LIFTING PRACTICES FOR

ENGINEER

.STUDENT M A N U A L .
Prepared by : Mohsen Abozaid
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction 3
2. Duties and Responsibilities (Summarized) 4
3. Safety Awareness
3.1. General 5
3.2. Safety System 5
3.3. Personal Protective Equipment 5
3.4. Lifting Hazards 6
3.5. Electrocution Hazard 8
3.6. Overload and Maintenance Hazards 8
4. Hand Signals
4.1. Hand or Radio Signal Policy 9
4.2. Use of Standard Hand Signals 9
5. Types of Hitches 13
6. Wire Rope Slings 14
7. Chain Slings 23
8. Synthetic Flat Webbing 24
9. Synthetic Round Slings 33
10. Shackles 37
11. Plate Clamps 41
12. Hooks 45
13. Eyebolts 48
14. Turnbuckles 51
15. Lifting Beam 52
16. Beam Clamp 54
17. Lifting Appliance
17.1. Hand-Operated Chain Block 57
17.2. Chain Lever Hoist 61
17.3. Wire Rope Grip/Pull Lifting Machine 64
17.4. Familiarization of Crane Operation:
17.4.1. Basic Crane Configuration 66
17.4.2. Basic Crane Function 66
17.5. Familiarization of Crane Types:
17.5.1. Rough Terrain 67
17.5.2. Tower crane 67
17.5.3. Crawler Crane 68
17.5.4. Offshore Crane 68
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

18. Load
18.1. Standard Signs Identification 69
18.2. Container/Cargo Boxes 70
18.3. Fuel/Chemical Tanks 70
18.4. Gas Cylinder Rack 71
18.5. Man Baskets 71
18.6. Common Loads
18.6.1. Concrete and Muck Skips 72
18.6.2. Scaffold Tubes 72
18.6.3. Palletized Loads 72
18.6.4. Beams 72
18.6.5. Stillages 73
18.6.6. Rubbish Skips 73
18.6.7. Pipes 73
18.6.8. Mesh 74
18.6.9. Pre Fabricated Rebar Assemblies 74
18.6.10. ISO Containers and Portable Offices 74
18.7. Centre of Gravity 75
19. Table/Chart
19.1. Shackle Angular Loading Capacity 76
19.2. Conversion Table 77
19.3. Formula Volume of Common Shapes 78
19.4. Approximate Density of Common Materials 79
20. Calculation
20.1. Example of Calculating of Sling Loading No. 1 80
20.2. Example of Calculating of Sling Loading No. 2 81
20.3. Sling Angles 82
21. Glossary 83
22. Lifting Plan Preparation
23 Lifting Law.
 1. INTRODUCTION

Knowledge of the equipment and materials with which we work is one of the most
important factors in accident prevention. Each piece of equipment and material has
been designed and developed to serve a specific purpose and knowledge of what it
can and cannot do, not only improves efficiency but also eliminates hazards.

Owing to the many variations in rigging practices and the different ways in which rigging is
used, recommendations must, of necessity, be framed in general terms. The
recommendations can only be advisory in nature and are intended to complement
relevant regulations and manufacturers’ requirements which must be observed.

The rigger must apply his or her intelligence, common sense, and experience in
anticipating what will happen when the load is moved. This thought process must
take place before the work is started. In order to ensure the design of a safe and
efficient system, the rigger must answer such question as:

1. What is to be done with load?

2. What will be the travel path of the load to reach the desired location?
3. How will the load be set down at the desired location?
4. How can the hookup be made?
5. What tools are needed to perform the desired task?
6. What other factors are involved (weather, electrical wires, sloping grades, visibility)?
7. Do the tools have the capacity to handle the loads and forces involved?
8. Are additional personnel needed to control the load safely during the Lifting
process?
Hoist line

Four Basic Rules of Rigging Hook Block Rigging

1. Know the Weight
2. Know the Capacity
3. Retain the Load
4. Control the Load
Sling

Shackle
Eyebolt

Load
 2. RIGGERS
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
(SUMMARIZED)

01 Observe all Safety  Ensure you have the correct PPE to carry out your job on site.
Pre-cautions  Observe All Safety Warning Signs and any Emergency
Stop Signals from anyone
 Ensure that you aware of Fire fighting Equipment and
 First Aid Procedures (Emergency Contact number
for Qatar is 999)
02 Check the load to  Find the weight and Centre of Gravity (COG)
be lifted  Ensure that the hook is directly above the centre of gravity of
the load prior to lifting, NO SIDE LOADING
 Identify the type of load, and locate the maximum radius.

03 Check the working  Identify the hazards (Power Lines, People, other Equipments
area and ground conditions.

04 Inspect  Ensure that you carry out a Pre Use Check on Equipment to be
Rigging Gears used.
and Lifting  Ensure that the equipment used has a valid Test
Equipment Certificate and correct colour code.
 Always refer to the correct rigging information chart
05 Attaching and  Identify the type of Hitch to be used (Choker, Vertical or
Detaching Lifting Basket)
 Connect the load ensuring that the sling angle is appropriate
Equipment to the capacity of the slings used.
 Ensure that You and Crane Operator understand the
06 Communication correct standard signal being used.
 If you can not see the crane operator when carrying out lifts.
between the Crane Ensure that other means of communication are in place
Operator and (Radio’s and the Correct procedure for use)
Rigger
 After using any lifting equipment, Ensure that it is Cleaned
Secure and and Returned in a Serviceable condition and Stored correctly.
07
Maintain Lifting
Equipment
08 Reporting  Always ensure that you report anything that could be
considered a Danger, Either with equipment on your pre-use
check or by anything you have seen on your working site.
 Any defects found on any lifting equipment after use are to be
reported and not to be used until certification. To ensure the
equipment is safe to be used by a competent person.
 3.SAFETY AWARENESS

3.1. GENERAL:
 Safe lifting and rigging often needs to be carried out
at a height where danger from falling is greater than
normal.
3.2. SAFETY SYSTEMS:

A safety system could include either one or a

combination of the following devices:
Anchors and Inserts
Ropes and Slings
Lanyards and Shock absorbers Inertia reels
(retractable lifelines)
Tensioning devices
Harnesses and Belts Fig. 1
Safety nets Fig. 2 Fig. 3
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Barricades or Guardrails Fig. 3

3.3. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

 Personal protective equipment includes the following:

Hard hat and safety shoes or boots to approved standard Fig. 4 & 5
Close-fitting overalls or clothes and close-fitting leather gloves. Fig. 6 & 7
Safety reflective vest. Fig. 10
Ear and eye protection. Fig. 8 & 9

Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7

Safety Shoes Safety Safety Overall Leather Gloves
Helmet

Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10

Ear and Eye Protection Eye Goggle Safety Reflective Vest
 3. SAFETY AWARENESS

3.4. LIFTING HAZARDS:

 Be aware of the Wind Speed and direction
 The maximum wind capacity is 20 knots
(QP regulations Revision 4, state 25 knots or
12.5m/sec) However, values set by individual crane
manufactures. If Lesser, are to be used.
 If the wind is above the recommended speed, then
the rigging and crane operations will Not Be allowed
to continue.
 Be aware that for relatively large, light loads, there is a risk Fig. 11
that the load will be blown about by the wind. (see Fig. 11)

 Ensure all hands are free of lifting tackle and stand clear
before the load strain is taken.
 Stay back when slings are pulled out from under
loads. (see Fig. 12)

Fig. 12
 Ensure that NO load is to be lifted where the weight is
not stated or unknown. (see Fig. 13)
 Observe & note other activities within the crane’s
operating area to avoid the development of any unforeseen
hazards.

Fig. 13
 Check that the area around the load to be lifted is clear
and that the load is not attached to the floor,
transportation cradle or adjacent equipment.
(see Fig. 14)

 Ensure taglines are always attached to loads that are

Fig. 14
likely to swing, to control the load. (see Fig. 15)
 Check slings are in good condition and adequate for load
to be lifted.
 Check for clear work area.
 Ensure the load is equally distributed.
 Provide packing to prevent sling damage.
 The load should be placed on timber dunnage. (see Fig. 15)
Fig. 15
 3. SAFETY AWARENESS

3.4. LIFTING HAZARDS: (cont.)

During the Lift

 The load can now be lifted and moved to its landing area, while
in the air, avoid:
● Where possible, passing over personnel working on the site
● The public
● Power lines
● Projecting scaffolding
● Air space violation

Landing the Load

 The load should be landed gently to ensure that it is not damaged
and that the crane does not receive any shock loading.
 Before landing the load, check that:
 The landing area will take the weight of the load
 There is sufficient space for the load
 There are strips of timber or similar on which to land this
load so that the slings can be easily removed by hand.
 The Rigger must ensure that he is in a place of safety when receiving
the load, ensuring that he cannot be crushed between the load and a
fixed object or pushed over an open edge.

After the Lift

 Only authorized Riggers are to detach the slings from the load.
 Take care with bundles of tubes and similar items as they can
collapse when landed and pipes can roll, so make sure suitable
chocks are used to prevent this from happening.
 The legs of the sling should now be hooked back onto the master
link, shackle etc on the crane hook, or removed and stored properly.
 3.SAFETY AWARENESS

3.5. ELECTROCUTION HAZARDS:

 If a Rigger has to work near Power Lines, he must ensure that
all safety measures are taken and that safety procedures are
in place.
 Clearly indicate to the crane operator where the load has to be
moved / placed and, where possible the Rigger should follow
each load to its destination.
 A rigging component or a wire rope that has been
contacted by an electric arc must be removed until certified
safe for continue use by a competent person.
 The machine is not insulated.
 Accident electrocutions are amongst the most frequently
repeated crane accidents.
 Most of these are caused when the boom contacts
or approaches too close to over head power lines.
 The fatality rate is high, particularly among riggers guiding
Fig. 16
the load.
 While the danger is greater from high voltage transmission
lines, where flash over can occur without actual contact.
Fatal accident have resulted from contact with 440 volts and
220 volts service lines.
 The safe procedure is to request the local electrical authority
to cut off the power. If for any reason this is not possible or
practical, and it is necessary for cranes to work close to hot
power lines, then all safety precautions are to be set in place.
 Crane operating near high voltage power lines for guide lines,
follow the Manufacturers table

3.6. OVER LOAD & FOR MAINTENANCE

HAZARDS:
 Be familiar with the lifting capabilities of the crane.
 Be aware of any obstructions within the crane radius and
working area.
 No personnel are allowed below the load whilst lifting is
in progress

Fig. 17
 4. HAND SIGNALS
4.1. HAND OR RADIO SIGNAL POLICY:

4.1.1. Ensure that both the Rigger and Crane Operator are familiar with
the Method of Signaling to be used.
4.1.2. Always use clear and distinct signals (either by Hand or by Radio)
to control lifting operations.
4.1.3. If radios are chosen, then the following method of use must be
followed. All instructions must be repeated continuously, for example “LOWER,
LOWER, LOWER….” until the movement is complete. If the instructions stop
getting through to the crane operator, he should immediately bring the load to
a HALT. This will guard against failure of the radio system.
4.1.4. In poor light conditions ALL hand signal shall be exaggerated
4.1.5. Clearly indicate to the Crane Operator where the load has to be moved
/ placed and, where possible, he should follow each load to its destination
4.1.6. When lifting a load. Stop the load just clear of the ground to check
security and balance of the load, and check the proper function of the
crane’s hoist brakes.
4.1.7. Stop the lifting operation if anything out of the ordinary occurs and
check that it is safe to continue the operation.
4.1.8. When working at night, a reflective orange glove is useful for
making hand signals more visible.
4.2. ALWAYS USE THE STANDARD HAND SIGNALS:
Fig. 1 HOIST. With forearm vertical, Fig. 2 LOWER. With arm extended
forefinger pointing up, move hand downward, forefinger pointing down,
in small horizontal circle move hand in small horizontal circle
 4. HAND SIGNALS
4.2. ALWAYS USE THE STANDARD HAND SIGNALS:

Fig. 3 USE MAIN HOIST. Tap fist on Fig. 4 USE WHIPLINE (Auxiliary
head; then use regular signals Hoist). Tap elbow with one hand ;
then use regular signals

Fig. 5 RAISE BOOM. Arm extended, Fig. 6 LOWER BOOM. Arm extended,
fingers closed, thumb pointing fingers closed, thumb pointing downward.
upward.

Fig. 7 MOVE SLOWLY. Use one hand to give Fig. 8 RAISE THE BOOM AND LOWER
any motion signal and place other hand THE LOAD. With arm extended, thumb
motionless in front of hand giving the pointing up, flex fingers in and out as
motion signal. (Hoist slowly shown as long as load movement is desired
example)
 4. HAND SIGNALS
4.2. ALWAYS USE THE STANDARD HAND SIGNALS:
(cont.)

Fig. 9 LOWER THE BOOM AND RAISE THE Fig. 10 SWING. Arm extended, pointing
LOAD. With arm extended, thumb the direction of swing of boom.
pointing down, flex fingers in and out as
long as load movement is desired

Fig. 11 STOP. Arm extended, palm down, Fig.12 EMERGENCY STOP. Both arms
move arm back and forth horizontally. extended, palms down, move arms back
and forth horizontally.

Fig. 13 TRAVEL. Arm extended forward, Fig. 14 DOG EVERYTHING. Clasp hands in
hand open and slightly raised, make front of Body
pushing motion in direction of travel
 4. HAND SIGNALS
4.2. ALWAYS USE THE STANDARD HAND SIGNALS: (cont.)

Fig. 15 EXTEND BOOM (Telescoping Fig. 16 RETRACT BOOM (Telescoping

Booms). Both fists in front of body with Booms). Both fists in front of body with
thumbs pointing outward. thumbs pointing toward each other.

Fig. 17 TRAVEL (Both Tracks). Use both Fig. 18 TRAVEL (One Tracks). Lock on side
fists in front of body, making a circular indicated by raised fist. Travel opposite
motion about each other, indicating track in direction indicated by circular
direction of travel, forward or backward. motion of other fist, rotated vertically in
(For land crane only) front of body. (For land crane only)

Fig. 19 EXTEND BOOM (Telescoping Boom) Fig. 20 RETRACT BOOM (Telescoping Boom)
One Hand Signal. One fist in front of chest, One Hand Signal. One fist in front of chest,
with thumb tapping chest. thumb pointing outward and heel of fist
tapping chest.
 5. TYPES OF HITCHES

APPLICATION/RIGGING METHOD:

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3

BASKET
HITCHES

Metal
Mesh
Slings

Fig. 4
Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7

CHOKER HITCHES

Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10

BRIDLE HITCHES
 6. WIRE ROPE SLING
6.1. TYPE:

SINGLE-LEG TWO-LEG SLING THREE-LEG SLING FOUR-LEG SLING

SLING
Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4

6.2. IDENTIFICATION:

CORE

MASTER LINK STRAND

IDENTIFICATION
MARKING WIRE

WIRE ROPE FERRULE OR

ALUMINUM
SLEEVE THIMBLE
WIRE ROPE

Fig. 6
HOOKS

SAFETY CATCHES

Fig. 5
 6. WIRE ROPE SLING
6.3. TERMINATION IDENTIFICATION:

6.3.1. Formation of Eyes:

6.3.1.1. Ferrule-secured eye slings – The minimum length of plain rope between
the inside ends of ferrules terminating a sling leg shall be 20 times the nominal rope
diameter.
6.3.1.2. Spliced eye slings – The minimum length of plain rope between the tails of
splices shall be at least 15 times the nominal diameter.
6.3.1.3. Hard eyes – Hard eyes shall be fitted with thimbles.
6.3.1.4. Soft eyes – The peripheral length of a soft eye shall be at least four rope lay
lengths.

ID
Aluminum
No. Sleeve
SWL
Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10

FERRULE-SECURED
HAND SPLICED FERRULE-SECURED FERRULE-SECURED
HARD/THIMBLE EYE SOFT EYE
SOFT EYE SOFT EYE WITH
STIRRUP

6.3.1.5. Terminal Fittings:

• The working load limit of any master link shall be at least equal to that of the
sling SWL.
• The working load limit of any intermediate link fitted to a three-leg or four-leg sling
shall be at least equal to 1.6 times the WLL of one of the legs suspended from it.
• The working load limit of the lower terminal fitting(s) shall be at least equal to
that of the leg(s) to which it is/they are fitted.
AT UPPER END AT LOWER END NOMINAL LENGTH OF SLING LEG
(bearing to bearing)

Fig. 11 Fig. 12 Fig. 13

Link Shackle Link Hook

Fig.
14
Fig.
15
 6. WIRE ROPE SLING
6.4. WIRE ROPE TYPES:

 Independent Wire Rope Core (IWRC)

19 WIRES PER 6 STRANDS PER CABLE

STRAND

7x7
INDEPENDENT
WIRE ROPE
1 CORE (IWRC)
FILLER WIRES

Fig. 16 Fig. 17

6 x 19 (IWRC)

 Fiber Core Wire Ropes (FC)

Fig. 18 Fig. 19

6 x 7 (FC)

 Composed with:
 Improved Plow Steel (IPS)

 Extra Improved Plow Steel (EIPS)

 Extra Extra Improved Plow Steel (EEIPS)

 6. WIRE ROPE SLING

6.5. INSPECTION:

Check and Recommend for Replacement if

found any one of the following:
 Heat damage, discoloration, loss off
lubricant Fig. 20
Core protrusion
 More than 10% reduction in rope
original diameter
 High external corrosion, internal
corrosion Worn
section
 Severe distortion-kinks, crushes, knots,
bird cages Fig. 26
 More than maximum allowed broken Fig. 21
wires Enlarged
 Exposure of core, internal damage view of
 Core protrusion as a result of Single
Stra
nd
torsional unbalance created by shock Fig. 22
loading.
 Where the surface wires are worn by Protrusion of core resulting
1/3 or more of their diameter, the rope from shock loading.
must be replaced. Fig. 23

 6 or more randomly broken wires in one

lay. Bird cages
Fig. 24
 3 or more broken wires in one strand in
one lay.
 3 or more broken wires in one lay in
standing ropes.

 Estimate rope’s condition at

section showing maximum
deterioration.

Multi-Strand
rope “Bird
cages”
Fig. 25
 6. WIRE ROPE SLING
6.5. INSPECTION:

(cont.) TERMINATIONS
1. Eyes
 Distortion
 Excessive wear, damage to thimble
2. Securing
 Any broken wires near to the ferrules/splice
 Broken/damaged ferrules or pulling out
 Crushing, abrasion of splice, pulling out
3. Links (master & intermediate )
 More than 5% stretch of original length of links
 More than 8% wear in links
or twisted links

Correct Way – this gives correct diameter.

Fig. 27

 Incorrect Way – this does NOT

gives correct diameter.

Fig. 28
 6. WIRE ROPE SLING
6.6 APPLICATION/RIGGING METHOD:

 Use a thimble to protect sling and

to increase D/d ratio.
 Never place sling eye over a fitting with
a smaller diameter than the rope’s Fig. 29

diameter.
 Never place a sling eye greater than
one half the natural length. Fig. 30
Fig. 31

 A basket hitch has twice the capacity of a

single leg only if the D/d ratio ≥ 25/1 and Fig. 32

legs of sling are vertical.

(at other angles, see Table)
L

 d

 A choker hitch has 80% of the capacity of Fig. 33

D
a single leg only if the corners are softened
and the vertical sling angle  is smaller Fig. 34
than 60°.
Use blocks to prevent angles greater than
60°. (at other angles, see Table)

Fig. 35
 6. WIRE ROPE SLING
6.6. APPLICATION/RIGGING METHOD: (cont.)

1. Straight Vertical Hitch - The total weight of

the load is carried by a single leg.

Fig. 36

2. Single-Leg Sling
Single Choke Hitch – This forms a noose in the
rope and tightens as the load is lifted.

Fig. 37

3. Single-Leg Sling
Double Choke
Hitch
Fig. 38

4. Endless-Leg Sling
Double Choke
Hitch

Two-Leg Sling Fig. 39

Double Basket
Hitch RIGHT

WRONG
Legs will slide
together.

Fig. 40
 6. WIRE ROPE SLING
6.6. APPLICATION/RIGGING METHOD: (cont.)

6. Bridle Hitch – Two, Three, or Four Single leg

slings can be used together to form a bridle
hitch. CAUTION:
• Load may be carried by only 2 legs while 3rd Fig. 41

and 4th merely balance it. (Fig 42) Four Points

Lift

Fig. 42

7. Single Basket Hitch – This hitch is ideal for

loads with inherent stabilizing characteristics. The
load is automatically equalized.
Fig. 43

8. Double Basket Hitch – Consists of two single

basket hitches passed under the load. The legs of
the hitches must be kept for enough apart to 60º or more
provide balance without opening excessive sling Fig. 44
angles.
Fig. 45

Fig. 46
9. Double Wrap Basket Hitch – A basket hitch that is
wrapped completely around the load. This method is
excellent for handling loose materials, pipes, rods, or
smooth cylindrical loads.
.

10. Double Choker Hitch – Consists of two single

chokers attached to the load and spread to provide
load stability.

11.
Double Wrap Choker Hitch – The rope or chain is
wrapped completely around the load before being
hooked into the vertical part of the sling. Do not run
the sling through the hook, permitting an unbalanced
load to tip.
Fig. 47
 6. WIRE ROPE SLING
6.6. APPLICATION/RIGGING METHOD: (cont.)

12. Three-Leg Slings

Straight Lift, 
(SWL)
 Capacity as per Rigging chart tables depending on
included angle.
 = Beta Angle from the vertical.

13. Four-Leg Slings Fig. 48

Straight Lift, (SWL)
 Capacity as per Rigging chart tables depending
on included angle. 

WIRE ROPE SLING

NEVER:
 Overload a wire rope sling-allow for angles & mode of
use
 Force or hammer into position Fig. 49
 Join wire ropes with opposite lay
 Use twisted or kinked ropes
 Attempt to shorten, knot or tie a wire rope sling

FIBRE ROPE SLING

NEVER:

 Overload a fiber rope sling allow for angles & mode of NO HAMMERING
use Fig. 50

 Attempt to shorten, knot or tie a fiber rope sling

 Use around sharp edge without protection
 Expose to direct heat
 Wrap a rope around a hook. 
No Wrap Roping
Fig. 51
 7. CHAIN SLING
7.1. TYPE:

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4

SINGLE-
TWO-LEG THREE-LEG FOUR-LEG
LEG SLING
SLING SLING SLING

Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8

SINGLE
DOUBLE SINGLE BASKET DOUBLE BASKET
ADJUSTABLE SLING
ADJUSTABLE SLING

7.2. IDENTIFICATION:

IDENTIFICATION MARKING

MASTER LINK

INTERMEDIATE
ADJUSTIN LINKS
G
CLUTCHES

CHAIN
SAFETY
JOINING CATCHES

LINK

HOOKS
Fig. 10
Fig. 9
 7. CHAIN SLING

7.3. INSPECTION:

Mechanical Joined:
Check and Recommend for Replacement if found
any one of the following:
 More than 5% stretch of original length (terminal,
joining, intermediate links, chain and hooks)
 More than 8% diameter wear of terminal, joining,
intermediate links, chain and hooks
 Existence of nicks, cracks and gouges in terminal,
joining, intermediate links and chain Fig. 11
 Bent, elongated or twisted links, rings
 Lack of free articulation between links
 Distortion of terminal fittings
 Cracks and faults in welded areas
 Excessive corrosion
 Heat discoloration
 Broken, twisted chain
 Improper shortening devices
 Repairs by welding Fig. 12

 Rusty chain

Welded Chain:
Check For:
 More than 8% wear of terminal fittings, joining links Fig. 13
 Existence of nicks, cracks, gouges in terminal
fittings, joining links
 Bent, elongated or twisted joining links
 Distortion of terminal fittings
 Replaced parts not manufacturer certified

Fig. 14
 7. CHAIN SLING
7.4. APPLICATION/RIGGING METHOD:

 SINGLE-LEG SLINGS
1. Straight Lift – Safe Working Load
• The SWL will be 100% SWL of a single-leg.
• A suitable method of lifting an a
effectively balanced load from a single
lifting point. (see Fig. 15)

2. Choke Hitch Fig. 15

• The SWL must be reduced by 20% in
this application.(80% SWL of a single
leg)
• This method forms a loop which tightens as
the load is lifted.
• Do not attempt to force the bight into closer
contact with the load. Choker hitch is not
suitable for lifting long loads which might tilt.
(see Fig. 16) Fig. 16

Included
 SINGLE-LEG SLINGS IN BASKET HITCH angle

3. Single leg in Basket Hitch (back hooked into top link)

• The SWL will be rated by that of a single-leg
sling reduced by the included angle.
• A single-leg sling back hooked to form a basket hitch
Fig. 17
assumes the appearance of a two-leg sling but it
should never be rated as such. It should be noted
that the master link is only designed for single leg
loading and therefore the single leg WLL should
never be exceeded. (see Fig. 17)
Included
angle

4. Double Wrap Sling in Basket Hitch

• The SWL will be that for a two-leg sling
reduced by the included angle. (see Fig. 18)
Fig. 18
 7. CHAIN SLING
7.4. APPLICATION/RIGGING METHOD: (cont.)

5. Single Adjustable Basket Sling (see Fig. 19)

• The SWL will be that for a two-leg sling reduced by
the included angle.
Included
• A suitable master link must be fitted for two-leg angle
rating. (see Fig. 19)

 TWO SINGLE-LEG SLINGS USED TOGETHER

Fig. 19
6. Two Single Legs in Straight Lift (see Fig. 20)
• Rate as a two-leg sling.
• The SWL will therefore depend upon the included angle.
Two single-leg slings should not be used together to
form a pair unless:
• They are of the same type, grade, size and length.
Included
• They are both marked with the same SWL. angle
• The crane hook is large enough to comfortably
accept both upper terminal fittings of the slings.

7. Two Single-Leg in Choke Hitch (see Fig. 21)

• SWL calculated as per No.6 then reduced by 20% Fig. 20
because it is choked, for loose items double wrap
is recommended.
• The SWL will be reduced by 20% in the application.
• Choke hitch with included angle greater than 60º
Included angle is not recommended as sideways
shifting may occur. Included
angle
• Two single-leg slings should not be used together
to form a pair unless:
1. They are of the same type, grade, size and length.
2. They are both marked with the same SWL.
3. The crane hook is large enough to comfortably
accept both upper terminal fittings of the slings. Fig. 21
 7. CHAIN SLING
7.4. APPLICATION/RIGGING METHOD: (cont.)

8. Two Single Legs in Basket Hitch (see Fig. 22) s

• Rate as a two-leg sling. The SWL should be no l
more than that applicable to an equivalent two-leg i
sling. n
g
• Two single-leg slings should not be used together .
to form a pair unless:
1. They are of the same type, grade, size
and length.
2. They are both marked with the same SWL.
3. The crane hook is large enough to comfortably
accept both upper terminal fittings of the
slings.

 DOUBLE-LEG SLINGS
1. BRIDLE HITCH (see Fig. 23)
• For two-legged slings, the angle between the legs of
the sling will determine its safe working load (SWL).
• A two-legged sling will be marked with its SWL at 90º
(45º with vertical), which will apply for all angles from 0º
- 90º (0º - 45º with vertical).
• It may also be marked with its SWL at 120º which will
apply for angles between 90º - 120º (45º - 60º with
vertical).
• Note that the SWL for a two-legged sling assumes that
both legs are equally loaded, and that each leg is
straight.

2. Choke Hitch (see Fig. 24)

• When using slings in choke hitch multiply the marked
SWL by 0.8 to obtain the reduced maximum load the
sling may lift or the angle between the legs of the sling
will determine its SWL
• For loose items or a better grip, double wrap
is recommended.
3. Basket Hitch (see Fig. 25)
• Capacity as per Rigging chart table depending on included angle .
• Be aware of minimum pin diameter for basket hitch.
• The sling assumes the appearance of a four-leg sling but itld
s h uo be noted that the master link will be designed for two- s
legs load only and sling should therefore be rated as a two-leg
 Fig. 22

Fig. 23

Fig. 24

Fig. 25
 7. CHAIN SLING
7.4. APPLICATION/RIGGING METHOD: (cont.)

 THREE-LEG SLINGS (see Fig. 26 & 27)

Choke Hitch
When using slings in choke hitch multiply the marked SWL by 0.8 to
obtain the reduced maximum load the sling may lift or reduce the
safe working load by 20%. If three legs are obviously supporting
most of the load, rate as a three-leg sling.

 For three-legged slings, the maximum angle between the legs of the Fig. 26
sling and the vertical will determine its safe working load (SWL).
 A three-legged sling will be marked with its SWL at 45º, which
will apply for all angles from 0º to 45º.
 Note that the SWL for a three-legged sling assumes that all
legs are equally loaded, and that each leg is at the same angle.

 FOUR-LEG SLINGS (see Fig. 28 & 29)

Straight Lift Fig. 27
 SWL as per Rigging load chart tables depending on the included angle.
 The included angle should be measured between diagonally
opposite legs. SWL as indicated above only in cases where the
load appears to be reasonably equally distributed between all
four legs. If two legs are obviously supporting most of the load,
rate as a two-leg sling. If three legs are obviously supporting
most of the load, rate as a three-leg sling.
 For four-legged slings, the maximum angle between
opposite legs of the will determine its safe working load
(SWL).
 A four-legged sling will be marked with its SWL at 90º (45º Fig. 28
with vertical), which will apply for all angles from 0º to check
sling angle 90º (0º - 45º with vertical).
 It may also be marked with its SWL at 120º which will apply
for angles between 90º and 120º (45º - 60º with vertical).
 Note that the SWL for a four-legged sling assumes that
all legs are equally loaded, and that each leg is straight.

Fig. 29
 8. SYNTHETIC
FLAT WEBBING
SLING
8.1. TYPE & IDENTIFICATION:

VIOLET GREEN YELLOW GREY RED BROWN BLUE ORANGE

1 TONNE 2 TONNE 3 TONNE 4 TONNE 5 TONNE 6 TONNE 8 TONNE 10 TONNE
Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8

MULTI-LEG BRIDLE SLINGS TRIANGLE AND VERTICAL CHOKER

SLING Fig. 9 Fig. 10 CHOKER WEB SLINGS
Fig. 11
SLING
Fig. 12 Fig. 13 Fig. 14

GREEN BLUE BROWN

NYLON POLYESTER POLYPROPOLYNE

Resists Alkalis Resists Acids Resists Alkalis & Acids. Is

suitable where the
highest resistance to
chemicals, other than
solvents is required

Fig. 15 Fig. 16 Fig. 17

 8. SYNTHETIC
FLAT WEBBING
8.2. INSPECTION:
SLING

Eye to eye reinforcement

damaged, chafed or cut
Stitching damaged
Marking illegible or loose
Webbing damaged, frayed,
signs of chemical attack or
solar degradation

Webbing cut
Heat damage including
hard shiny areas due to
friction

Fig. 18

Check and Recommend for Replacement if found

any one of the following: object along

one edge of
 Acid or Caustic Burns
the sling
 Melting or charring body. (see
 Holes, cuts fig. 21)
 Tears, snags
 Broken stitches
 Worn stitches
 Excessive abrasion
 Knots
 Cut – a clean break in the webbing structure of
fibers.
This usually results when a sling contacts a sharp
object or unprotected edge of a load. (see fig. 19)
 Tensile Break – a frayed close to the point of
failure or damage. (see fig. 20)
 Cut and Tensile Damage – a cut by a sharp
Fig. 19

Fig. 20

Fig. 21
 8. SYNTHETIC
FLAT WEBBING
SLING
8.2. INSPECTION: (cont.)

 Abrasion Damage – frayed fibers on the surface exposing

the “picks” or cross fibers, of the webbing that hold the load-
bearing (length wise) fibers in place. Occurs either when the
sling slips while in contact with a load during a lift or when
Fig. 22
the sling is pulled from under a load. (see fig. 22)

DROPPED BY ACID
Fig. 23
 Acid Damage – nylon and polyester webbing should
never be exposed to any strong acids or corrosive liquids
whenever possible. (see fig. 23 & 24)

IMMERSED IN ACID
Fig. 24

8.3. APPLICATION/RIGGING METHOD:

 Material – polyester is resistant to moderate strength acids but

is damaged by alkalis; polyamide (Nylon) is virtually immune
to alkalis but is damaged by acids; and polypropylene is little
affected by acids or alkalis but is damaged by some solvents,
tars or paints.
 Capacity – the sling must be both long enough and
strong enough for the load and the slinging method.
 Apply the mode factor for the slinging method.
 If the slings are used in multi-leg arrangement the angle
formed between the legs should not be less than 30°
from Horizontal angle or greater than 90° from Included
angle.
 8. SYNTHETIC
FLAT WEBBING
SLING
8.3. APPLICATION/RIGGING METHOD: (cont.)

ALWAYS:
 Store and handle slings correctly.
 Inspect slings and accessories before use and before placing
into storage.
 Always follow safe slinging practices.
 Connect the sling over 120° angle of choke

Never:
 Attempt to shorten, knot or slings.
 Expose slings to direct heat or frames.
 Use slings at temperature above 80°C or below 0°C
without consulting the supplier.
 Expose slings to chemicals without consulting the supplier.
 Shock load slings
 Use slings which are cut or which have loose or damaged stitching.
 9. SYNTHETIC ROUND
SLING
9.1. TYPE:

Violet Green Yellow Gray Red Brown Blue Orange

1 TONNE 2 TONNE 3 TONNE 4 TONNE 5 TONNE 6 TONNE 8 TONNE 10 TONNE
Fig. 25 Fig. 26 Fig. 27 Fig. 28 Fig. 29 Fig. 30 Fig. 31 Fig. 32

9.2. IDENTIFICATION:

Protective Sleeve

Identification
Inner core
Marking

Fig. 33
9.3.
INSPECTION:
 Initial Inspection – before any polyester round sling is placed into service
it shall be inspected by a designated person to ensure that the correct
polyester round sling is being used, as well as to determine that the
polyester round sling meets the requirements of the manufacturer’s
specification.
 Frequent Visual Inspection – This inspection shall be made by the person
handling the polyester round sling each time the round sling is used.
 Periodic Inspection – This inspection shall be conducted by a designated
person.
Frequency of inspection should be based on:
1. Frequency of use.
2. Severity of service conditions.
3. Experience gained on service life of polyester round slings used
in similar applications.
4. periodic inspections should be conducted at least monthly.
 9. SYNTHETIC ROUND
SLING
9.3. INSPECTION: (cont.)

• Check and Recommend for Replacement if

found any one of the following:
1. If polyester round sling’s identification tag is missing or unreadable.
2. Melting, charring or weld spatter on any part of the polyester
round sling.
3. Holes, tears, cuts, embedded particles, abrasive wear, or snags
that expose the core fibers of the polyester round sling.
4. Broken or worn stitching in the cover which exposes the core fibers.
5. Polyester round slings that are knotted.
6. Acid or Alkali burns on the polyester round sling.
7. Any conditions which cause doubt as to the strength of the
polyester round sling.

Fig. 34 Fig. 35

Fig. 36
Fig. 37

Fig. 38
 9. SYNTHETIC ROUND
SLING
9.4. APPLICATION/RIGGING METHOD:

 ROUND SLING – are available in a range of

materials and sizes in endless sling form. Select the slings
to be used and plan the lift taking the following into
account:
 Material – polyester is resistant to moderate strength acids but
is damaged by alkalis; polyamide (Nylon) is virtually immune
to alkalis but is damaged by acids; polypropylene is affected
by acids or alkalis but is damaged by some solvents, tars and
paints.
 Capacity – the sling must be both long enough and
strong enough for the load and the slinging method.
 Apply the mode factor for the slinging method.
If the slings are to be used in multi-leg arrangement the angle
formed between the legs should not be less than 30° or greater
than 90°.

ALWAYS:
 Inspect carefully the round slings and accessories before
use and before placing into storage.
 Follow safe slinging practices, as given overleaf.
 Position the bight for choke lift over 120° angle of choke.
 Apply correct mode factor for the slinging arrangement.
 Use protection (to avoid cutting, friction etc) and fittings
which allow the sling to form smooth radii.

NEVER:
 Attempt to shorten, knot or tie round slings.
 Expose round slings to direct heat or flames.
 Use round slings at temperatures above 80°C or below
0°C without consulting the supplier.
 Expose round slings to chemicals without consulting
the Manufacturer.
 Shock load round slings.
 Use round slings with cut or damaged outer covers.
 9. SYNTHETIC ROUND
SLING
9.4. APPLICATION/RIGGING METHOD: (cont.)

ROUND SLING – shall not be constricted or bunched between the

ears of a clevis or shackle or in a hook.
 The opening of fitting shall be proper shape and size to
ensure that the fitting will seat properly on the round sling.

BUNCHING
Fig. 39

SYNTHETIC SLING RATED LOAD: (SWL)

 Folding, bunching or pinching of synthetic slings, which occurs
when used with shackles, hooks or other applications will
reduce the rated load.

PINCHING
Fig. 40
 10. SHACKLES

10.1. TYPE:

DEE SHACKLES BOW SHACKLES

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6

Safety Pin Dee Round Pin Dee Screw Pin Dee Safety Pin Bow Round Pin Bow Screw Pin Bow

10.2. IDENTIFICATION:

Quality Mark
Capacity Safe Quality Mark Capacity Safe
Diameter Working Load
Of
Working Load (SWL) Diameter
body
(SWL) Of body

Identification Identification
Number Number

Fig. 7 SHACKLE
DEE
F
i
g
.

B
O
W

S
H
A
C
K
L
E
 10. SHACKLES

10.3. INSPECTION:

Check cracks, bending

Check wear and twisting

Check wears and

straightness
Pin always seated

Check opening width

Fig. 9

•Check and Recommend for Replacement if

found any one of the following:
 Wear of pin and body higher than 8% diameter
 Nicks, cracks and gouges in stressed areas
 Distortion in any axis
 Misalignment of untapped/tapped hole
 Excessive wear of untapped hole
 Incorrect pin inserted. Pin not running free
 Pin screwed, less than outside face flush
 Head of pin not bearing on shoulder of untapped hole
 Thread damage or excessive wear
 Excessive corrosion
 Repairs by welding
 Missing locking devices (cotter pin), if applicable
 10. SHACKLES

10.4. APPLICATION/RIGGING METHOD:

 Shackles symmetrically loaded with two leg slings

having a maximum included angle of 120° can
be loaded to Rated Capacity.
 Use bolt-type and Screw Pin Bow Shackles only.
 Riggers do not exceed 120° included angle.
Fig. 10
(see Fig. 10)

 Always put the pin on the top of the hook,

otherwise Shackle spread and sling eyes can Fig. 11

Fig. 12
be damaged. (see fig. 11 & 12)

 Shackle pin can not turn. (see correct Fig. 13)

Fig. 13
Correct


 Shackle pin bearing on running line can work
loose. If the load shifts, the sling will unscrew
the shackle pin. (see Fig. 14 & 15)

Fig. 14
Incorrec Fig. 15
t

 Never replace a shackle pin with ordinary bolt.

The strength of an ordinary bolt is less than
that of a shackle pin. (see Fig.16)
Bolt


 10. SHACKLES

10.4. APPLICATION/RIGGING METHOD: (cont.)

Good Practice
 Washers can be used to take up the space
Packing Hook
between the shackle and hook. (see Fig.
17)

Bad Practice
 Never Allow shackle to be Pulled at an Angle,
the legs will open up. (see Fig. 18)
Fig. 17

ALWAYS:
 Store and handle shackles correctly.
 Inspect shackles before use and before placing
into storage.
 Select the correct pattern of shackle and pin for
the application.
 Allow for the full resultant imposed load.
 Tighten the screw pin by hand only.
 Ensure the load acts through the center line of

the shackle using spacers if necessary to meet Fig. 18

this requirement.
NEVER:
 Use shackles with bent pins or deformed bodies.
 Force, hammer or wedge shackles into position.
 Eccentrically load shackles.
 Replace the pin with a bolt.
 Fit pins in contact with moving parts which
may loosen or unscrew them.
 Shock load shackles.
 Use shackle across direction it will reduced 50% SWL
 11. PLATE CLAMPS

11.1. TYPE:

VERTICAL LIFTING LOCKING HORIZONTAL LIFTING NON- LOCKING SCREW

LOCKING

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3

11.2. IDENTIFICATION:

CLAMPING
GRIPPING THREADS
LOCKING
LEVER

Fig. 5
Locking Screw
Clamp
SPRING IN Fig. 4
LOCKING Vertical Lifting Locking
BENT
LEVER
PIN

MOVABLE JAW WITH

BLUNTED TEETH
Fig. 6
Horizontal Lifting Non-Locking
 11. PLATE CLAMPS

11.3. INSPECTION:

Pins, bolts or other Suspension point

fixings insecure damaged or incorrect

Locking lever damaged or

Frame opening unsatisfactory action
out or cracked
Marking illegible
Jaw teeth or friction
material worn or distorted

Fig. 7
Vertical and Universal Plate Clamp Inspection Points

Sling of incorrect type,

size or method of
reeving resulting in
Suspension wrong geometry
eyes
distorted

Pins, bolts or other

Jaws worn fixing insecure
or distorted

Frame
opening out or Marking illegible

cracking Fig. 8
Horizontal Plate Clamp Inspection Points
 11. PLATE CLAMPS

11.3. INSPECTION: (cont.)

Friction Lifting Type

Remove from service if found any of the following
conditions:
• Wear, damage or distortion to fixed and moving jaws
• Frame opening out or cracked
• Insecure, worn or bent pins, bolts etc.
• Worn friction grip material
• Nicks, cracks, gouges
• Excessive corrosion
• Damaged, bent or unsatisfactory acting locking lever
• Improper action of locking lever
• Tight, bent, damaged clamping threads
• Blunted teeth in fixed, movable jaws – see
Manufacturer recommendations
• Worn out, bent pins

Horizontal Lifting Type

Remove from service if found any of the following
conditions:
• Distortion of frame
• Wear on gripping surfaces
• Nicks, cracks, gouges
• Excessive corrosion
• Blunted teeth in fixed, movable jaws – see
Manufacturer recommendations
• Worn out, bent pins
 11. PLATE CLAMPS

11.4. APPLICATION/RIGGING METHOD:

 Vertical plate Clamp (Universal Type)

 Locked open for easy placement and removal

Fig. 9

 Locked closed for lifting

Fig. 10


Horizontal
Type

 Plate Clamp in pairs

Fig. 11 Fig. 12
 12. HOOKS

EYE SLING HOOK CLEVIS SLING HOOK PIPE HOOK

WITH LATCH

12.1. TYPE:
Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3

Not to be used for pipe lifting

12.2. IDENTIFICATION:

HOOK EYE
THROAT OPENING

NECK

SAFETY LATCH

SADDLE OR SEAT

Fig. 4
 12. HOOKS
12.3. INSPECTION:

 Check the hook for the following:

Check for wear and
deformation

Check for Signs of

Cracks “Opening
and Up”
Twisting

Check for Wear

and Cracks

Fig. 5
Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9

Remove hook from service if any of the

following conditions has been found:
 Throat opening higher than 15% original throat
 Lateral twist higher than 10 degrees
 Wear in eye and saddle higher than
8% of original thickness
 Cracks, nicks, scores, gall marks in body
 Misalignment of shank, excessive wear
 Thread damage or excessive wear
 Repair by welding Fig. 10 Fig. 11
 Excessive wear, damage to cross head pin
 Damaged or missing locking devices
 No free running of swivel. Bearing
damage, if applicable
 Cracks, defects in trunnion weld
joint, if applicable
 Loose bolts, nuts, pins
MODIFICATION NOT
ALLOWED
 Damaged or missing safety catches, if Fig. 12
applicable
 Lack of lubrication
 12. HOOKS

12.4. APPLICATION/RIGGING METHOD :

Correct Use of an Eye Hook:

Fig. 13
 When placing two slings on the hook, the sling angle
measured from the horizontal shall be equal to or greater
than 45. For sling angles less than 45, a master link, pear
link, bolt-type shackle, or screw pin shackle should be used
to attach the slings to the hook.
Note:
1. Forged swivels and swivel hooks with bronze bushings are to
be used for positioning prior to lifting a load. DO NOT rotate
under load.
2. DO NOT overcrowd the hook.
3. DO NOT swivel the hook while it is supporting a load.

Incorrect Use of an Eye Hook:


Side Load. Fig. 16

Fig.
1

Back Load.


Tip Load.
Fig. 1
 8
 13. EYEBOLTS
13.1. TYPE & IDENTIFICATION:

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3

COLLAR EYE DYNAMO EYE EYE BOLT WITH LINK
BOLT BOLT

13.2.
INSPECTION:

Remove eyebolt from service if any of the following

conditions has been found:
 Wear in eye and link, if any, higher than 8% diameter
 Nicks, cracks and gouges in shank and eye
 Nicks, cracks and gouges in shank to collar junction
 Distortion in any axis
 Thread damage or excessive wear
 Excessive corrosion
 Any type of repair
 Cleanliness of thread, underside of collar
 Illegible markings

13.3. APPLICATION/RIGGING B combine to give C.

METHOD:  Use a pair of shackles
instead.
 Lifting With Eye Bolts (see
fig. 4)
Never run a sling through a pair of eye
bolts as shown:
 The loads in this fitting result in an
effective load at a much more
severe angle.
 The load P to Q and the loads in A and
Fig. 4
 13. EYEBOLTS
13.3. APPLICATION/RIGGING METHOD: (cont.)

 Correct for shoulder Type Eye and

Ring Bolts providing loads are reduced to
account for angular loading.
 More than one eye bolt diameter of threads, only
(1) nut required. (see Fig. 5) Fig.5

 Tighten hexagonal nut securely against

load. (see Fig. 6)

 One eye bolt diameter of threads or less, use

two
(2) nuts. (see Fig. 7) Fig.6 Fig.7
Correct Correct

 Tighten hexagon head nut securely against

load. (see Fig. 8) Tap Depth: 2 x Diameter
2.5 x Diameter (Minimum)

 One eye bolt diameter or less. (see Fig. 9)

Fig.8
 After slings have been properly attached to the Correct

eye bolts, apply force slowly. Watch the load

carefully and be prepared to stop applying force if
the load starts buckling.
 Buckling may occur if the load is not stiff enough
to resist the compressive forces which result from
the angular loading. (see Fig. 10) Fig. 9
Wrong

Buckling
NOTE:
If used a dynamo eyebolt in pairs a lifting
beam must be used to ensure a vertical lift.
Fig.
10
Wrong
 13. EYEBOLTS

13.3. APPLICATION/RIGGING METHOD: (cont.)

 If the eye bolt protrudes so far through the load

that the nut cannot be tightened securely
against the load, use properly sized washers to
take up the excess space between the Nut and
the Load.
 Thickness of spacers must exceed this
distance between the bottom of the load and
the last thread of the eye bolt.
 Place washers or spacers between nut and
load so that when the nut is tightened
securely, the
shoulder is secured flush against the Thickness
Spacer Washer
load surface.
Fig.
11

ALWAYS:
 Store and handle eyebolts correctly.
 Inspect eyebolts before use and before placing into storage.
 Select the correct pattern eyebolt for the application.
 Ensure that the eyebolt and tapped hole threads are compatible and
strong enough for the load.
 Correctly align the plane of the eye using shims where necessary.
 Ensure that the collar is fully seated when hand tight.

NEVER:
 Use Tommy bars, grips or wrenches to tighten eyebolts.
 Use dynamo eyebolts for angular loading.
 Use a single eyebolt to lift a load that is free to rotate.
 Reeve slings through the eyes, links or shackles fitted to pairs of eyebolts.
 Force hooks or other fittings into the eye; they must fit freely.
 Shock load eyebolts.
 14. TURNBUCKLES
14.1. TYPES OF RIGGING SCREW:

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5

Hook to Hook Hook to Eye Type Eye to Eye Type Jaw to Eye Type Jaw to Jaw Type
Type

14.2. INSPECTION:
Check and Recommend for Replacement if Found
any one of the following:
Cracks and bends.
 Damage and bent rods
 Check thread damage and thread engaged to full length of threaded body.
 Deformation
 Severe Corrosion
14.3. APPLICATION/METHOD:
 Only rigging screws and turnbuckles that are marked with the
appropriate safe working load after proof loading shall be used for lifting
applications.
 Securing Turnbuckles – twisting of the turnbuckle might occur, use a lock
wire to prevent rotation of the turnbuckle. (see fig. 6)
 The use of locknuts or mousing is an effective method of
preventing turnbuckles from rotating.


Lock Wire Used

Fig. 6 Fig. 7
Correct
Incorrect
(No Lock Wire)
 15. LIFTING BEAM

15.1. APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS TO:

 Reduce headroom
 Provide multiple lift points
 Provide adjustable lifting centers
 Handle out of balance loads
 Remove or control inward or crushing forces
 Allow for special load attachments

15.2. ACCESSORIES AND ATTACHMENTS:

 Slings Fig 1
 Grabs Lifting
 Shackles Beam
 Hooks
 Etc.

15.3. THOROUGH EXAMINATION:

 Beam distorted
 Damaged or corroded
 Worn, loose or missing bolts
 Cracked welds
 Attachment points worn, damaged or
distorted, holes and eyes worn or
elongated Fig. 2
 Any other visible defects. Equalizer Beam

15.4. APPLICATION/METHOD:
 The weight of the beam, together with its
attachments, must be added to the weight of
the load when calculating that total load that
will be imposed on the crane hook.

 Use tag lines to control long loads.

Fig. 3
Rigid
Beam
 15. LIFTING BEAM

15.4. APPLICATION/METHOD: (cont.)

ALWAYS:
 Store and handle lifting beam correctly.
 Refer to the safe use instructions for slings and attachments used with
the beam.
 Include the self weight of the beam and attachments when calculating
the load imposed on the crane hook.
 Ensure the load will remain stable when lifted.
 Ensure that no one lifting point becomes overloaded by the slinging
or handling methods.
 Use tag lines to control long loads.

NEVER:
 Use lifting beams to handle Loads other than those for which they
are designed.
 Fit lifting beams to a hook other than those for which they are designed.
 Use damaged or distorted lifting beams and attachments.
 Unevenly load lifting beams.
 Allow lifting beams to foul any part of the crane or any other
obstructions in the area.
 16. BEAM CLAMP

16.1. TYPE:

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

Fig. 3 Fig. 4
FIXED BEAM CLAMP ADJUSTABLE BEAM CLAMP

16.2. IDENTIFICATION:

SHACKLE HOLE PIVOT PIN

FIXING BOLT IDENTIFICATION

MARKING

FRAME
FRAME

CLAMPING SCREW

Fig. 5 Fig. 6
FIXED BEAM CLAMP ADJUSTABLE BEAM CLAMP
 16. BEAM CLAMP
16.3. INSPECTION:
 Check identification/location and SWL is clearly marked.
Then compare these markings against the current certificate.
 Check all moving parts against seizure, e.g. pivots, pins and load bar.
Where swivel jaws are fitted, ensure that they are free to
rotate.
 Check operation of unit and alignment of frame.
 Check bar handle is not dangerous to the operator’s hand.
 Examine stress points for cracks, distortion, nicks,
gouging and corrosion.
 Examine load bearing parts for signs of wear. Maximum
permissible wear must not exceed 8% of bearing cross-section.
 Check the suspension points, shackle, pivot/pins, bolts &
nuts, threads, load bar, jaws/grips and surfaces.
 Check the beam size.

16.4. APPLICATION:

ALWAYS:
 Store and handle beam clamps correctly.
 Inspect beam clamps and accessories before use and before placing
into storage.
 Ensure the supporting structure is adequate for the full load that will
be imposed and suitable for the application.
 Check the clamp is of the correct profile and size, or correctly adjusted,
for the beam width and that it seats correctly on the beam flange.
 Ensure the beam clamp is strong enough for the full load that will
be imposed.
 Check that the clamp is directly over the center of gravity of the load.
 16. BEAM CLAMP

16.4. APPLICATION: (cont.)

NEVER:
 Use beam clamps which are unidentified or uncertified for
lifting applications.
 Replace bolts, shackles etc without consulting the supplier.
 Throw or drop beam clamps
 Use beam clamps on damaged or distorted beams.
 Force or wedge hooks of lifting appliances into the attachment eye
or lifting (e.g. Shackle)
 Obliquely load beam clamps without the authority of the supplier.

STORING AND HANDLING BEAM CLAMPS:

 Never return damaged beam clamps to storage. They should be dry,
clean and protected from corrosion. Where necessary fasteners
should be reassembled immediately after removal from the beam.
 17. LIFTING APPLIANCE
17.1. HAND-OPERATED CHAIN BLOCK

17.1.1. TYPES:

Fig. 1 Fig. 2
HEAVY DUTY STANDARD DUTY

17.1.2. IDENTIFICATION:

TOP HOOK WITH

SAFETY CATCH

MAIN FRAME

LOAD CHAIN

HAND CHAIN

HOOK, TERMINAL &

FITTING

Fig. 3
 17. LIFTING APPLIANCE
17.1. HAND-OPERATED CHAIN BLOCK (cont.)
17.1.3. INSPECTION:

 Keep the chain block clean and regularly lubricate

the load chain and both hook shanks.
 Carry out a visual inspection every time the chain SPROCKET
DAMAGED
block is used and listen for any unusual sounds
during operation.
 Depending upon the frequency of use and local
conditions the load chain will eventually show signs of
wear, at which point it should be replaced.
 Overloading or incorrect hooking may distort the hook
Fig. 4
and increase the hook opening. If this occurs replace the
hook immediately.
 The components shall be free from deformation,
cracks, flaws or other defects and there shall be no SAFETY LATCH
loosening of connections. DAMAGED
 When the hand chain is released at any point
during raising and lowering, the brake shall hold the
weight
of the load
 The block shall be free from deformation, cracks,
flaws or other defects, there shall be no loosening of
Fig. 5
connections and the block shall operate satisfactorily.
 On removal of the restraining pin, the
brake shall immediately engage and prevent the
load from descending.
SAFETY LATCH
MISSING
WARNING!
The chain block should be disassembled, cleaned,
inspected, reassembled and tested by an Authorized
Service Agent annually, or more frequently if used
outside, exposed to the weather.
The load chain and the hooks are manufactured from NO NAME
special alloy steels and precisely heat treated. DO PLATE DETAILS

NOT weld or re-heat treat.

Fig. 6
 17. LIFTING APPLIANCE
17.1. HAND-OPERATED CHAIN BLOCK (cont.)
17.1.4. APPLICATION/METHOD:

 Hand Chain Blocks – are available in range capacity and with

various types of suspension. Select the block to be used and plan the
lift taking the following into account:
 Type of suspension – hook, trolley etc.
 Capacity, class of use and range of lift.
 Chain blocks are designed for vertical lifting only.

ALWAYS:
 Store and handle chain blocks correctly.
 Inspect chain blocks and accessories before use and before placing
into storage.
 For top hook suspension, use hooks that are fitted with safety catches,
or mouse the hook, ensuring the support fits freely into the seat of the
hook.
 For trolley suspension ensure the trolley is correctly set for the
beam width.
 Check that the bottom hook will reach its lowest point without running
the chain fully out.
 Adopt safe slinging practices and follow the instructions for the safe use
of the equipment used.

NEVER:
 Expose chain blocks to chemicals, particularly acids, without consulting
the manufacturer.
 Replace the load chain with a longer one without consulting
the manufacturer.
 Use undue effort to force the block to operate.
 Throw, drop or drag a chain block.
 Allow oil or grease to come into contact with the brake.
 Expose a chain block directly to the elements, water spray, steam
etc without consulting the manufacturer.
 17. LIFTING APPLIANCE
17.1. HAND-OPERATED CHAIN BLOCK (cont.)

17.1.5. SAFETY INSTRUCTION:

ENSURE
 That the chain block is in sound condition and good working order. Take action for
immediate repair or replacement of damaged parts.
 The support for the chain block is capable of withstanding a load of at least 1½ times the
chain block safe working load.
 All non-essential persons keep a safe distance whilst the chain block is in use.
 Load slings are fully engaged in load hook and that hook safety latch is in the closed
position.

KEEP
 The chain block clean for the best and safest performance.
 Work area clean and tidy and free from unrelated materials.

LOCATE the chain block in a suitable, well lit work area.

RAISE AND LOWER in a smooth, controlled manner and DO NOT shock load the chain block
by allowing the attached load to fall freely, even for very short distances.

CHECK the brake operation by stopping when the load has been raised a short distance
(100mm) and ensuring that it is held with no downward creep.

USE a qualified person to lubricate and maintain the chain block.

STORE chain block in a dry, cool area when not in use.

DO NOT
 Operate the chain block if damaged.
 Allow untrained persons to operate the chain block.
 Exceed the rated capacity (safe working load) of the chain block.
 Raise or lower the load with jerky or abrupt movements of the hand chain.
 Attempt to lift a load if the load chain is kinked or knotted.
 Try to raise a load with two, or more, chain blocks - use a single block of adequate capacity.
 Use the chain block to drag the load across the floor. Always position the load directly
below the block.
 Wrap the load chain around the load - always us separate, suitable, slings/chains/ropes of
the correct capacity.
 Allow anyone to stand or pass beneath the raised load.
 Use the chain block for purposes other than that for which it is intended.


DANGER! Use the chain block for lifting only, NOT for supporting the lifted load.
 17. LIFTING APPLIANCE
17.1.6. INSPECTION:

Hand Chain
Check For:
 Cracks, distortion, wear or corrosion.
 Cracks, distortion, wear of hand chain wheel.
 Incorrect seating in hand chain wheel.
 Rusty chain.

Load chain:
Check For:
 Cracks, distortion, wear of blocks, wear, slackness of sheave wheel
 Incorrect seating in sprocket wheel.
 Damage to slack end or load end anchor
 Rusty chain
 Twisted chain in multiple fall
17.2. CHAIN LEVER HOIST
17.2.1. IDENTIFICATION:
Hook
Safety catch
Body Covers
Markings
Identification

Load Chain Lever or control

Slack end stop

Hook Safety catch

Fig. 7

HOOKS, TERMINAL FITTINGS

Check for:
 Cracks, distortion or wear of blocks. Wear, slackness of
sheave wheel
 17. LIFTING APPLIANCE

17.2.2. INSPECTION: (cont.)

 MAIN FRAME
Check For:
 Cracks, distortion or worn in body, gear covers or chain guides.
 Loose nuts, bolts, rivets, or pins. Thread damage or wear. Missing
locking devices.
 Corrosion, wear or damage to pawl, ratchet or spring.
 Cracks or uneven wear of pinions, gear wheels or bearings.
 Wear, damage to brakes, chain stripper.
 Improper electrical condition, if applicable.

 REPAIR:

Check For:
 Repair not in accordance with manufacturers recommendations.
 Replaced parts incorrectly assembled.
 Replaced parts not manufacturer certified.


OPERATIONAL TEST:

Check For:
 Undue effort, excessive noise or jumping of chains
during hoisting/lowering.
 Malfunction of pawl, operating spring and ratchet.
 Incorrect action of chain guides.
 Brake operation. Must be kept free of oil, grease etc.
 17. LIFTING APPLIANCE

17.2.3.

APPLICATION/METHOD:

ALWAYS:
 Store and handle lever hoist correctly.
 Inspect lever hoists and accessories before use and before
placing into storage.
 Ensure any support fits freely into the seat of the hook and does
not exert a side thrust on the point.
 Check the operation of the brake.
 Check that the bottom hook will reach its lowest point
without running the chain against the stop.
 Adopt safe slinging practices and follow the instructions for the
safe use of the equipment used.

NEVER:
 Expose lever hoists to chemicals, particularly acids,
without consulting the manufacturer.
 Replace the load chain with a longer one without consulting
the manufacturer.
 Extend the lever or use undue effort to force the lever hoists
to operate.
 Throw, drop or drag a lever hoist.
 Allow oil or grease to come into contact with the brake.
 Expose a lever hoist directly to the elements, water spray, steam
etc without consulting the manufacturer.
 17. LIFTING APPLIANCE
17.3. WIRE ROPE GRIP/PULL LIFTING
MACHINE
17.3.1. TYPE:

Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10

17.3.2. IDENTIFICATION:
Reversing lever
Forward lever Aluminum housing

Rope clamp
disengagement Identification
lever Marking

Safety catch
Overload
Hook
protection (Shear
Fig. 11 pin)

17.3. 3. APPLICATION/METHOD:

Rigging Arrangement
 Diverters
 Pulley Blocks
 Anchorage and suspension points
 Imposed loads
Storing and Handling
 Never return damaged grip/ pull machines, ropes etc. to storage.
 Grip/Pull machines should be dry, clean and protected from corrosion.
 Rope should be carefully coiled onto a suitable drum or frame for
storage, taking care to avoid any twists
 Store machines and ropes on a suitable rack, not on the floor where they
may be damaged.
 17. LIFTING APPLIANCE
17.3. WIRE ROPE GRIP/PULL LIFTING MACHINE
17.3.3. APPLICATION/METHOD: (cont.)

ALWAYS:

 Store and handle grip/pull machine correctly.

 Inspect the machine, rope and accessories before use and
before placing into storage.
 Ensure mounting and suspension points are secure and suitable for
the full loads that will be imposed.
 Ensure the machine is free to align correctly with the rope and the
rope is free of any obstructions.
 Use only the correct rope supplied for the machine.

NEVER:

 Use kinked, damaged ropes or ropes with broken wires.

 Extend or force operating levers.
 Operate raising and lowering levers at the same time.
 Use grip/pull machines if the rope is twisted or trapped.
 Use grip/pull machine for man-riding applications unless they
are specifically designed/adapted for that purpose.
 17. LIFTING APPLIANCE
17.4. FAMILIARIZATION OF CRANE OPERATION:
17.4.1. Basic Crane Configuration

AXIS OF
ROTATION

BOOM ANGLE

HORIZONTAL

OPERATING
RADIUS

Fig. 12
Onshore Crane (Rough Terrain)

BALANCE POINT
OR FULCRUM

WEIGHT OF:
BOOM BLOCK
ANGLE IN DEGREES SHACKLES AND SLINGS
LOAD

RADIUS IN FEET
OF ROTATION
Fig. 13
Offshore Crane (Pedestal)

17.4.2. Basic Crane Functions: Lifting, Booming & Swinging

BOOMING

LIFTING
SWINGING

Fig. 14
 17. LIFTING APPLIANCE

17.5. FAMILIARIZATION OF CRANE TYPES:

Boom angle, boom length and load radius are

The hook is known and the crane’s rated capacity is
directly above known.
the load’s C of G.

Rigging
is
correct.

Outrigger pads
are on solid
footing or
Load weight is known. blocking.

All wheels are clear of ground.

All outrigger beams are fully extended.

Crane is level.
(Partial extension permitted as per
manufacturer’s
Fig.
load chart)
15
17.5.1. Rough Terrain Crane

Fig. 17
17.5.2. Tower Crane
 17. LIFTING APPLIANCE

17.5. FAMILIARIZATION OF CRANE TYPES: (Cont.)

Boom angle, boom length and

load radius are known and the
crane’s rated capacity is known.
The hook is
directly above the
load’s Center of
Gravity.

Rigging is
correct.

Load
Crane is set up level
weight
on firm, stable
is
ground or blocking.
known.

Fig. 18
17.5.3. Crawler
Crane
BOOM POINT
EXTENSION (JIB)

LOAD BLOCK

BOOM
HEAD
PENDANT CABLES SECTION

WHIP LINE

LOAD LINE
BOOM
INTERMEDIATE
TRAVELING SECTION
MAST
BOOM
BACKSTOPS
HEADACHE BALL
GANTRY
BOOM BUTT
SECTION
COUNTER
WEIGHT PEDESTAL TURNTABLE CAB
Fig. 19
17.5.4. Offshore Crane
 18. LOAD

18.1. STANDARD SIGNS IDENTIFICATION

THIS SIDE UP AWAY

THIS SIDE UP
FROM
HEAT

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3

AWAY FROM CENTER

NO HOOKS
WATER OF
GRAVITY

Fig. 4
Fig. 6
Fig. 5

FRAGILE SLING HERE

SLING HERE HANDLE
WITH CARE

Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9

 18. LOAD

INSPECTION:
Legs for Twists
Slings
Check For:
Door Seals
 Data plate for standard of manufacture
 Certification date and make sure that
there is at least 1 month certification
remaining or to local regulation
 Capacity of the Cargo Carrying Units (CCU)
and ensure its not overloaded
 Structure and general condition of CCU
 Condition of door locks and seals Door
Locking Mechanical
 Heavier cargo is at the bottom
Damage
 Cargo is lashed down or wedged in place Certification
 Door safety nets are fitted where Fig. 10
possible 18.2.
CONTAINERS /
 Condition of slings and shackles CARGO BOXES
 Weight as manifested
Condition of
 Drainage holes are clear, In open top Condition of Tank Certification
units Frame
ENSURE
 Correct hazard labels are affixed if applicable
 Old hazard labels are removed
 Adequate packing between the items of
freight
 There are loose items on the roof of the CCU
MAKE sure there are no sharp items next to soft
skinned drums
Correct Hazard Gross
Labels Fitted Weight for
Valves are T
Locked Shut
Fig. 11

18.3. FUEL /
CHEMICAL
Overload
 18. LOAD
18.4. GAS CYLINDER RACK

18.4.1. INSPECTION:
Securing
 all Gas Cylinder racks should have a primary
and secondary method of securing the cylinders
for transit. (see Fig. 12)

Advisable
 To have an increased factor of safety.

18.5. MAN BASKETS

18.5.1. INSPECTION:
Fig. 12
18.5.2. PERSONNEL:
 In suspended baskets a distribution as symmetrical
as possible of the load should be achieved.
 Persons in suspended baskets should fasten their safety
harness onto the anchorages provided.
 The basket rated capacity should not be exceeded.
 Tools and material carried by personnel should be
secured, in particular against displacement, tipping,
and falling out.
 Occupants shall not stand on or work from the handrail
or side protection of the suspended basket or anything in
it.
 The basket shall be positioned on a firm surface
during access and egress.
 Any power cables or hoses provided to the basket
should be connected in such a way that they will not
interfere with the safe operation of the basket.
 Power cables or hoses shall not be used as guide ropes.
 When electric welding from the basket, special care shall
be taken to earth the basket in order to protect the crane
and/or its ropes from becoming conductors of electricity. Fig. 13

 All movements should proceed gently with low speeds.

 18. LOAD

18.6. COMMON LOADS:

18.6.1. Concrete and Muck Skips

Concrete and muck skips should not be lifted directly by
the crane hook. A single-leg sling (commonly known
as a
drop or skip chain) should be used, as moving a heavy
crane hook precisely into place can be difficult. (see
Fig. 14)

Fig. 14

18.6.2. Scaffold Tubes

When lifting bundles of tubes, bars or other loose
materials, whether banded or not, slings should be double
wrap choke hitch. SWL factor for slings used thus is 0.8 of
SWL. (see Fig.15)

Fig. 15

18.6.3. Palletized loads

An example of a frequently lifted load that requires
special equipment is a pallet of bricks, blocks etc
requiring crane forks with safety netting. Note that the
mesh size should be smaller than the smallest item to be
lifted. (see Fig. 16)

18.6.4. Beams Fig. 16

Use double wrapped slings when sling legs can slide

together. SWL factor for slings used thus is 0.8 of SWL.
(see Fig. 17)

Fig. 17
 18. LOAD

18.6.5. Stillages
Wrap slings round corner posts. Do not attempt to lift
double stacked stillages. Beware of overloading scaffold
boards if landing loaded stillages on a scaffold. SWL factor
for chain slings used thus is 0.8 of SWL. (see Fig. 18)

18.6.6. Rubbish Skips

Typical arrangement of special sling, with steel box sections Fig. 18
under skip, and steel tube spreaders to keep sling legs
vertical. Keyhole plates on skip lugs are for location
purposes, not for lifting. Skips with specially adapted lifting
points are acceptable providing thorough examination is
undertaken at 6 month intervals. Beware of rusted floors,
they can fall out when the skip is lifted. (see Fig. 19)

18.6.7. Pipes
Fig. 19
 For short pipes, pass sling through pipe. SWL factor
for webbing slings used thus is 1.4. (see Fig. 20)

 For long pipes, use two slings in choke hitch, double

wrapping if slings are likely to slide together. Provided
that no angle exceeds 90˚at Included angle, then use the
SWL for one sling for the SWL of this arrangement. (see
Fig. 21)
Fig. 20

 Note that a shackle is required to connect the slings at

the
Fig. 21
 18. LOAD

18.6.8. Mesh
Pass each hook of a four-legged chain through the
mesh and return to form a choke hitch. Lifting
points to be positioned evenly to prevent undue
bending on the mesh bundle. Tighten bite as
necessary. (see Fig. 22)

18.6.9. Prefabricated Rebar Assemblies

Fig. 22
These assemblies rely on tying wire to hold them
together. Attachment points MUST be agreed
(formally) with your Appointed Person and
Temporary Works Coordinator.

18.6.10. ISO Containers and Portable Offices

 Special lifting gear must be used to lift
containers. This gear will be fitted with ISO Twist
locks which are designed to fit the sockets in the
corners of the
container. Never use any type of hook, shackle
or other device fitted directly into these sockets.
(see Fig. 23)
 Refer to the portable office manufacturers
literature for maximum weight (office and Fig. 23
contents), and for minimum sling leg CONTAINER
length.
Consider carefully for both offices and
containers, secure jack legs. (see Fig. 24)

 To prevent them falling out check for:

• Weight of contents
• Loose items that may slide during lifting
• Condition of floor of containers
• Access to attach and detach slings
Fig. 24
PORTABLE OFFICE
 18. LOAD

18.7. CENTRE OF GRAVITY AND SLING LOADING:

Centre of Gravity – is a point which, if the load could
be suspended from it, the load would be in perfect
balance.
The crane hook needs to be directly over the
centre of gravity, for the load to be stable.

 Fig.25 - This load is not stable. The hook is over

the centre of gravity, but the centre of gravity is
above the crane hook. This hook is top-heavy, and
could overturn while being craned. Fig. 25

 Fig.26 & 27 - This load is not stable. The hook is not

over the load’s centre of gravity. Lifting a load with the
centre of gravity offset will cause the load to shift until a
balance is restored. The load will shift until the centre of Fig. 26
gravity is under the hook. this will make landing the load
very difficult, and could cause major problems in crainage.

 Fig. 28 – Start like this… Fig. 27

 The hook is over the centre of gravity.

Fig. 28
 19. TABLE/CHART

19.1. SHACKLE ANGULAR LOADING CAPACITY:

Side Loading Reduction and Strength Efficiency Values (For Screw Pin and Bolt-Type
Shackles Only)

NOTE: Do not side load round pin shackles.

Fig. 1
 19. TABLE/CHART

19.2. CONVERSION TABLE:

 19. TABLE/CHART

19.3. FORMULA-VOLUMES OF COMMON SHAPES:

PYRAMID V=¼ L x B x H SOLID CYLINDER V=  x r² x L

L
H

L B r

Fig. 3 Fig. 4

RECTANGULAR SOLID V=L x B x H THIN WALLED PIPE V=  x d x L x t

L t
B
d
Fig. 5 Fig. 6

SPHERE V= 4 x r³ THICK WALLED PIPE V= (r1² - r2²) x L

3
L

r r1
Where:
r1 (outer radius) r2

r2 (inner radius)
Fig. 7 Fig. 8
 19. TABLE/CHART

19.4. APPROXIMATE DENSITY OF COMMON MATERIALS:

(All Weights in metric Tonnes)

Materials Density kg/m³ Density lbs/ft³

Acetylene 1170 73

Aluminum 2725 170

Argon 1780 111

Brass 8350 520

Concrete 2250 140

Copper 8820 550

Iron 7690 480

Lead 11350 708

Oil 810 50

Paper 1130 70

Propane 2010 125

Rubber (Raw) 950 59

Sand (Dry) 1500 94

Sandstone 2500 156

Steel 7850 490

Water 1025 64

Wood (Average) 800 50

 20. CALCULATION

20.1. EXAMPLES OF CALCULATING SLING LOADING:

SLING 1 SLING 2 SLING 1 SLING 2

10,000 kg 10,000 kg

D1=5m D2=5m D1=8m D2=2m

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

SLING 2 : 10,000 x 8 / (8+2) = 8,000 kg

SLING 1 : 10,000 x 2 / (8+2) = 2,000 KG

Steps:
1. Determine the Horizontal
sling angles. (45)

2. Select corresponding
Load Angle Factor.
(1.414)

3. Multiply Load Weight by Load 2000 kg

Angle Factor to get total load Fig. 3

on ling legs. (2000 kg x 1.414

= Note:
2828 kg) (Fig.3)
• When sling angles are between those
4. Divide total load by the listed in chart, use the next lower sling
angle and corresponding load angle
number of sling legs. (2828 kg
factor.
÷ 2 = 1414 kg per sling leg)
• When using 3 or 4 sling legs equal in
Select slings from the single length, divide the total load by 2.
5. vertical leg column within the • When the load is not distributed
sling capacity table. uniformly (equally) on sling legs, the
tension on each leg must be
calculated individually.
 20. CALCULATION

20.2. EXAMPLES OF CALCULATING SLING LOADING:

Select slings to pick up the load shown below.

Sling 2

60º

10,000 kg
H

8m 2m
COG
STEPS:
• Assume the position of hook directly over the center of gravity of load
• Consider an optimal angle of 60to the horizontal of load
• Since the angle is 60, the height of the hook is now fixed as is the sling length.
Because the angle is 60
• Sling 1 length at 60° = Base/cosine 60º= 8m/0.5 = 16m
• Knowing the L/H = 1.2 for 60 sling angle, the height of the hook is
L/H = 1.2
H = 16/1.2
H = 13.3 m
• Additionally, knowing that L/H = 1.2 for 60 sling angle, the load on sling
1 Force acting on sling 1 is 2000kg, Refer page no: 83, fig 2
• Sling 1’s SWL (minimum) calculation:
Sling 1 = 1.2 x Force A or 1.2 x 2,000 kg = 2,400 kg.
• Sling 2’s length can now be calculated to an exact number
• Length of sling 2 =  (13.3)2 + (2)2 = 13.44 m
• Sling 2’s SWL (minimum) calculation:
• Force acting on sling 2 is 8000kg, Refer page no: 83, fig 2
L/H = 13.44/13.3 = 1.01
Sling 2 = 1.01 x 8,000 kg = 8,084 kg
• Using wire rope slings, 6 x 19 class rope
• With a ferrule secured wire rope slings , Use velosi Rigging chart no:12.1.1
 20. CALCULATION
20.3. SLING ANGLES:
 21. GLOSSARY

No. PICTURE DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION STANDARD/

REFERENCE
1 Steel Wire Rope Assembly of one or more BS EN 13414- 1
Slings and their steel wire rope legs or an other ASME
components endless sling for B30.9
attaching loads to the
hook of a crane on other
lifting machine

2 Chain Slings and Assembly of one or more BS EN 818-

their components chains for attaching 4,5,6 other
loads to the hooks of a ASME B30.9,
crane or other lifting ISO 7593
machine

3 Textile Slings and Assembly of one or more BS EN 1492- 1

their components sewn webbing and 2 other
components for attaching ASME B30.9
loads to the hook of a
crane or other lifting
FLAT WEBBING SLING machine.

ROUND WEBBING SLING

4 Shackles (Dee & Bow Suitable for use with the BS 3551 other
type shackle) eyes and bodies of US-FED.
hooks, eyebolts, egg SPEC- RR-C-
links, wire rope thimbles, 271D
and for the head fittings
of blocks, etc.

DEE BOW
SHACKLE SHACKLE
 21. GLOSSARY

No. STANDARD/
PICTURE DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION
REFERENCE
5 Clamps (Vertical, Plate clamps are used BS 13155 other
Horizontal lifting & to lift and transfer metal LOLER, ASME
Locking Screw plates during rigging B30.20
types) applications.
VERTICAL LIFTING HORIZONTAL LIFTING Horizontal
LOCKING NON-LOCKING Clamps- lift of non-
sagging plates or
bundles.
Vertical Clamps-
LOCKING SCREW are used for turning,
lifting, or moving of
sheets, plates or
6 fabrications.
Hook (Eye Sling, “C” BS EN 1677-1,
Hook, Sorting & Pipe Is a device for lifting 2, 3, 5 other
Hook types) loads by means of a ASME B30.10,
device such as a hoist ISO 7597, ISO
or crane.
EYE SLING HOOK “C” HOOK 8539

PIPE HOOK SORTING HOOK

7 Lifting Beams A crosspiece for spacing LOLER / QP

(Spreader & the chains or cables REG. REV.03
Equalizer Beam hanging from the hook
types) and their of a crane.
components
Lifting Beam

Equalizer Beam

8 Hand-Operated A device for lifting and BS EN 13157:

Chain Block and lowering a load 2004
their components suspended from one
chain (the load chain)
by means of human
effort applied to another
chain (the hand chain)
and for holding the load.
 21. GLOSSARY

No. STANDARD/
PICTURE DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION
REFERENCE
9 Chain Lever A portable tool BS EN 13157
Hoist and their reeved with a load other ASME
components. chain, and B30.21
operated by a lever
so as to give a
mechanical
advantage.

10 Wire rope grip/pull A diverters, pulley BS EN 13157

lifting machine
blocks- anchorage
(Tirfor)
and suspension points
– imposed loads.

11 Turnbuckles with Rigging screw- a tubular BS 4429:

different types body internally threaded 1987
at each end, with one
right-hand & one left-
hand thread.
Turnbuckles- an open
body consisting of reins,
with bosses at each end
& internally threaded at
each end, with one
right-hand & one left-
hand thread.
12 Beam Clamps with BS 13155 other
two types Fixed & LOLER, ASME
Adjustable.
B30.20

FIXED CLAMP
ADJUSTABLE
CLAMP
 Lifting Plan

Lift Description:

Lift Supervisor:

Lift Date:

Lift Criteria Notes/Comments

1. What item(s) will be lifted?
2. Are there any special precautions (such as mats for mobile cranes)?
3. What is the weight of each item and total weight of the load? (For mobile cranes, see the
manufacturer's instructions about components and attachments that must be considered as part of
the load.)
4. Where is the center of gravity located? Note: The center of gravity of an object is that point at
which the object will balance. A stable load is one in which the center of gravity of the load is
directly below the main hook and below the lowest point of attachment of the slings.
5. List each piece of equipment, accessory, and rigging component, by type and rated capacity,
that will be used during the lift.
a. Crane
b. Hoist
c. Fork Truck
d. Slings (identify the configuration used: choker, basket, or vertical, and angle (see Figure 1
below))
e. Shackles
f. Eye Bolts/Swivel Eyes
g. Turnbuckles
h. Spreader Bars
i. Hook (Type and WLL)
j. Other (Special Lifting Fixture, Below the Hook Lifting Devices, Multi Leg Bridle, etc)
6. Are there designated checkpoints or hold points?
7. If yes, list them and their estimated instrument readings, as relevant, so that job progress can be
checked against the plan.
8. How will you rig the load?
9. Will tag lines be needed to control the load?
10. What personnel will you need to assist with the lift?
a. Crane operator
b. Riggers
c. Spotters
d. Tag Line Handlers
e. Fork truck driver
f. Other
11. Safety equipment (hard hats, safety shoes, gloves)
12. Mobile Crane location
a. Will crane be set up on concrete? If yes, can concrete support the weight of the crane and the
load?
b. Will crane be set up on asphalt? If yes, will cribbing be needed (for asphalt temp > 90° F)?
c. Will crane be set up on gravel or rough ground? If yes, cribbing will be required.
13. Are any of the structures listed below located in the area of the crane set up? If yes, indicate
their location on the Load Path Sketch.
a. Manholes
b. Underground voids
c. Pipe chases
d. Overhead obstructions or power lines
14. Additional information

The chart in the middle offers a handy guide for assessing the effective angle of the sling to the relative weight. It
is always better to limit the angle of the sling. Further, such changes in sling angle must be accounted for in
lifts that are close to the sling weight limit and/or for critical lifts (greater than 90% of the crane limit).

Rigging Sketch
Identify the following on your sketch:
a. Lift point identification
b. Method(s) of attachment
c. Load angle factors (e.g., vertical and horizontal vectors of sling loads)
d. Sling angles
e. Accessories used
f. Other factors affecting the equipment capacity
g. Rated capacity of equipment in the configuration(s) in which it will be used. (For mobile cranes, many
factors affect rated capacity, including boom length, boom angle, and work area.)

Load Path Sketch

A load-path sketch shows the load path and height at key points in the job. For lifts with mobile cranes,
include the crane position(s) relative to the load and relative to surrounding obstructions. Where appropriate,
include floor or soil-loading diagrams. Indicate lifting and travel speed limitations if applicable.
 Lifting Equipment and the Law

The Detail Of The Legislation

THE ACTS & REGULATIONS IN DETAIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

• The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998

• The Management of Health and Safety at Work Reg’s 1999
• The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998
• The Supply of Machinery (Safety) (Amendment) Regulations 1994
• The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974
 2/13

Where Does the Law Come From?

There are currently five pieces of legislation which affect people whose work brings them into contact with lifting equipment. These Acts and
Regulations are -

• The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998

• The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999
• The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998
• The Supply of Machinery (Safety) (Amendments) Regulations 1994 and the
EC Machinery Directive 98/37/EC.
• The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974

Who has responsibilities?

More or less everyone who has any contact or dealing with lifting equipment.
Specific responsibilities are given to -

• The employer of a person who uses lifting equipment at work. All responsibilities ascribed to an employer apply to any person who has
control over or supervises the use of lifting equipment.
• The self-employed who uses lifting equipment.
• The equipment user.
• The equipment examiner.
• The designer, supplier and manufacturer of lifting equipment.

What particular responsibilities do these people have?

The employer must -

Under LOLER Reg.4 Ensure that lifting equipment used in his workplace is of adequate strength and stability for each load.
Under LOLER Reg.5 Make special provisions for lifting equipment that carries people.
Under LOLER Reg.6 Ensure that lifting equipment is installed in such a way as to minimise the risk of a person being struck by
a load, and is otherwise safe.
Under LOLER Reg.7 Ensure that lifting equipment is marked with its Safe Working Load.
Under LOLER Reg.8 Ensure that every lifting operation involving lifting equipment is
(a)properly planned by a competent person;
(b)appropriately supervised; and
(c)carried out in a safe manner.
Under LOLER Reg.9 Have in his possession before the first use of any equipment -
(a) a Report of Thorough Examination of Lifting Equipment; or
(b) an EC Declaration of Conformity if the equipment has not been used
before. Under LOLER Reg.9 (a) Examine “below the hook” items every 6 months.
(b) Examine “above the hook” items every 12 months.
(c) Examine more frequently if circumstances require.
(d) Routine inspect between examinations, where safety requires.
Under LOLER Reg.10 Ensure that equipment is not used until a notified defect is rectified.
Under LOLER Reg.11 Keep the following documents -
(a) EC Declaration of Conformity as long as he keeps the equipment
(b) Report of Thorough Examination for “below the hook” items when examined before first use, for
2 years.
(c) Report of Thorough Examination for “above the hook” items when examined before first use,
as long as he keeps the equipment.
(d) Report of Thorough Examination for all periodic examinations, for 2 years.
 3/13

What particular responsibilities do these people have? cont...

Under MHSWR
Reg.13 Ensure that his employees are provided with adequate training on
their being exposed to new or increased risks because of the introduction of new work equipment or a
change of work equipment already in use.
Under PUWER Reg.4 Ensure that work equipment is maintained in an efficient state, in efficient working order and in good repair.
Under PUWER Reg.9 Ensure that all employees who use, or supervise or manage the use of work equipment, have
received adequate training in safety, methods, risks and precautions.
Under HSWA s.2 (a) Provide a safe place of work.
(b) Provide safe handling systems.
(c) Maintain equipment at work.
(d) Provide adequate training.

The self-employed have the same responsibilities as the employer above.

The equipment user must -

Under HSWA s.7 Take care of himself and others whom his acts or omissions at work might affect.

The examiner must -

Under LOLER Reg.10 (a) Immediately notify the employer of any defect he finds.
(b) Give to the employer a written “Report of Thorough Examination of Lifting Equipment”.
(c) Notify the Health & Safety Executive of any imminent risk of serious personal injury.

The designer, supplier and manufacturer must -

Under HSWA s.6 (a) Ensure that the equipment he designs and makes is
(b) safe. Ensure it is installed safely.
(c) Carry out necessary tests and examinations to ensure safety.
(d) Provide adequate “Safe Use” information.

Under SMR Reg 12 (a) Issue an EC Declaration of Comformity

(b) Fix a CE mark to the equipment
(c) Ensure that his machinery complies with the essential health and safety requirements to offset the
particular hazards due to a lifting operation.
4/13
5/13
 6/13

.
 7/13

The Details of the Legislation

The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998
Referred to below as “LOLER”.
Came into force 5th December 1998.
A Regulation under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974.
Wording lifted direct from LOLER in Italics.

Definitions (LOLER Regulation 2)

• “accessory for lifting” means work equipment for attaching loads to machinery for lifting. It can be assumed that an “accessory for lifting”
is what used to be described as “lifting tackle” and includes slings, shackles, eyebolts, lifting beams and all “below the hook” items of lifting
equipment.

• “examination scheme” means a suitable scheme drawn up by a competent person for such thorough examinations of lifting equipment at
such intervals as may be appropriate for the purpose described in LOLER.

The definition of a “competent person” is conspicuous by its absence.

• “the Executive” means the Health and Safety Executive.

• “lifting equipment” means work equipment for lifting or lowering loads and includes its attachments used for anchoring, fixing or
supporting it. This definition of lifting equipment goes beyond the pre-LOLER definition in that supporting stools, guys and other such
supports are included.

• “lifting operation” means an operation concerned with the lifting or lowering of a load.

• “load” includes a person.

• “thorough examination”
(a) means a thorough examination by a competent person;
(b) where it is appropriate to carry out testing for the purpose described in [LOLER], includes such
testing by a competent person as is appropriate for the purpose.

• “work equipment” means any machinery, appliance, apparatus, tool or installation

for use at work.

Application (LOLER Regulation 3)

(1) LOLER shall apply -

(a) in Great Britain...

(2) LOLER shall apply to an employer in respect of lifting equipment.....provided for use or used by an employee of his at work.

(3) LOLER shall also apply -

(a) to a self-employed person in respect of lifting equipment he uses at work.
(b) to a person who has control to any extent of -
(i) lifting equipment;
(ii) a person at work who uses or supervises or manages the use of lifting equipment; or
(iii) the way in which lifting equipment is used.

LOLER specifically excludes some, but not all, shipping operations.

 8/13

The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 cont...

Strength and stability (LOLER Regulation 4) -

Every employer shall ensure that

(a) lifting equipment is of adequate strength and stability for each load, having regard in particular to
the stress induced at its mounting or fixing point;
(b) every part of a load and anything attached to it and used in lifting it is of adequate strength.

Lifting equipment for lifting persons (LOLER Regulation 5)

(1) Every employer shall ensure that lifting equipment for lifting persons -
(a) is such as to prevent a person using it being crushed, trapped or struck or falling from the carrier;
(b) is such as to prevent as far as is reasonably practicable a person using it, while carrying out
activities from the carrier, being crushed, trapped or struck or falling from the carrier;
(c) has suitable devices to prevent the risk of a carrier falling;
(d) is such that a person trapped in any carrier is not thereby exposed to danger and can be freed.
(2) Every employer shall ensure that if the risk described in paragraph (1) (c) [above] cannot be prevented for reasons inherent in the site and
height differences -
(a) the carrier has an enhanced safety coefficient suspension rope or chain; and
(b) the rope or chain is inspected by a competent person every working day.

Positioning and installing (LOLER Regulation 6)

(1) Every employer shall ensure that lifting equipment is positioned or installed in such a way as to reduce to as low as is reasonably
practicable the risk -
(a) of the lifting equipment or load striking a person; or
(b) from a load -
(i) drifting;
(ii) falling freely; or
(iii) being released unintentionally; and is otherwise safe.
“and is otherwise safe” is a significant catch-all. Lifting installations must be safe!

(2) Every employer shall ensure that there are suitable devices to prevent a person from falling down a shaft or hoistway.

Marking of lifting equipment (LOLER Regulation 7)

Every employer shall ensure that

(a) machinery and accessories for lifting loads are clearly marked to indicate their safe working loads;
(b) where the safe working load of machinery for lifting loads depends on its configuration -
(i) the machinery is clearly marked to indicate its safe working load for each configuration; or
(ii) information which clearly indicates its safe working load for each configuration is kept with
the machinery;
(c) accessories for lifting are also marked in such a way that it is possible to identify the
characteristics for their safe use;
(d) lifting equipment which is designed for lifting persons is appropriately and clearly marked to this
effect; and
(e) lifting equipment which is not designed for lifting persons but which might be so used in error is
appropriately and clearly marked to the effect that it is not designed for lifting persons.
 9/1

The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 cont...

Organisation of lifting operations (LOLER Regulation 8)

(1) Every employer shall ensure that every lifting operation involving lifting equipment is
(d) properly planned by a competent person;
(e) appropriately supervised; and
(f) carried out in a safe manner.

This is a new concept to lifting equipment legislation. It is the “operation” not just the equipment that must be safe.

Thorough examination and inspection (LOLER Regulation 9)

(1) Every employer shall ensure that before lifting equipment is put into service for the first time by him it is thoroughly examined for any
defect unless either -
(a) the lifting equipment has not been used before; and
(b) the employer has an EC declaration of conformity made not more than 12 months before the
equipment is put into service.

(2) Every employer shall ensure that, where the safety of lifting equipment depends on the installation conditions, it is thoroughly examined
(a) after installation and before being put into service for the first time; and
(b) after assembly and before being put into service at a new site or a new location, to ensure that it
has been installed correctly and is safe to operate.

(3) Every employer shall ensure that lifting equipment which is exposed to conditions causing deterioration which is liable to result in
dangerous situations is
(a) thoroughly examined -
(i) in the case of lifting equipment for lifting persons or an accessory for lifting, at least every
6 months;
(ii) in the case of other lifting equipment, at least every 12 months; or
(iii) in either case, in accordance with an examination scheme; and
(iv) each time that exceptional circumstances which are liable to jeopardise the safety of the
lifting equipment have occurred; and

(b) if appropriate for the purpose, is inspected by a competent person at suitable intervals between
thorough examinations, to ensure that health and safety conditions are maintained and that any
deterioration can be detected and remedied in good time.

Reports and defects (LOLER Regulation 10)

(1) A person making a thorough examination for an employer under regulation 9 [of LOLER] shall-
(a) notify the employer forthwith of any defect in the lifting equipment which in his opinion is or
could become a danger to persons;
(b) as soon as is practicable make a report of the thorough examination in writing signed by him or
on his behalf. .and containing the information specified in Schedule 1 to -
(i) the employer; and
(ii) any person from whom the lifting equipment has been hired or leased;
(c) where there is in his opinion a defect in the lifting equipment involving an existing or imminent
risk of serious personal injury send a copy of the report as soon as is practicable to the relevant
enforcing authority.

(2) A person making an inspection for an employer under regulation 9 [of LOLER] shall -
(a) notify the employer forthwith of any defect in the lifting equipment which in his opinion is or
 10/13

The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 cont...

could become a danger to persons;
(b as soon as is practicable make a record of the inspection in writing.

(3) Every employer who has been notified [of a defect] shall ensure that lifting equipment is not used -
(a) before the defect is rectified; or
(b) after a time specified [in the defect report] and before the defect is rectified.

Keeping information (LOLER Regulation 11)

(1) an EC declaration of conformity [shall be kept by an employer] so long as he operates the lifting equipment.
(2) The employer shall ensure that the information contained in -
(a) every report of thorough examination is kept available for inspection -
(i) ...for a “prior to first use thorough examination of equipment” (i.e. under Regulation 9 (1))
lifting equipment other than an accessory for lifting (i.e. for “above the hook” equipment)
until he ceases to use the lifting equipment;
(ii) ...for a “prior to first use thorough examination of equipment” (i.e. under Regulation 9 (1))
an accessory for lifting, (i.e. for “below the hook” equipment) for two years after the report is
made.
(iii) ...for a “prior to first use thorough examination of installation” (i.e. under Regulation 9 (2))
until he ceases to use the lifting equipment it was installed or assembled.
(iv) ...for a “periodic examination of equipment” (i.e. under Regulation 9 (3)) until the next report
is made or the expiration of two years whichever is later.
(b) every [inspection record] is kept available until the next such record is made.

Repeal of provisions of the Factories Act 1961 (LOLER Regulation 15)

Sections 22,23 and 25 to 27 of the Factories Act 1961 (d) are repealed.

Information to be contained in a report of a thorough examination (Schedule 1)

1 The name and address of the employer for whom the thorough examination was made.
2 The address of the premises at which the thorough examination was made.
3 Particulars sufficient to identify the lifting equipment including where known its date of manufacture.
4 The date of the last thorough examination.
5 The safe working load of the lifting equipment or (where its safe working load depends on the configuration of the lifting equipment) its
safe working load for the last configuration in which it was thoroughly examined.
6 In relation to the first thorough examination of lifting equipment after installation or after assembly at a new site or in a new location -
(a) that it is such a thorough examination;
(b) (if such be the case) that it has been installed correctly and would be safe to operate.
7 In relation to a thorough examination of lifting equipment other than a thorough examination to which paragraph 6 relates -
(a) whether it is a thorough examination -
(i) within an interval of 6 months under regulation 9(3)(a)(i);
(ii) within an interval of 12 months under regulation 9(3)(a)(ii);
(iii) in accordance with an examination scheme under regulation 9(3)(a)(iii); or
(iv) after the occurrence of exceptional circumstances under regulation 9(3)(a)(iv);
(v) (if such be the case) that the lifting equipment would be safe to operate.
8 In relation to every thorough examination of lifting equipment -
(a) identification of any part found to have a defect which is or could become a danger to persons,
and a description of the defect;
(b) particulars or any repair, renewal or alteration required to remedy a defect found to be a danger to
persons;
 11/13

The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 cont...

(c) in the case of a defect which is not yet but could become a danger to persons -
(i) the time by which it could become such a danger;
(ii) particulars of any repair, renewal or alteration required to remedy it;
(d) the latest date by which the next thorough examination must be carried out;
(e) where the thorough examination included testing, particulars of any test;
(f) the date of thorough examination.
9. The name, address and qualifications of the person making the report; that he is
self-employed or, if employed, the name and address of his employer.
10 The name and address of a person signing or authenticating the report on behalf
of its author.
11. The date of the report.

The Management of Health and Safety at Work Reg’s 1999

Referred to below as “MHSWR”.
Came into force 29th December 1999.
A Regulation under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974.
Wording lifted direct from MHSWR in Italics

Capabilities and training (MHSWR Regulation 13)

(2) Every employer shall ensure that his employees are provided with adequate health and safety training -
(b) on their being exposed to new or increased risks because of -
(iii) the introduction of new work equipment or a change respecting work equipment already in
use within the employer’s undertaking.

The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998

Referred to below as “PUWER”.
Came into force 5th December 1998.
A Regulation under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974.
Wording lifted direct from PUWER in Italics

Interpretation (PUWER Regulation 2)

(1) ...”work equipment” means machinery, appliance, apparatus, tool or installation for use at work...

Application (PUWER Regulation 3)

(1) PUWER shall apply in Great Britain.

Suitability of work equipment (PUWER Regulation 4)

(1) Every employer shall ensure that work equipment is maintained in an efficient state, in efficient working order and in good repair.
 12/13

The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998

Training (PUWER Regulation 9)

(1) Every employer shall ensure that all persons who use work equipment have received adequate training for purposes of health and
safety, including training in the methods which may be adopted when using the work equipment, any risks which such use may entail
and precautions to be taken.

(2) Every employer shall ensure that any of his employees who supervises or manages the use of work equipment has received adequate
training for purposes of health and safety, including training in the methods which may be adopted when using the work equipment, any
risks which such use may entail and precautions to be taken.

The Supply of Machinery (Safety) (Amendment) Regulations 1994

Referred to below as “SMR”.
Came into force 1st January 1993.

Requirements for Supply of Relevant Machinery (Regulation 12)

The manufacturer (or original importer into the EC) of a lifting machine (the definition of machine includes all useable equipment,
e.g. shackles, chain slings) must

(a) Satisfy the relevant health and safety requirements detailed in the SMR (see below).
(b) Carry out an appropriate test and assessment procedures.
(c) Issue an EC Declaration of Conformity.
(d) Fix a CE mark.
(e) Ensure the machinery is in fact safe.

Essential Health and Safety Requirements to Offset the Particular Hazards Due to a Lifting Operation (Schedule 4)

The SMR places requirements on the designer and manufacturer of machinery. These requirements cover -

(a) Stability.
(b) Guide rails and rail tracks.
(c) Mechanical strength.
(d) Pulleys, drums, chains or ropes.
(e) Separate lifting accessories.
(f) Control of movements.
(g) Handling of loads.
(h) Control devices.
(i) Loading control.
(j) Risks to exposed persons.
(k) Fitness for purpose.
(l) Marking.
(m) Instruction handbook.

The requirements are detailed, but it is the responsibility of the Rossendale Group to ensure that they are complied with when it
manufactures and supplies or installs lifting equipment.

When the Rossendale Group supplies equipment manufactured by others, it is the responsibility of the manufacturer (or supplier) to ensure
compliance with the essential health and safety requirements.

Under SMR a ’machine’ is much more broadly defined than our traditional understanding. If it is a piece of lifting equipment capable of
being used on it’s own, it is a ‘machine’ under SMR. This would include a shackle or a sling.
The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974
Referred to below as “HSWA”.
Wording lifted direct from HSWA in Italics

General Duties of Employers to their Employees (HSWA Section 2)

(1) It shall be the duty of every employer to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work of all
his employees.
(2) ...the matters to which that duty extends in particular -
(a) the provision and maintenance of plant and
systems of work that are, so far as is reasonably
practicable, safe and without risks to health;
(b) arrangements for ensuring, so far as is reasonably
practicable, safety and absence of risks to health
in connection with the use, handling, storage
and transport of articles and substances;
(c) the provision of such information, instruction, training
and supervision as is necessary to ensure, so far as is
reasonably practicable, the health and safety at work
of his employees.
(d) so far as is reasonably practicable as regards any
place of work under the employer’s control, the
maintenance of it in a condition that is safe and
without risks to health...
(e) The provision and maintenance of a work
environment for his employees that is, so far as is
reasonably practicable, safe...

General Duties of Manufacturers (HSWA Section 6)

(1) It shall be the duty of any person who designs, manufactures, imports or supplies [lifting equipment] -
(a) to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the [equipment] is designed and
constructed as
to be safe and to be without risks to health when properly used;
(2) “When properly used” is a significant caveat.
(b) to carry out......such testing and examination as may be necessary [to ensure that
it is safe];
(c) to make available adequate information about the
use for which [the equipment] is designed.and
about
any conditions necessary to ensure that, when put to
that use, it will be safe and without risks to health.

(3) It shall be the duty of any person who erects or installs any article for use at work, so far as is
reasonably practicable, that nothing about the way in which it is erected or installed makes it
unsafe....when properly used.

General Duties of Employees at Work (HSWA Section 7)

It shall be the duty of every employee, while at work -

(a) to take reasonable care for the health and safety
of himself and of other persons who may be
affected by his acts or omissions at work.
American Institute of Steel Construction ASME B30.20, Below-The-Hook Lifting
Devices.
AISC Specifications for the design, fabrication,
and erection of structural steel for buildings. ASME B30.21, Manually Lever Operated
Hoists.
American Iron and Steel Institute
ASME B30.22, Articulating Boom Cranes.
AISI Standards for Type-302 or Type-304
stainless steel. ASME B30.23, Personnel Lifting Systems.
American National Standards Institute ASME B56.1, Safety Standard for Powered
and Industrial Trucks – Low Lift and High Lift
American Society of Mechanical
Trucks.
Engineers
ASME B56.5, Guided Industrial Vehicles.
ANSI A10.28, Work Platforms Suspended From
Cranes or Derricks.
ASME B56.6, Rough Terrain Fork Lift Trucks.
ANSI A10.18, Floor and Wall Openings,
ASME B56.7, Industrial Crane Trucks.
Railings and Toe Boards.
Special Notice 6-88.
ASME B30.2, Overhead and Gantry Cranes
ASME B56.11.4, Forks and Fork Carriers for
(Top-Running Bridge, Single or Multiple Girder,
Powered Industrial Fork Lift Trucks, Hook Type.
Top-Running Trolley Hoist).

ASME B30.5, Mobile and Locomotive Cranes. ASME PALD, Portable Automotive Lifting
Devices.
ASME B30.6, Derricks.
ANSI/ASTM Specification A391, Specification
for Alloy Steel Chain.
ASME B30.7, Base-Mounted Drum Hoists.
ANSI/ASTM Specification E-165, Standard
ASME B30.9, Slings.
Practice for Liquid Penetrant Inspection Method.
ASME B30.10, Hooks.
ANSI/ASTM Specification E-709, Standard
Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination.
ASME B30.11, Monorail Systems and
Underhung Cranes. ANSI/AWS D14.1, Specification for Welding of
Industrial and Mill Cranes and Other Material
ASME B30.12, Handling Loads Suspended from Handling Equipment.
Rotorcraft.
ASME HST-1M, Performance Standard
ASME B30.14, Side Boom Tractors. for Electric Chain Hoists.
ASME B30.16, Overhead Hoists (Underhung). ASME HST-2M, Performance Standard for
Hand Chain Manually Operated Chain Hoists.
ASME B30.17, Overhead and Gantry Cranes
(Top Running Bridge, Single Girder, Underhung ANSI/ASME HST-3M, Performance Standard
Hoist). for Manually Lever Operated Chain Hoists.

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ANSI/ASME HST-4M, Performance Standard
for Electric Wire Rope Hoists. Department of Labor
ANSI/ASME HST-5M, Performance Standard 29 CFR 1910, Occupational Safety and Health
for Air Chain Hoists. Standards for General Industry.
ANSI/ASME HST-6M, Performance Standard 29 CFR 1926, Occupational Safety and Health
for Air Wire Rope Hoists. Regulations for Construction.
ANSI MH 27.1, Specifications for Underhung Department of Transportation
Cranes and Monorail Systems.
49 CFR 391.41, physical Qualification for
ANSI N14.6, Standard for Special Lifting Drivers.
Devices for shipping Containers Weighing
10,000 Pounds (4500 kg) or More for Nuclear National Fire Protection Association
Materials.
ANSI/NFPA 505, Powered Industrial Trucks,
ASME NQA-1, Quality Assurance Program Type Designation and Areas of Use.
Requirements for Nuclear Facilities.
NFPA 70, National Electrical Code.
ASME Cranes for Nuclear Facilities:
Power Crane and Shovel Association
ASME NUM-1, Rules for Construction of
Cranes, Monorails, and Hoists (With Bridge PCSA-4, Mobile Power Crane and Excavator
or Trolley or Hoist of the Underhung Type). Standards and Hydraulic Crane Standards.
ASME NOG-1, Rule for Construction of Society of Automotive Engineers
Overhead and Gantry Cranes (Toprunning
Bridge, Multiple Girder). SAE J376-85, Load-Indicating Devices in
Lifting Crane Service.
American Society for Nondestructive
Testing Code.SAE J765, Crane Load Stability Test
Recommended Practice No. ASNT-TC-1A. SAE J874, Center of Gravity Test Code.
American Welding Society SAE J987, Crane Structure, Method of test.
ANSI/AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code – Underwriters’ Laboratories
Steel.
UL 558, Internal-Combustion-Engine-
Crane Manufacturers’ Association of Powered Industrial Trucks.
America
UL 583, Electric-Battery-Powered Industrial
CMAA No. 70, Specification for Electric Truck
Overhead Traveling Cranes.

CMAA No. 74, Specification for Top Running

and Under Running, Single Girder, Electric
Overhead Traveling Cranes.

Department of Energy

DOE 440.1A, Worker Protection Management

for Federal and Contractor Employees.

DOE 440.1-6, Suspect Counterfeit Items Guide.

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