ME 315

Heat Transfer
ME 315O BA IDALLA H M U N TES H A RI
O BA IDALLA H @K FU PM .EDU.SA
M E D E PT., K F UPM

Incropera F. P., DeWitt D. P., Bergman T. L., Lavine A. S. Principles of Heat and Mass Transfer, 8th Ed., Wiley, 2017
Can you name the modes of heat transfer?
Which one is colder?

Carpet Ceramics
The coffee cup is cooling faster with/without spoon?
Why are most of building bricks hollow?
How long does hard boiled egg need to be ready?
Why do we blow on food to cool it down?
Why is the car interior hotter than the outdoor temperature on a
sunny day?

16 30
Why is only part of this car roof top wet?
What is this?
What are these?
 Heat transfer

Conduction Convection Radiation

CH 2: Overview of CH 6: Introduction
CH 12: Thermal
Conduction to Convection
Radiation, Blackbody,
CH 7: External Radiative Properties
CH 3: 1-D
Conduction Convection

CH 4: 2-D CH 8: Internal
Conduction Convection CH 13: Radiation
Exchange between
CH 5: Transient CH 9: Natural surfaces
Conduction Convection

CH 11: Heat exchanger

Chapter 1
Chapter Map
1.1 What and How?
1.2 Physical origins and Rate Equations
◦ 1.2.1 Conduction (Ch. 2, 3, 4 and 5)
◦ 1.2.2 Convection (Ch. 6, 7 and 8)
◦ 1.2.3 Radiation (Ch. 12 and 13)
◦ 1.2.4 The Thermal Resistance Concept
1.3 Relationship to Thermodynamics
Reading:
1.4 Units and Dimensions 1.5 Analysis of Heat Transfer Problems: Methodology
1.6 Relevance of Heat Transfer 1.7 Summary
1.1 What and How?
What?
Heat transfer (or heat) is thermal energy in transit due to a spatial temperature difference.

How? (modes)
1.2.1 Conduction 1.2.2 Convection 1.2.3 Thermal Radiation
 Heat Transfer and Thermal Energy
DO NOT confuse or interchange the meanings of Thermal Energy, Temperature and Heat Transfer!
Quantity Interpretation Symbol Units

Thermal Energy Energy associated with microscopic behavior of matter u J or J/kg

A means of indirectly measuring the amount of thermal energy

Temperature T K or C
stored in matter

Heat Amount of thermal energy transferred over a time interval t  0 Q J

Heat Rate Thermal energy transfer per unit time q W

Heat Flux Thermal energy transfer per unit time and surface area q" W/m2
Chapter 1
1.2.1 Conduction
◦ Transfer of heat due to random molecular or atomic motion
within a material, known as a diffusion of energy.
◦ Most important in solids.
◦ Conduction may be viewed as the transfer of energy from the
more energetic to the less energetic particles of a substance
due to interactions between the particles.
◦ Rate equation (Fourier & Biot, 1820) is known as Fourier’s
law; for 1-D conduction,
dT dT
qx  kA or qx  k
dx dx
qx = heat rate in x-direction (W) q”x = heat flux in x-direction (W/m2)
T = temperature (°C or K) A = area normal to heat flow (m2)
k = thermal conductivity of material (W/m-K); available in tables A.1-A.7
Chapter 1
1.2.1 Conduction
Steady-state heat conduction through a plane wall:

dT
qx  k
dx
T1  T2 T
where; qx  k k (1.2)
L L
dT T2  T1
=
dx L
Chapter 1
1.2.1 Conduction Example 1.1

T
q  kA
L
T 1 T 2 1400  1150
q  kA  1.7  (0.5 1.2)   1700 W
L 0.15
 1.2.2 Convection
Energy is transferred by convection heat transfer mode by two mechanisms.
1- Random molecular motion (diffusion or conduction!),
2- Bulk motion of the fluid (advection)

Rate equation (Newton, 1700) is known as Newton’s law of “cooling”:

  h( Ts  T ), or qconv  hAs ( Ts  T )
qconv
q” = heat flux normal to surface, (W/m2)
q = heat rate from or to surface As , (W)
Ts = surface temperature, (K)
T = freestream fluid temperature, (K)
As = surface area exposed to fluid, (m2)
h = convection heat transfer coefficient, (W/m2-K)
 Convection Map Forced convection Natural convection
External flow Chapter 6 & 7 Chapter 9
1.2.2 Convection Internal flow Chapter 8 Chapter 9 (not included)

The convection heat transfer coefficient (h) is

◦ not a material property,
◦ a function of the many parameters such as fluid velocity, fluid properties,
and surface geometry,
◦ is often determined by experiment rather than theory,
◦ is presumed to be known (given) in Chapters 2 through 5.
Types of Convection:
◦ Forced convection: flow caused by an external means, such as a fan,
pump, or atmospheric winds, Fig. 1.5a
◦ Free (or natural) convection: flow induced by buoyancy forces, Fig. 1.5b
◦ Phase change convection: flow and latent heat exchange associated with
boiling Fig. 1.5c or condensation Fig. 1.5d
Chapter 1
1.2.3 Radiation
Rate equation is the Stefan-Boltzmann law which gives the energy flux due to thermal
radiation that is emitted from a surface; for a black body:
Eb   Ts4 (1.4) E = emissive power (W/m2)
 = Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67x10-8 (W/m2-K4)
For non-black bodies, (Real surface)  = emissivity (0≤  ≤1) of surface
Ts = surface temperature in absolute units (K)
E   Ts4 (1.5)
Energy absorption due to irradiation:

Gabs   G (1.6) G = irradiation (incident radiation) (W/m2)

 = surface absorptivity (0≤  ≤1) (fraction of G that is
absorbed)
 1.2.3 Radiation
Irradiation: Special case of small surface exposed to large surroundings of uniform temperature (Tsur),
G  Gsur   Tsur4

If α = ε, the net radiation heat flux from the surface due to exchange with the surroundings is:
   E b T s   G   T s4 T sur4 
q rad 1.7 
Alternatively, hr : Radiation heat transfer coefficient, (W/m2-K)
  hr Ts  Tsur 
hr   Ts  Tsur  Ts2  Tsur 
qrad 2
1.9 
1.2.3 Radiation Example 1.2
Chapter 1
1.2.4 The Thermal Resistance Concept
The heat transfer rates for the three modes of heat transfer, can be expressed in the form

T 1 T 2
qcond  kA qconv  hA s ( T s  T  ) q rad  hr A s (T s T surr )
L
T T s T  T s T surr
  
R cond R conv R rad

L 1 1
R cond  Rconv  R rad 
kA hAs hr A s
hr   Ts  Tsur  Ts2  Tsur
2
 1.9 
 1.3 Relationship to Thermodynamics
1st Law of Thermodynamics for Closed System: over a time interval ΔT

Q  W  Esttot 1.12a 

Thermodynamics - allows calculation of total heat transferred (Q) during a process in which system goes
from one equilibrium state to another. The big picture.
Heat Transfer - provides important physical laws that allow calculation of instantaneous heat rate, length
of time required for process to occur, and temperature distribution within material at any time. The
details required for design.
 1.3 Relationship to Thermodynamics
𝑇∞ = 25℃ 𝑇∞ = 25℃ ∆𝑥 =? 𝑐𝑚 𝑇∞ = 25℃ 𝑇∞ = 25℃
𝑘 =? 𝑊/𝑚𝐾

𝑇1 = 80℃ 𝑇2 = 25℃ 𝑇1 = 80℃ 𝑇2 = 25℃

𝑃1 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑃1 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑃1 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑃1 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
∀= 10 𝑚3 ∀= 10 𝑚3 ∀= 10 𝑚3 ∀= 10 𝑚3

State 1 State 2 State 1 State 2

Calculate the amount of heat lost from the water tank?

How long does it take to reach state 2?
How does heat transfer form the tank?
 1.3 Relationship to Thermodynamics
Control volume energy balance: In ME 315 (Incropera Book), the notation is:

q  W  m  ut  pv  V 2 / 2  gz  E E 
dEst
E 1.12c 
in E in out g dt st

m  ut  pv  V / 2  gz 
dEcv
2
 Surface Phenomena:
out dt
E in , E out : rate of thermal and/or mechanical energy transfer across the control
surface due to heat transfer, fluid flow and/or work interactions.
Volumetric Phenomena:
Eg : rate of thermal energy generation due to conversion from another energy form

(e.g., electrical, nuclear, or chemical); energy conversion process occurs within the system.
dT
Est   cvV for ideal gases and
dt
E st : rate of change of energy storage in the system.
incompressible substances
Est  0 if steady-state conditions exist
Conservation of Energy – Control Surface
Surface energy balance:
◦ since a control surface is a special control volume that enclose
no mass or volume, so generation and storage terms are zero;
this leaves:

Ein  Eout  0
◦ Applies for steady-state and transient conditions.

  qconv
qcond   qrad
  0

k
T1  T2
L
 
 h T2  T    2 T24  Tsur
4
0
Example 1.4
A long conducting rod of diameter D and electrical resistance per unit length R’e is initially in thermal
equilibrium with the ambient air and its surroundings. This equilibrium is disturbed when an electrical
current I is passed through the rod. Develop an equation that could be used to compute the variation of
the rod temperature with time during the passage of the current.
Problem: 1.61
 Summary Fourier’s law of heat conduction

Newton’s law of convection

Stefan-Boltzmann law for radiation

◦ Heat Transfer calculations are aimed to:

◦ Either calculate T(x,y,z,t) or q for a system that experiencing a specified process.
◦ e.g., calculate daily heat loss from a house.
◦ Or determine a configuration and operating conditions that yield a specified T(x,y,z,t) or q
◦ e.g., determine insulation needed to meet a specified daily heat loss from a house