Nuclear

Physics
Einstein's Mass -

Energy Equation E =
me

• Mass and
energy
are two different manifestations of the same
thing .

During nuclear reactions , the element is converted to

of
mass
energy
•
.

The using
energy produced from mass can .be calculated
•

E me
speed of light
= →
.

d t

Energy mass

converted to
energy

Mass
Defect
The the is less
-

nucleus
mass

the
oftotal .

the
-01
-

than mass
mi
nucleons
separated .

nucleus Mz

The difference in mass between

nucleons
separated the nucleons
separated and
-

the
nucleons combined as a nucleus .
 mass / u

> Dm =
Mz -
Mi

mass
" defect
In = 1. 66 ✗ 10
kg
atomic mass unit
(
average
mass
of a
proton / neutron )

defect
M
mass Mp
= -
+ n
Nucleus

= 138.955 -

{ (57×1.007) + (82×1.009)
= 138.955 -
140.137 -

mass
defect = 1.182W
-

defect happens nuclear

• Mass in

mass
defect
=
18211.66×10-27
1.

1.96×10-27
fission nuclear
, fusion and
mass
defect
=

kg radioactive decay process as

energy is released in them .

loss
"
•
The
of mass is converted
1- mid
of La 6.02×10 particles 139g to energy .

mass
defect in Imd :
1.96×10-27×6.02 ✗ 10
"

= 0.00117992 or
1.18mg
Binding Energy E = mcz
The amount needed to '

of
AE Dmc
energy
=

the the d
separate nucleons
of
↳

till
infinity binding mass
nucleus
apart
-

energy defect
•

Binding energy basically binds

the nucleus
altogether
this
To break
.
continued example
(1.96×10-27113.0×108)
. . .

'

the nucleus ,
much amount DE =

"
must be
-

1.76×10
of energy given DE J
=
.

Binding energy per

nucleon

Energy needed
per
nucleon to binding emery =
binding energy
break the nucleus and nucleons
apart per nucleon no .

of
separate nucleons till
infinity .

continued
example
this value the about 1.76×10-10
gives idea
binding energy .

the stability nucleus More nucleon 139

of .

Ilahle
per
binding
"
nucleon 1.27×10 J
-

more
energy per ,
. =
The
greater The
binding energy per nucleon the stable the nucleus
-

more
-

. .

the
<
fission •
Iron has
greasiest binding
gig
>
nucleon hence its
energy per
÷ . . . -
most stable .

•
All elements having proton
number less Than Iron prefer
fusion
stable
as

than
the
product
reactants .
is more

• All elements having proton

number
greater Than Iron prefer
fission as the
product is more

151 able than reactants .

A reaction is only feasible if the binding energy per nucleon of products is more than the binding energy
per nucleon of reactants!
The mass of product will be less than the mass of the reactants when a reaction is feasible.
Practice Questions
• MJ 12013/1741
1- U → 930 MeV 1er -
1.6×10-19 J
*
1.494×10 "
-

x -

J
'

E = ma
'

( 1.66×10-27113.0×104
'°
1.494×10
-

=
n =

"
E 1.494×10 J
-

=
1.6×10-19
a = 933 MeV = 930 MeV
( 3 ) (2 S.f. )
S.f.

Conservation during nuclear reaction

1 .
No .

of protons Doriot write just mass conserved

2 No of nucleons or conserved as mass is
energy
.
.

neutrons converted to
of
3 Number
energy
. .

4 Mass conserved
Energy
-
.

5 .
Momentum conserved Nuclear Reactions
o
Radioactive decay
. Fission
• Fusion
MJ
12014/1241/0.10
RADIOACTIVITY
•
The
phenomenon of the emission
of radioactive radiations
from
the atom
of
nucleus an .

Types of
radiations
Beta
°

Alpha particles
.

particles
•

Gamma rays
* Helium nucleus *
fast moving electrons *
High frequency
*
2p & 2h A
charge t: -

electromagnetic
radiations
*
Charge : +2
Neutral
*
rays .

Activity CA )
The rate radioactive radiations emitted The
of - r
-
-
from nucleus
of atom .

O DN
-

A- C
-

IN A "
.
= = -

L
-
'

initial
of No Dt
final of
Dt
'

Dt
-

no . no .

radioactive time
for radioactive
nuclei in No to drop nuclei in SI Unit :

Bacqurel ( Bg )
to neutralize
sample to N .

sample
-
ve sign
DN
re
of
-

.
 Count rate ( R )
the radioactive radiations detected per unit time
of
no .
.

:-. .

count meta
'

,
,
,
? I
-

% GM tube
\
,

Count rate
of a
sample is
different from its activity
emitted detected
Reason # 1 : Not all the radioactive radiations are

the
by G- M tube .

counts the
Reason # 2 :
GM
the
-

tube also
background radiations
present in

suehounding .

Decay constant ( X )

The to unit time

probability of a nucleus
decay per .

probability
e. g. ✗ =
0.4 s
-
i
✗ =
possible outcomes
1sec total outcomes time
4%
in
of
. no .
✗

¥ *
" in 1sec ✗
¥ ÷
=

' .

No Dt
 }
Out 40 would decay Is
•

of 100 , in

+
50 in Is 0.45 '
Out of 20 would
decay
•
=
,

Out 5 2 would in ↳
decay
°

of ,

il X DN
DI
Not
= so =
'

Nox Dt Ft
X -

-
A or I A = X No or A -_ XN
Tvo 7

where A : current activity also written as

constant
X
decay
:

current no
No N the
of undecayed nuclei
: -

Activity It with time

is not
fixed .
decreases as the
remaining no
.

decayed nuclei with time !

of decrease
un

ALN
Half life (A)
Time taken radioactive to decrease Ms activity
forits sample
-

to
half of initial value .

( N)
Time taken radioactive to decrease its radioactive
for sample
-

its initial
nuclei to
half of value .

( R )

Time taken radioactive to decrease Ms count rate

forits sample
-

↳
way of initial "du '

" en tha

O.o E. ¥?¥
"
"

O
,

' ' ,

. no
. a. a
, 8 8

100 50 25 12.5
 9h radioactive N rate at which
case
of decay ,
¥1 •
the

radioactive nuclei emit radiation

proportional to the the is
no .

ofthis
radioactive nuclei Themselves
Any phenomenon behaving .

in manner
follows exponential function
an .

X =
DII in reality DN is negative as DN -
- N
final
-
N initial

N Dt and Ns L Ni .

N t

f NIDN ) ( )
f
X -
- -

DI =
- Xdt ( O
,
No t ,
N

NDT
No it
X Dt I
-
°
t
DI e

NI ! !
- =
=

N en = -
Xt No
DN =
-
X Dt
.

-
Xt
Cn N in No )
-

N
-

= -
Xlt -
O N =
No e

calculus
of
in terms as
toga logb bogey)
-
-
-

bully )=
Xdt it
diy
- -

both
integrating sides
 it

.ie/-Yu9hexsmand
t
-

N =
No e " min
"
min
es
-

so
-

II. Eee ?
"
"
t have similar N

No
-

units

mmmm
Exponential decay !

for half life Nog t th

N -
-
-
-

"t Ng - . . . . . . .

;
In reality , spikes are

N No to random
-

=
e i
seen due

Nkhymunmn
,
*"
IN nature
-

to 2 1

Nf
-

-
e .

- - - - -
t - -

-
Xty, '
i
1- = e t i >

Z t, tz time

"" '

lnftz ) lnlz ) htt

-

line
-

2
=
> = -

ln2 Xt 's
-
0.693 = -

htt ,
y
=
+

the 0-691 tig . he

x x