formed from the same elements, use
prefixes to indicate number of each kind
of atom
− Last element name ends in ide

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CO Carbon monoxide

CO2 Carbon dioxide

NO Nitrogen monoxide

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide

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 Molecular Compounds

NF3 nitrogen trifluoride

SO2 sulfur dioxide

N2Cl4 dinitrogen tetrachloride

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

N2O dinitrogen monoxide

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 Molecular compounds containing H
EXCEPTION in naming !!! (no prefixes)
HI hydrogen iodide

H2O Water
B2H6 diborane
H2S Hydrogen sulfide
SiH4 Silane
CH4 Methane
NH3 Ammonia
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34
An acid can be defined as a substance that yields
hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
For example: HCl gas and HCl in water

•Pure substance, hydrogen chloride

•Dissolved in water (H3O+ and Cl−),

hydrochloric acid

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Hydro-------ic acid

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 Hydro…….-ic acid

HCl(aq) Acid Hydrochloric acid

HBr (aq) Acid Hydrobromic acid

HCl (g) Molecular compound Hydrogen chloride

HBr (g) Molecular compound Hydrogen bromide

HCl (l) Molecular compound Hydrogen chloride
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H2S (aq) acid
Hydrosulfuric acid

H2S(g) Molecular compound

Hydrogen sulfide

H2S(l) Molecular compound

Hydrogen sulfide
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An oxoacid is an acid that contains hydrogen,
oxygen, and another element.

HNO3 nitric acid

H2CO3 carbonic acid

H3PO4 phosphoric acid

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HClO3 Chloric acid

HBrO3 Bromic acid

HIO3 iodic acid

H2SO4 Sulfuric acid

H2SnO4 Stanic acid

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Naming Oxoacids and Oxoanions

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HClO4 perchloric acid

HClO3 Chloric acid

HClO2 Chlorous acid

HClO hypochlorous acid

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HlO4 periodic acid

HlO3 iodic acid

HlO2 iodous acid

HlO hypoiodous acid

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HNO3 Nitric acid NO3- nitrate

HNO2 Nitrous acid NO2- nitrite

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The rules for naming oxoanions, anions of
oxoacids, are as follows:
1. When all the H ions are removed from the
“-ic” acid, the anion’s name ends with “-ate.”
2. When all the H ions are removed from the
“-ous” acid, the anion’s name ends with “-ite.”
3. The names of anions in which one or more
but not all the hydrogen ions have been
removed must indicate the number of H ions
present.
For example:
– H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate
– HPO4 2- hydrogen phosphate
– PO43- phosphate 45
Acid Anion
ic ate
ous ite

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H2SO4 Sulfuric acid
H2SO3 Sulfurous acid

-
HSO 4 Hydrogen Sulfate
(bisulfate)

2- Sulfate
SO 4

HSO-3 Hydrogen Sulfite

2-
SO 3 Sulfite
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H2CO3 Carbonic acid

HCO3- Hydrogen Carbonate

(bicarbonate)

CO32- Carbonate

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H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate

H3PO4 phosphoric acid

ClO3 - chlorate

HClO3 chloric acid

ClO3 Molecular compound Chlorine trioxide

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A base can be defined as a substance that yields
hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.

NaOH sodium hydroxide

KOH potassium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide
Al(OH)3 Aluminum hydroxide

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Name the following binary compounds

CsF Cesium fluoride

AlCl3 Aluminum chloride

LiH Lithium hydride

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Give the formulas for:

Postassium iodide KI

Calcium oxide CaO

Gallium bromide GaBr3

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Give the systematic name for:

CuCl Copper (I) chloride

HgO Mercury (II) oxide

Fe2O3 Iron (III) oxide
Give the Formula for:
CuCl2 Copper (II) chloride Cu2+ Cl1-

2+ 2-
Hg2O Mercury (I) oxide Hg2 O

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Given the following systematic names, Write
the formula for each compound:

Manganese (IV) oxide MnO2

Lead (II) chloride PbCl2

Vanadium (V) flouride VF5

Manganese (II) oxide MnO

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