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IEEE 802.11
Hidden Terminal Problem
access
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Wireless Transmission Range
Wireless domain is accompanied with many
impairments that makes it hard to distinguish the
transmission range boundaries, sometimes to the point
where each node may not be able to communicate with
every other node in the wireless network.
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The Hidden Node (Terminal) Problem
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In the figure, node 2 can communicate with both nodes 1 and 3
(within the transmission ranges of both).
Nodes 1 and 3 cannot communicate directly since the radio waves
cannot reach the full distance from 1 to 3.
From the perspective of node 1, node 3 is a "hidden" node. Also,
from the perspective of node 3, node 1 is a "hidden" node. (when
both nodes are not also in the sensing range of each other).
transmission.
Thus, if node 3 also decided to transmit to node 2 while an on-
going transmission occurs from node 1 to node 2, a collision
occurs at node 2 without the knowledge of either node 1 or 3.
DCF is a basic access mechanism
The Hidden Node (Terminal) Solution
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IEEE 80211 Standardcreated Def access mechanism with Rts cis frameexchange
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to save
To prevent collisions, IEEE802.11 allows stations to
use Request to Send (RTS) and Clear to Send (CTS)
HTP signals to clear out an area.
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The Hidden Node (Terminal) Solution
The Hidden Node (Terminal) Solution
Node 1 has a frame to send; it initiates the process by sending an
RTS frame.
The RTS frame serves several purposes: in addition to reserving
the radio link for transmission, it silences any stations that hear it.
If the target station receives an RTS, it responds with a CTS.
Like the RTS frame, the CTS frame silences stations in the
immediate vicinity.
Once the RTS/CTS exchange is complete, node 1 can transmit its
frames without worry of interference from any hidden nodes. like
31
Hidden nodes beyond the range of the sending station are
silenced by the CTS from the receiver.
When the RTS/CTS clearing procedure is used, any frames must
be positively acknowledged.
The Hidden Node (Terminal) Solution
The multiframe RTS/CTS transmission procedure
consumes a fair amount of capacity, especially
I because of the additional latency incurred before
digEannel
transmission can commence.
contfuts
for
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Usually DCF access mechanism with CTS/RTS frame
exchange is used only in high-capacity environments
and environments with significant contention on
f
transmission. For lower-capacity environments, it is not
necessary.
happens
Collision Rts frames
bet not data
Network Allocation Vector
All stations receiving RTS or CTS will set their NAV for
the given duration. explained on prov slide
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