MME 303: Fluid Mechanics and Machinery
Boundary layer Emotions are nothing
but fluid mechanics,
every inch of your
heart is feeling
pressure.
~ Praveen
Dr Praveen Kr Sharma
Department of Mechanical and
Mechatronics Engineering
Boundary layer: first given by
Ludwig Prandtl
Boundary layer: first given by Ludwig Prandtl
𝑼∞ : 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑼𝒔 : 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆
u: velocity of a layer (this is a unknown quantity)
𝑳𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓
𝒔𝒖𝒃 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓
Boundary layer: first given by Ludwig Prandtl
Boundary layer: first given by Ludwig Prandtl
❑When the flow of fluid is developed on some surface than the relative velocity of the
layer which is in contact to the surface will exactly zero because at the surface shear
stress are highly dominated such a fundamental condition in the fluid mechanics is
known as no-slip condition. As we move in transverse direction (y) of the flow from the
surface the shear stress are decreasing therefore there is development of velocity
gradient
❑The zone where viscous shear stress are highly dominant is known as boundary layer
zone.
𝟏
𝝉𝜶𝒇 𝒙 𝜶 ⇒ 𝒙↑ 𝝉 ↓
𝒙
𝜹𝜶𝒇 𝒙 ⇒ 𝒙↑ 𝜹 ↑
𝑥 ⇒ 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
# Boundary layer thickness (𝜹)
-> It is the distance travelled in the transverse (Y-direction, perpendicular to
solid surface) of flow after which:
# Boundary layer thickness (𝜹)
1. Displacement thickness
Distance measure perpendicular to the solid surface by which boundary layer should be
displaced to compensate for the reduction in the mass flow rate (𝑚)
ሶ on account of boundary
layer formation.
# Boundary layer thickness (𝜹)
1. Displacement thickness
# Boundary layer thickness (𝜹)
1. Displacement thickness
Increase in thickness to compensate 𝑚ሶ
loss
# Boundary layer thickness (𝜹)
1. Displacement thickness
# Boundary layer thickness (𝜹)
2. Momentum thickness (𝜽)
Distance measure perpendicular to the solid surface by which boundary layer should be
displaced to compensate for the reduction in the momentum rate (𝑚𝑢)ሶ on account of
boundary layer formation.
# Boundary layer thickness (𝜹)
2. Momentum thickness (𝜽)
Increase in thickness to compensate
𝑚𝑣ሶ loss
# Boundary layer thickness (𝜹)
2. Momentum thickness (𝜽)
# Boundary layer thickness (𝜹)
3. Kinetic energy thickness (𝜹𝑬 )
Distance measure perpendicular to the solid surface by
which boundary layer should be displaced to
compensate for the reduction in the kinetic energy
1
( 𝑚𝑢ሶ 2 ) on account of boundary layer formation.
2
# Boundary layer thickness (𝜹)
3. Kinetic energy thickness (𝜹𝑬 )
Increase in thickness to compensate
1
𝑚𝑣ሶ 2 loss
2
# Boundary layer thickness (𝜹)
3. Kinetic energy thickness (𝜹𝑬 )
Q: Find the energy thickness for the velocity distribution in boundary layer,
𝑢 𝑦 𝑦 2
if =2 −
𝑢∞ 𝛿 𝛿
# Drag force on flat plate
# Drag force on flat plate
# Drag force on flat plate
# Drag force on flat plate
# Drag force on flat plate
# Drag force on flat plate
# Drag force on flat plate
# Drag force on flat plate 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙
# Drag force on flat plate
# Drag force on flat plate
# Drag force on flat plate
# Drag force on flat plate
# Boundary layer in the pipe flow
# Boundary layer in the pipe flow
# Boundary layer in the pipe flow
# Flow separation
# Flow separation
# Flow separation
# Flow separation
# Flow separation
