BIOMECHANICS a SPORT

8
UNIT
CONTENTS
Newton's Laus of Motion and its Application in Sports
Types of Lever arnd its application inSports
Equilibritum Dånamíc & Static and Centre of Gravity and its application in sports
Friction and Sports
Projectile in Sports

QUICK REVIEW
(A) NEwTON'SLAWS OF MOTION AND ITSAPPLICATION IN SPORTS
NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) was one of the greatest scientists and mathematicians that ever lived. H
came up with three general rules about the movement of objects which are known as Newton's three la
of moion.
Newton's First Law of Motion: This law is also known as law of inertia. This lau states that
abods at rest will remain at rest and a bods in motion will remain in motion at the same speed
and in the samne direction till ansexternal force is applied on it to change that state.
Application in Sports: In basketball, players on the court must keep in mnind about dribbling
because the ball willcontinue to bounce for some time if they lose control. If the ball
bounces
too far away from a player, his or her team can lose
possession.
Newton's Second Law of Motion: This law states that the
acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the force producing itand iwersely proportional to its
mass.
Application in Sports: While finishing a race, due to inertia (the tendency of an
to remain in motion or at rest) runners struggle while object is
stopping at the finish line because it
requires a very sudden change in motion.
It can be expressed as a mathematical
F= MA
equation:
Or

FORCE=MASS túmes ACCELERATION

Newton's Third Law of Motion: This law states that to
reaction. everå action, there is always an equal
and oppo
Application Sports: While swimming, the swimmer
in
thus atlains a forward push due to an pushes the water backwards using his hands
In sprint races, the starter equal and opposite reaction from the water.
blocks
during the start of the race due to a are based on Newton's third law,
In cricket, while taking a reaction from the starter blocks. where the athlete is propelled Io
high catch, the player is requlred to
(B) TYPES OF LEVER move his hands backwards while taking1thecatch
AND ITS
There are three
types/classes APPLICATION
oflevers:
IN SPORTs
1.
First-class lever: A flrst class lever is the simplest type of
FORCE
fulcrumn sited between the effort and the
is lever where the 1 CLAss LEVER
of as a force load. The lever can
best examplemagnifier
due to which the load is be thought
is see-saw. heavier than the effort. The
mCRUTM
 SPORTS
8. BIOMECHANICS &
6
Second-class1ever: The second class lever consist of a system where
both the
effort are placed on the same side of the
2.loadand fulerum but applied in opposite
direction. The load lies between the force and the fulcrum. Even in this class of 2 4 A S S LYER

FUCRUK
leverstheforce is magnified| with the effort being lighter than the load.
Third-class lever: It is the last sort of lever wherein the effort lies between the
CAAS EVER
3. Joad andthe fulcrum. This lever is a type of distance magnifier and the effort is
heavierthan the load. The mechanical advantage provided isthat theload moves
PUCRU
effort.
further thanthe
Applicationin Sports::Some examples of lever application in sports are given under:

) Cricket
bat(2nd class): The fulcrum is thetop of the handle, the load is the bat's body and the force is
handle.
closer to the neck of the
o Kicking-lower limb (3rd class): The fulerum is at the knee joint. force at the tibial tuberosity (attachment
of the quadriceps) and the load is the foot.
heel and the
Hi)Jumping-plantar flexion of the foot (2nd class): The load is at the toes, the fulcrum is at the
force is your weight which isanterior to your heel.
atlanto-occipital joint.
ig) Looking up/down or side-t0-side (1st class): Your head is balanced on your
which pivots, similarly to asee-saw.
GRAVITY AND ITS APPLICATION IN
(C) EQUILIBRIUM-DYNAMIC & STATIC AND CENTRE OF
SPORTS
Equilibrium is a state of balance among forces acting within or upon a body.
when the sum of the forces and the sum of
(i) Static Equilibrium: Static equilibrium is that condition
rest.
the movements are zero and the body is in a state of
condition when the sum of the forces and the
(u) Dynamic Equilibrium: Dynamic equilibrium is that motion.
state of
Sum of the moments are zero and the body is in
start and is in the sit position he
APplication in Sports: In the 100m race, when the athlete is about to
quickly.
atqures an unstable position so that he breaks inertia of rest
Diference between Static & Dynamic equilibrium.
Dynamic Equilibrium
Static Equilibrium
When all the forces acting on an object are
When the sum of forces acting upon the object
balanced, and the body is in motion, then
ld sum of the movement acting upon the
the body is said to be in dynamic
body is both equal to zero, then the body 1s
Said to be in static equilibrium. equilibrium.
In other words, dynamic balance is
In other words. staticbalance is maintaining maintaining equilibrium when moving, e.g.
equilibrium when stationary. e.g. Yoga. jump shot in basketball.
e.g., A
cycle is moving with uniform velocity.
e.g. A gymnast performing T position on the

balancing beam, because the gymnast is not

making any movement.
 REDUCING
METHODS
(i) OF other
1.Friction:
2. Friction:
Types of above
(D) waist.
closer
the the tothe The thupon
(ii) Following e Centre 2. Application
ation:
Polishing:
Many Kinetic
3.
(c) (b) types
three
(a) : the Static
we FRICTION body.point, pounds50
is weight within
Boxersknees. In
it Dynamic
waterFluid type Rolling body floor, try called are of
plements
toone vaultsiiding
The Thus every
methods move friction: to about
balanced. of
of body event byfriction: thepush topof humanGravity: the can of
By friction:
or the
force sport.
frictionahead friction: if equilibrium line Equilibrium
The air, friction:
rolls sliding object AND the
which lose feet10
polishing help force the
and a Center
cation like it When heavy It acting body bodyEvery
balanceof he
is over occurs SPORTS body. base
in When isand skiing. on will of the
educingjriction athletes
discus FRICTION fluid often It When friction. of is of of
the it force object not along Generally distribution an athlete is in
the the
roll occurs
or when
just gravityrequired support il
friction seen other, on move. athlete Sports
of rubbing tw o th e they
surlace
are movement two maintain
rlaces the is with is is
painted inbetween bodiesapplied the summade
e.g., sports.ground. it surfaces the has that bylor shilt
is lessforce of greater a
over center more these of tennis Balance
Centre of
inswimming, called individual imaginary up theirstabilitv
are
makes contact to of wheels to force
applied
e.g.,After the of
reduce an in an in mass
individual
of individual stability. weight
as
contact
player
object Roller rolling surface. contact object than gravity
them sometime and by
becomes diving, to distributedweights, point
on
the the an to lowering
ippery skates. or a and and which of change hecls
friction. object weights
components in
a friction.
surface. i.e. force an the
paragliding. person the average of
smooth it skating one in because
stops opposes components body the
and body object of
does its is his
e.g., static centre
is When symmetrical,
upper position
of
ducesthisthe rolling not person feet10
and hindered vhen moves
on moves each an the
friction the
two ice. cause part, individual of of
the due motion after centre gravity
a is suchwhich
force cricket bodiesplanting on it located the
or to is the
the between is as hittinga of
meets the kinetic center the
thing of head. haswhere gravity by
riction.
forceof of ball are surface a approximately
one center
friction friction its bending
resistance pole shot. pounds 50
is in friction. the to body
ofarms, own all
gravity must
hit
contact of move. of forces
force. in object
it the weight. their
reduce the over gravity legs. fall
begns It will
trou this eg.. actins
and poB other has and the nea etc
 Angleofla)
AFFECTING
FACTORS compornent.horizontal
la) The 3. shown described important jumping.
1 Meaning When distance A
distance non mhich Meaning (E) contact for
heaved.
istance:(e) Velocity:
Air a) Initial b) few tw o
near Us(o)e of. i) i) 63
vertical.onlyVertical Long PROJECTILE equationmovement
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rajectory soccer A examples
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throw
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Friction:
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thrown in of well baseball being drag. object for Nthan
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applied The perpendicular together. friction
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projectile situation reduce and
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its projectile horizontal and denoted
by be is force two force the
speed the the upward thrown, a type
along force. acted is
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BIOMECHANICS
well thrown, together
to is force. is the
down
gravity. time study The th e
two the the
horizontal as 75° range force
by coefficient The body. tyres between
friction The
of up. of or specific
air 45 60°
release, projectile an 15° standard requirea
30 written as: of The
esistance. are
athlete coefficient
distance surfaces of aeroplanes made SPORTS &
friction friction to
greater is
very long start from
is in is