Unit-8 Biomechanics & sports
Q1. Cartwheel in gymnastics is an example of_______________
a) Static Equilibrium
b) Dynamic Equilibrium.
c) Active Equilibrium
d) Passive Equilibrium
Q2. In Law of Acceleration, acceleration of an object is inversely proportionate to its
a) Force
b) Mass.
c) Speed
d) Size
Q3. Acceleration of an object will increase as the net force increases depending on its
a. Density
b. Mass.
c. Shape
d. Volume
Q4. Which is not the Importance of Biomechanics
a) Improvement of Technique
b) To understand the structure of Movement & effect of forces on the Movement
c) To understand Physiology of human body.
d) Improvement of sports Equipment’s
Q5. Newton’s 2nd law is also known as
(a) Law of Action Reaction
(b) Law of Inertia
(c) Law of Acceleration.
(d) Law of velocity
Q6. Bio-mechanics helps in which of the following?
A. In improving technique
B. in improving designs of sports equipment
C. in improving performance
D. All
Q7. Force of Friction depends upon?
A. Nature and surface of contact
B. Material of object in contact
C. both A and B
D. None
(a) Third law of motion-action reaction
(b) 1st picture
(c) Law of Acceleration
(d) Kinesiology Third law of motion-Action reaction
Meaning of Biomechanics
Meaning of Biomechanics: Bio + Mechanics
Bio = Living organism
Mechanics = Branch of Physical science which deals with force acting on a body in static condition or
in moving condition.
Biomechanics: is the study of forces & their effects on human being is moving or in static condition.
1st Law of Motion (Law of Inertia) : Any object will be remains in its position until or unless any
external force is applied on it. When a book is placed on a table , It remains stationary in position
unless somebody acts to affect it and change its state .
When an object is pushed on the floor, It rolls for a certain distance , then slows down till it stops by
the effect of frictional forces between the object and the floor that resist rolling ( Friction is an
external force that acts to change the object state ) .
If these forces do not exist , the object would keep moving at a uniform velocity and would not stop.
2nd law of motion (Law of Acceleration) :
The rate of change of acceleration is directly proportional to the force applied on the object
and Inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
F = ma
m = mass
a = acceleration
The second law shows that if you exert the same force on two objects of different mass, you
will get different accelerations (changes in motion). The effect (acceleration) on the smaller mass will
be greater (more noticeable).
3rd law of motion (Law of action and Reaction) :
To Every action, There is equal & opposite reaction
Equilibrium :
DYNAMIC AND STATIC & Center of Gravity AND ITS APPLICATION IN SPORTS :
Equilibrium : It is defined as a state of balance or a stable situation, where opposite forces cancel
each other out and where no changes are occurring.
Types of Equilibrium
1. Dynamic Equilibrium : It is the balance of the body during movement.
2. Static Equilibrium : It is a balance of the body during its rest or stable position.
Dynamic Equilibrium :
When the body is in equilibrium but continues to move at an unknown speed.
For example,
1. A ball that moves at an unknown speed.
2. Cartwheel in gymnastics
Static Equilibrium :
If the body is in equilibrium when it is stationary, it is called static equilibrium.
Centre of gravity:
Centre of gravity is that point in a body or system around which its mass or weight is evenly
distributed or balanced and through which the force of gravity acts. The centre of gravity is fixed,
provided the size and shape of the body do not change.
Friction & Sports
Friction is the force that opposes the motion of a solid object over another.
There are mainly four types of friction :
1. Static friction,
2. Sliding friction,
3. Rolling friction, and
4. Fluid friction.
1. Static Friction : Static friction is defined as the frictional force that acts between the surfaces
when they are at rest with respect to each other.
Static Friction Examples :
1. Skiing against the snow
2. Table lamp resting on the table
2. Sliding Friction :Sliding friction is defined as the resistance that is created between any two
objects when they are sliding against each other.
Examples Of Sliding Friction :
1. Sliding of the block across the floor
2. Two cards sliding against each other in a deck
3. Rolling Friction :Rolling friction is defined as the force which resists the motion of a ball or wheel
and is the weakest types of friction.
Examples Of Rolling Friction :
1. Rolling of the log on the ground
2. Wheels of the moving vehicles
4. Fluid Friction :Fluid friction is defined as the friction that exists between the layers of the fluid
when they are moving relative to each other.
Examples Of Fluid Friction :
1. The flow of ink in pens
2. Swimming
What is Projectile?
A projectile is any object thrown into space upon which the only acting force is gravity. The primary
force acting on a projectile is gravity. This doesn’t necessarily mean that other forces do not act on
it, just that their effect is minimal compared to gravity.
The path followed by a projectile is known as a trajectory.
A baseball batted or thrown is an example of the projectile.
Factors affecting the flight path of a Projectile are:
1. Gravity.
2. Air Resistance.
3. Speed of Release. (Initial Velocity)
4. Angle of Release
5. Height of Release
Maximum RANGE is Obtained at 45 Degree
Qns 1. Types of levers and their application in sports
