Basic design of ship
Dimensions
Cargo carrying capacity Length minimized (longitudinal bending stresses) Breadth (stability influence on speed) Depth (reduction longitudinal bending stresses area of operation)
Displacement
Lightweight (= as low as possible) + deadweight
Stability
Sufficient all possible conditions of loading Important: o Freeboard o Sheer o Weight distribution
Propulsive characteristics & hull form
Attain required speed Hull minimum resistance to motion Service speed = average speed at sea with normal service power and loading under average weather conditions (80 90 %) Trial speed = average speed obtained using maximum power over a measured course in calm weather with a clean hull (friction) and specified load condition
General arrangement
Co-operation with owner Efficient working of vessel
Structural details
Classification societys Owners requirements
Ship dimensions and forms
Ship dimensions
After perpendicular (AP) : perpendicular to waterline where aft side of rudder post meets summer load line Forward perpendicular (FP) : perpendicular to waterline where foreside of stem meets summer load line Mean perpendicular (MP) : perpendicular to waterline halfway between AP and FP Length between perpendiculars (LBP) : length between AP and FP measured along summer load line Amidships: point midway AP and FP Length Overall: length of vessel over all extremities Base line: horizontal line at top of keel plate (vertical moulded dimensions measured relative to this line) Moulded dimensions: inside of plating Moulded beam Moulded draft Moulded depth Extreme beam Extreme draft Extreme depth Half breadth Freeboard: vertical distance at ships side between summer load line and freeboard deck Sheer: curvature of decks in longitudinal direction Camber / round of beam: curvature of decks in transverse direction Rise of floor / deadrise: rise of bottom shell plating line above base line Half siding of keel: horizontal flat portion of bottom shell to port or starboard (useful when dry-docking Tumblehome: inward curvature of side shell above summer load line Flare: outward curvature of side shell above waterline Stem rake: inclination of stem line from vertical Keel rake: inclination of the keel line from the horizontal Tween deck height Parallel middle body: length over which midship section remains constant in area and shape Entrance: immersed body of vessel forward parallel middle body Run: immersed body aft parallel middle body
Coefficients
Water-plane coefficient (Cw) o Fullness of water plane o Low Cw => fine ends & high Cw => fuller ends o High Cw improves stability & handling behaviour in rough conditions Midship section coefficient (Cm) o Fullness of underbody o Low Cm => cut-away mid-section & high Cm => boxy shape section Block coefficient / coefficient of fineness (Cb) o High Cb => full forms o Low Cb => fine shapes Prismatic coefficient (Cp) o Evaluate distribution of volume of underbody o Low Cp => full mid-section and fine ends & high Cp => fuller ends
Line plans
Impression of vessel => clear image of exact geometrical shape Shape vary in height, length and breadth => transverse & 2 longitudinal plans perpendicular to one another Ordinates / stations o Vertical o Transverse direction o Usually 20 o Centre of rudder stock = ordinate 0 o Combination => frame plan Waterlines o Horizontal o Design water line = water line at level of immersion in full cargo o Baseline = waterline 0 o Combination => waterline model Verticals / buttock blocks o Vertical o Longitudinal direction o Combination => sheer plan Diagonals / sent-lines o Longitudinal direction o On longitudinal plan => curves o Most common diagonal = bilge diagonal
Mid-ship section
Shows transverse sections and principal dimensions, quality & thickness of shell plating, deck plating, all longitudinal stiffening, transverse frames and web frames, and important data of equipment
SEE BLACKBOARD
Shell expansion
Gives information about distribution of different plates of the shell and other details (hull openings) At each level and each frame number, quality and thickness can be seen Drawing: o Basis: centreline of bottom shell at actual length o Each frame is rectangular to baseline o Frame spacing at scale apart with length of total developed length (girth) from keel to rail (as if a rope drawn along the frame) o Also shows seams & landings and shell openings
Production of steel
Steel = alloy of iron and carbon Carbon percentage varies (0,1 % mild steels, 1,8 % hardened steels Open hearth process Uses waste heat by furnace Directing fumes through a brick checkerwork => heating bricks => same pathway for introduction of air into furnace => preheated air increases flame temperature Electric furnaces Horizontally placed carbon electrodes produce electric arc above container of metal Now: vertically positioned graphite electrodes In induction furnace: coil carrying alternating electric current surrounds a container / chamber of metal => currents induced in the metal => circulation of these currents produces extremely high temperatures for making alloys of exact composition Oxygen process Pure oxygen blown into molten blast furnace iron and scrap => oxygen initiates series of intensively exothermic reactions including oxidation of impurities Commercial advantages: o High production rates o Less labour o Steel with low nitrogen content Chemical additions o Several purposes Deoxidise metal Remove impurities Desired composition o Amount of deoxidising elements determines quality of steel
Testing of materials
