OCEN 201
Introduction to Ocean &
Coastal Engineering
Basics of Naval Architecture
Jun Zhang
[email protected] • Ships by Configurations
• Surface displacement: Conventional ships
(single hull); Catamaran (double hull, large deck
area, small displacement, excellent stability).
• Near (above) Surface: Air cushion vehicles;
Hydrofoils and planning hull craft (small
displacement, high speed)
• Submerged: Submersibles; submarines;
Underwater habitats; Submerged buoys.
• Semi submersibles: Very deep, small water
plane
• Bottom supported: Temporary & Permanent
jack-up;
Tanker (with a bulbous bow)
Small Water-plane Area Twin-Hull (SWATH)
Ferry (Catamaran, or SWATH)
Container Ship
Container Ship
Cruise ship with a bulbous bow
Trimaran
Tri-maran Sailboat
View from the below
Hydrofoil Craft
Hover Craft
or Air Cushion
Craft
• Rules and Regulations
The rules and regulations are issued by organizations
which may be divided into three categories:
-Classification societies: have established standards
of construction by the production of rules which
have done much to ensure the safety of ships. (ABS,
DNV, BV)
-Governmental Authorities: concern for the safety
of ships and the well being of all who sail the ships
(behavior of the people). (Coast Guard)
-International Authorities, IMO (International
Maritime Organization)
Basic Topics of Naval Architecture
• Hull: Hydrostatic, hydrodynamic
performance (Resistance)*
• Structure: Strength of hull**
• Machinery and Propulsion: Main engine**
& propellers*
• Ship Control: (maneuvering, sea keeping)**
•Deck Machinery**
•Navigation: Sensors & Radar**
•Communications**
•Damage Control:**
•Rigging and Mooring:*
•Economic feasibility:**
** Not covered in detail
Basic Dimensions and Hull Form Characteristics
FP
AP
Shear
DWL
Lpp
LOA
LOA(length over all ) : Overall length of the vessel
DWL(design waterline) : Water line where the ship is designed to float
Stations : parallel planes from forward to aft, evenly spaced (like
bread).Normally an odd number to ensure an even number of blocks.
FP(forward perpendicular) : imaginary vertical line where the bow intersects
the DWL
AP(aft perpendicular) : imaginary vertical line located at either the rudder
stock or intersection of the stern with DWL
Basic Dimensions and Hull Form Characteristics
FP
AP
Shear
DWL
Lpp
LOA
Lpp (length between perpendicular) : horizontal distance from FP and AP
Amidships : the point midway between FP and AP ( ) Midships Station
Shear : longitudinal curvature given to deck
Sheer is the height measured between deck at side and base line.
A.P Forward Sheer
F.P.
After Sheer
W.L.
Amid Ship
Lbp
Lwl
Loa
Basic Dimensions and Hull Form Characteristics
Beam: B Camber
View of midship section
WL Freeboard
Depth: D
Draft: T
K
CL
Depth(D): vertical distance measured from keel to deck taken
at amidships and deck edge in case the ship is cambered on
the deck.
Draft(T) : vertical distance from keel to the water surface
Beam(B) : transverse distance across the each section
Breadth(B) : transverse distance measured amidships
Basic Dimensions and Hull Form Characteristics
Beam: B Camber
View of midship section
WL Freeboard
Depth: D
Draft: T
K
C
L
Freeboard : distance from depth to draft (reserve buoyancy)
Keel (K) : locate the bottom of the ship
Camber : transverse curvature given to deck . It is the rise of
the deck at the centerline. 2% of breadth
Breadth Extreme
Camber
w.l. Deck
Fonder
Breadth
Depth moulded
Moulded
Draft (d)
Centerline
Bilge radius
Rise of Floor Base Line (Top of
Flat of Keel Flate keel)
Mid Cross Section of a ship
• If W.L. is parallel to the baseline (keel line),
the ship is floating evenly.
• If not parallel, the ship has a trim.
Trim = da – df
Trim (in radians) = (da – df )/ L
Average draft = (da + df )/ 2
• Free board (f.b) is the distance measured
downwards from the deck to the W.L.
Usually f.b. is minimum at midship
• Minimum f.b is required by International
Law.
Basic Dimensions and Hull Form Characteristics
Flare Tumblehome
Flare : outward curvature of ship’s hull surface above the waterline
Tumble Home : opposite of flare
•Line Drawing:
Using the methods of descriptive geometry, the form of
a hull is drawn on a scale (1:50 or 1:200) drawing,
which is called “Lines Drawing,” or simply the “lines”
or “lines plan”. (See p34 Figure 3.4 Lines plan).
Lines drawing mainly consists of three plan views
•Sheer plane (Buttock plane, Buttock lines) : parallel to
the longitudinal central plane (2m, 4m, etc are the
distances from the center plane)
•Half-Breadth plane (Water plane, Waterline planes):
parallel to the base plane (2m, 4m, ….are the distance
form the base plane)
•Body Plan (Ordinate station, Transverse section,
0-10 bow stern (US), 10-0 (UK)): parallel to the
mid-section (# of stations indicated the distance from
the mid-section or bow).
•Diagonals (Bilge Diagonal)
• Fair form and fairness of line, checking the consistency
of point, smoothness of lines
•Table of Offsets
Line Drawing
• Hull characteristics (coeff.)
• Displacement and Weight Relationship
B (buoyancy) = W (weight). (conventional
ship)
– displacement volume B = Δ = γ
Appendage volume ≈ 1%
Hull characteristics (coefficients
(non-dimensional)
- Coefficient of Form ( Fatness of a hull)
Block Coefficient CB
where L= Lpp or Lbp and T = Draft
CB 0.38~0.90 even bigger
- Midship Section Coefficient
CM = immersed area of mishap section (A) / (BT)
0.67~0.98
-Prismatic or Longitudinal Coefficient: 0.55~0.80
-Waterplane Coefficient
-Displacement /Length Ratio
-Breadth /Length Ratio :
-Draft/Length Ratio
-Draft/Breadth Ratio
-These coefficients are related to the resistance and
stability of the ship and can be used to estimate
them empirically.
•Important Hydro-Static Curves or Relations
(see Fig. 6-3, pp148)
•Displacement Curves (displacement [molded, total]
vs. draft, weight [SW, FW] vs. draft (T))
• Coefficients Curves (CB , CM , CP , CWL, vs. T)
• VCB (KB, ZB): Vertical distance of Center of
Buoyancy (C.B) to the baseline vs. T
•LCB (LCF, XB): Longitudinal Distance of C.B or
floatation center (C.F) to the midship vs. T
• Stability
A floating body reaches to an equilibrium state, if
1) its weight = the buoyancy
2) the line of action of these two forces become collinear.
The equilibrium: stable, or unstable or neutrally stable.
• Stable equilibrium: if it is slightly displaced from its
equilibrium position and will return to that position.
• Unstable equilibrium: if it is slightly displaced form its
equilibrium position and tends to move farther away from this
position.
• Neutral equilibrium: if it is displaced slightly from this
position and will remain in the new position.
• Motion of a Ship:
6 degrees of freedom
- Surge
- Sway
- Heave
- Roll
- Pitch
- Yaw
Translation Rotation
Axis
x Longitudinal Surge Neutral S. Roll S. NS. US
y Transverse Sway Neutral S. Pitch S.
z Vertical Heave S. (for sub, N.S.) Yaw NS
Righting & Heeling Moments
A ship or a submarine is designed to float in the
upright position.
• Righting Moment: exists at any angle of
inclination where the forces of weight and buoyancy
act to move the ship toward the upright position.
• Heeling Moment: exists at any angle of inclination
where the forces of weight and buoyancy act to
move the ship away from the upright position.
