HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

MS. PSYCHE JOY E. PACARDO, LPT

SCIENCE TEACHER
OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. identify the different parts of circulatory system;

2. discuss the main functions of the circulatory system;

3. Identify the components of blood and the role of each

component; and

4. infer how one’s lifestyle can affect the functioning of

circulatory system.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

❑The CIRCULATORY SYSTEM is

responsible for transporting materials
throughout the entire body.

❑It carry oxygen and nutrients to every cell

of the body and remove carbon dioxide
and other wastes from the cell.

❑The movement of materials from blood to

cells and vice versa happens through the
process of diffusion.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

COMPONENTS

❑HEART
❑BLOOD
❑BLOOD VESSELS
❑ARTERIES
❑VEINS
❑CAPILLARIES
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The circulatory system carries two types of blood:

DEOXYGENATED OXYGENATED

❑Oxygen-poor blood ❑Oxygen-rich blood

❑Blood travelling away from ❑Blood travelling to the body cells

the body cells
❑Low carbon dioxide content
❑High carbon dioxide
content
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: HEART
HEART
❑A muscular organ positioned behind the ribcage and
between the lungs
❑About the size of clenched fist
❑It pumps blood through the blood vessels
❑It is divided into four chambers (upper and lower
chambers)
❑Upper chambers: Left and Right atria – RECEIVES
BLOOD
❑Lower chambers: Right and left ventricles – PUMP
BLOOD OUT OF THE HEART
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: HEART

HEART
❑VALVES – separates each atrium from the
ventricle so that blood cannot flow in
opposite direction.

❑SEPTUM – divides the heart in half,

prevents blood from flowing between the
two atria or two ventricles and separates
the flow of blood.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: HEART

HOW DOES THE HEART PUMP BLOOD?

❑When heart pumps, the two atria contract,

forcing blood into the ventricles. The atria
then relax and two ventricles contract,
pushing blood into the blood vessels.

❑One complete sequence of contraction and

relaxation is called HEARTBEAT.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS

As blood moves through the circulatory system, it moves

through three types of blood vessels.

❑ARTERIES – carry blood AWAY FROM

THE HEART

❑CAPILLARIES – link arteries to veins

❑VEINS – carry blood TOWARS THE

HEART
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS

ARTERIES

❑Large vessels

❑Carry blood from heart to tissues of the body

❑Carry oxygen rich blood, except for

pulmonary arteries.

❑Thick walls (three layers) – need to

withstand pressure produced when heart
pushes blood into them
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS

CAPILLARIES

❑Smallest blood vessels

❑Walls are only one cell thick and very

narrow

❑Important for bringing nutrients and

oxygen to tissues and absorbing carbon
dioxide and other waste products
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS

VEINS
❑Once blood has passed through the capillary
system it must be returned to the heart.

❑Walls contains connective tissue and smooth

muscles.

❑Blood that enters the veins flows slower and

smoother.

❑Contains one-way valves that prevents

backflow of blood and keeps its flow in one
direction.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS

BLOOD PRESSURE

SYSTOLIC PRESSURE – the first number

taken, is the force felt in the arteries
when the ventricles contract.

DIASTOLIC PRESSURE – the second

number taken, is the force of the blood
on the arteries when the ventricles
relax.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: BLOOD

BLOOD – “RIVER OF LIFE”

It transports a variety of essential elements throughout the body

❑What percent of your body is BLOOD? 8%

❑How much blood do we contain? 4-5 liters
❑We contain about a pint of blood for every 15 pounds of
body weight.

COMPOSITION OF BLOOD:

❑Cellular Blood: 45%

❑PLASMA: 55%
BLOOD: FUNCTIONS

❑Transport of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic

wastes.

❑Protection against toxins, pathogens, and blood loss injuries

❑Stabilization of body temperature

❑Regulation of the pH through the blood buffering system and

electrolyte composition of interstitial fluids throughout the body
BLOOD: COMPOSITION
BLOOD: COMPOSITION
BLOOD: FUNCTIONS

BLOOD PLASMA
❑A pale yellowish liquid that is about 92% water and
the remaining 8% is made up of dissolved complex
mixture of various substances.

1. Proteins
SERUM ALBUMIN – maintaining osmotic balance
and in pH buffering
SERUM GLOBULIN – contains antibodies to help
in immunity
FIBRINOGEN – with the help of prothrombin,
plays important part in clotting of the blood.
ANTIBODIES/IMMUNOGLOBULINS – fighting
diseases,
BLOOD: COMPOSITION

BLOOD PLASMA

2. DISSOLVED MINERAL SALTS – chlorides,

bicarbonates, calcium, magnesium, and sulfates
and phosphates of sodium and potassium

3. FOOD SUBSTANCES – glucose, amino acids,

fatty acids, and vitamins.

4. EXCRETORY PRODUCTS – urea, uric acid,

creatinine

5. HORMONES – insulin, growth hormones,

testosterone, estrogen, adrenaline
BLOOD: COMPOSITION
BLOOD: COMPOSITION
BLOOD CELLS AND CELL FRAGMENTS

RED BLOOD CELLS

❑Also called erythrocytes (erythron means “red”;
cytes means “cells”

❑Circular, flattened, biconcave disk

❑Does not posses a NUCLEUS and

MITOCHONDRION.

❑Generate ATP through anaerobic respiration

❑CARRY/TRANSPORT OXYGEN THROUGHOUT

THE BODY.
BLOOD: COMPOSITION

BLOOD CELLS AND CELL FRAGMENTS

RED BLOOD CELLS
❑Produced in the bone marrow and
circulate/live for 120 days and destroyed in
the spleen and liver.

❑Contain red chemical pigment called

HEMOGLOBIN.

❑Helps carry carbon dioxide from the

capillaries back to the lungs, where it is
exhaled.
BLOOD: COMPOSITION
BLOOD: COMPOSITION
BLOOD CELLS AND CELL FRAGMENTS
WHITE BLOOD CELLS

❑Also called leukocytes (leuko means “white”;

cytes means “cells”

❑Colorless and do not contain hemoglobin

❑Larger than red blood cells but fewer in

number

❑Irregularly shaped and CONTAIN NUCLEUS.

BLOOD: COMPOSITION
BLOOD CELLS AND CELL FRAGMENTS
WHITE BLOOD CELLS

❑It can move, change its shape and squeeze

through the walls of fine blood capillaries.

❑Develop in bone marrow and mature in the

lymph organs and nodes.

❑Its main task is to protect the body from

diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and other
foreign substances
BLOOD: COMPOSITION
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS

LYMPHOCYTES - Active against MONOCYTE - Engulfs EOSINOPHIL - Active against

various pathogens; virus- pathogens and turns into parasites and in allergic
infected and tumor cells. They macrophages upon migration reactions
can produce antibodies to tissues and bloodstream

BASOPHIL - Active in allergic NEUTROPHIL - Active against MACROPHAGE - Engulf

reactions and mature like mast bacteria and fungi and capable pathogens and cellular debris
cells of phagocytosis and alerts lymphocytes
BLOOD: COMPOSITION
BLOOD CELLS AND CELL FRAGMENTS

BLOOD PLATELETS
❑Also called thrombocytes

❑Not true cells but are fragments of cytoplasm with

nucleus from large bone marrow cells known as
megakaryocytes.

❑Play a part in the clotting of blood

❑Formed in the red marrow of bones.

 THE
LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

❑The lymphatic system, sometimes referred to as the “other” circulatory system.

❑A network of lymphatic vessels and tiny bean-shaped structures called lymph

nodes.

LYMPH TISSUES – tonsils, thymus, spleen and bone

marrow

LYMPHOCYTES – lymph nodes filled with white

blood cells

SPLEEN – largest organ of the lymphatic system

 BODY
CIRCULATION
 BODY CIRCULATION

1. PULMONARY CIRCULATION
❑Transports oxygen-depleted blood from the heart
to the lungs. Its main function is to OXYGENATE
THE BLOOD.

(1)Right ventricle contracts, the blood is forced

through (2) the two pulmonary arteries into the
lungs. Gas exchange happens in the (3) capillaries of
the lungs, where oxygen is picked up and carbon
dioxide is exhaled. During inhalation, blood becomes
oxygenated then flows to the (4)pulmonary veins and
(5)left atrium. Contraction of the left atrium forces
the blood into the (6) left ventricle.
 BODY CIRCULATION

2. SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
❑Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the
organs and tissues.

(7)Left ventricle contracts, oxygenated blood is

forced into the aorta (8) flows into body organs and
tissues. Return to the heart through the veins (9)
blood enters the vena cava and brings deoxygenated
blood to the (10) right atrium to the right ventricle
and the process repeats.
 Prevention,
Detection, and
Treatment of
Diseases of the
Circulatory System
DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD VESSELS

ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Disease of the arteries that is associated
with cholesterol build up called plaque inside the
walls of the arteries. The plaque impedes the
blood flow that will lead to organs and tissues to
be deprived of oxygen and cannot function
normally. Extreme cases, may require amputation
if antibiotic therapy fails. Surgery such as
angioplasty and bypass graft surgery, can clear
clogged arteries. The best way to prevent this
disease is to avoid fats in diet, quit smoking,
control weight gain and exercise.
DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD VESSELS
STROKE
Disorder that results from blockage
brought by the hardening of arteries in the brain
or in the neck vessels leading to the brain.
1. THROMBOTIC STROKE – Blood clot fixed within a blood
vessels, called thrombus, block the passage of blood.

2. EMBOLIC STROKE – wandering clot, called embolus stops

the blood flow.

3. CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE – diseased artery suddenly

bursts. This occurs when a patient has atherosclerosis and
high blood pressure.

Once stroke occurred, intensive rehabilitation is

needed as soon as possible for a speedy recovery.
DISORDERS OF THE HEART

CORONARY HEART DISEASE

The inability of the blood to reach the
coronary arteries of the heart. Reduced blood
flow causes a painful sensation in the chest, left
arm, and shoulder known as angina pectoris.
Inadequate blood flow can also lead to an infarct
or an area of damaged cardiac tissue. Myocardial
infarction is the technical term for a heart attack
associated with damage to a large part of the
heart. Prevention includes moderate exercise, rest,
good diet, smoking cessation, lowering stress
factors, and doses of aspirins and other drug
treatments.
DISORDERS OF THE HEART

HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASE

Hypertension or elevated blood pressure
results from the tightening of the arterioles.
Clenching condition, increases resistance of blood
flow where heart must work harder than normal
to force blood through these tightened blood
vessels. The heart muscle may thicken and
enlarged and become overworked and will then
breakdown causing failure of the heart or kidney,
or stroke, and even development of
atherosclerosis and heart attacks. Treatment
includes a wide variety of antihypertensive drugs.
DISORDERS OF THE HEART

RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE

Heart disease that usually occurs in
children. It usually begins with untreated bacterial
infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. The
bacterial toxins causes the body to trigger an
immune reaction and suffer from rheumatic fever
that further causes damage to the heart as
inflammation of endocarditis occur.
DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD

HEMOPHILIA
A genetic disorder where blood does not
clot properly resulting to bleeding. People with
this genetic condition are called hemophiliacs or
bleeders. It is transmitted by the mother through
the X chromosome and the male offspring is
mostly affected. The disease is caused by the lack
of one of the plasma proteins associated with
clotting.
Treatment of bleeding can be resolved by
the administration of antihemophilic factor (AHF),
which speeds up the clotting factor. But if too
much blood is lost, transfusion is necessary.
HEMOPHILIA
DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD

ANEMIA
A condition wherein the red blood cell
count stays persistently low. It may also caused
by the decrease in number of hemoglobin in
RBC’s than normal, deficiency of normal
hemoglobin, or production of abnormal
hemoglobin. This will affect its ability to carry
oxygen to body tissues. Anemia results from
nutritional deficiencies, diseases or injuries with
blood cell formation and destruction, loss of
blood or hereditary such as sickle-cell anemia.
Iron-deficiency anemia can be treated with
iron supplements and iron-rich foods. Pernicious
anemia can be treated with folic acid supplements
DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD

LEUKEMIA
A disorder characterized by an abnormal
increase in the number of white blood cells and is
consider as the MOST DANGEROUS BLOOD
DISORDERS. In acute leukemia, the marrow
produces monster-sized, cancer looking white
blood cells. They crowd out other red blood cells
and blood platelets, giving them only a little
space to grow. Modern treatment include
radiation and drugs which help wipe out
malignant cells.