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Unit 5

Ludwig Prandtl first introduced the concept of the boundary layer in 1904. According to boundary layer theory, when a fluid flows past a solid boundary, it separates into two regions - a thin boundary layer next to the surface where viscous effects are significant, and an outer region where viscosity can be neglected. The boundary layer thickness is where the flow velocity reaches 99% of the free stream velocity. Boundary layer theory is used to analyze drag, displacement thickness, momentum thickness, and other flow properties. The momentum integral equation relates boundary layer properties like momentum thickness to drag on objects like flat plates.

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29 views16 pages

Unit 5

Ludwig Prandtl first introduced the concept of the boundary layer in 1904. According to boundary layer theory, when a fluid flows past a solid boundary, it separates into two regions - a thin boundary layer next to the surface where viscous effects are significant, and an outer region where viscosity can be neglected. The boundary layer thickness is where the flow velocity reaches 99% of the free stream velocity. Boundary layer theory is used to analyze drag, displacement thickness, momentum thickness, and other flow properties. The momentum integral equation relates boundary layer properties like momentum thickness to drag on objects like flat plates.

Uploaded by

Laxmi Waghmare
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Boundary Layer Theory

Ludwig Prandtl (1875 – 1953)


Boundary Layer
• The concept of boundary layer was first introduced by a German
engineer, Prandtl in 1904. According to Prandtl theory, when a real
fluid flows past a stationary solid boundary, the flow will be divided
into two regions.
a) A thin layer adjoining the solid boundary where the viscous
force and rotation cannot be neglected.
b) An outer region where the viscous force is very small and can be
neglected. The flow behavior is similar to the upstream flow.
Boundary Layer Definitions and Characteristics
• Consider a flow over a flat as shown in Figure below,

• Inside the boundary layer the viscous force effect is significant. Because of fluid
viscosity, the first layer of fluid sticks to the solid surface – No Slip Condition.
• This retarded layer causes further retardation for the adjacent layer, thereby
developing a thin region where the flow velocity increases from zero at the solid
boundary and approaches the velocity of the main stream.
Boundary Layer Definitions and Characteristics

Boundary layer thickness, δ


The boundary layer thickness (δ) is defined as the distance from the
boundary of solid body measured in y direction to the point where the
flow velocity is approximately 99 percent of the velocity of the free
stream.

The other definitions of boundary layer are the


• Boundary layer displacement thickness, δ*
• Boundary layer momentum thickness, θ
• Boundary layer energy thickness, δ**
Boundary Layer Definitions and Characteristics
Boundary Layer Displacement Thickness, δ*
It is defined as the distance, measured perpendicular to the boundary of
solid body, by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate
for the reduction in flow rate on account of boundary layer formation.

(a) Ideal Fluid (b) Real Fluid


Boundary Layer Definitions and Characteristics
Boundary Layer Momentum Thickness, θ
It is defined as the distance, measured perpendicular to the boundary of
solid body, by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate
for the reduction in momentum of the flowing fluid on account of
boundary layer formation.
Boundary Layer Definitions and Characteristics
Boundary Layer Energy Thickness, δ**
It is defined as the distance, measured perpendicular to the boundary of
solid body, by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate
for the reduction in kinetic energy of the flowing fluid on account of
boundary layer formation.

2
δ** 2
Boundary Layer Separation
Boundary Layer Separation
Problem 1
Problem 1 (Contd.)
Problem 1 (Contd.)
Von-Karman momentum integral equation
Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation for a Flat Plate
• One of the important aspects of boundary layer theory is the
determination of the drag caused by shear forces on a body.
• Drag on a flat plate is related to momentum deficit within the
boundary layer.
• We consider the uniform flow past a flat plate and the fixed control
volume as shown in Figure below.
Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation for a Flat Plate
If we apply the x component of the momentum equation to the steady
flow of fluid within this control volume we obtain

1
Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation for a Flat Plate

Combining Eqn. 1 and 2, we obtain the drag in terms of the deficit of momentum flux across
the outlet of the control volume as

Now, the drag can be written in terms of the momentum thickness


3

3,
Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation for a Flat Plate

Combining Eqn. 4 and 5, we obtain the momentum integral equation for the boundary
layer flow on a flat plate

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