Introduction to Heat Transfer

Chapter 1
ChE 343
Summer 2021
Dr. Essam Alruqobah

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Why Study Heat Transfer?
• Heat transfer analyses are
ubiquitous in a wide variety
of applications.

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Why Study Heat Transfer?
• Heat transfer analyses are
ubiquitous in a wide variety
of applications.
• Heat transfer is the transit of
thermal energy.

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Heat Transfer
• From Incopera:
• Heat transfer is thermal energy in transit caused by a
spatial temperature difference.
• Heat (thermal energy) is transferred from a hotter object
to a colder object.

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Heat Transfer
• From Incopera:
• Heat transfer is thermal energy in transit caused by a
spatial temperature difference.
• Heat (thermal energy) is transferred from a hotter object
to a colder object.

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 Driving Force for Heat Transfer

Fluid Flow Electrical Current Flow Heat Transfer

Driving Force:
Driving Force: Driving Force:
Modes of Heat Transfer
• Heat is transferred via three modes:
• Conduction.
• Convection.
• Radiation.

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Modes of Heat Transfer
• Heat is transferred via three modes:
• Conduction.
• Convection.
• Radiation.

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Heat Flux and Heat Rate and their Units
• Heat flux is defined as heat flow per unit area per time, with units
(
⋅
• Heat rate will then be: .
• A is the heat transfer area
• Heat flux will not depend on the area, but the heat rate will.

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 Introduction to Conduction
Mode of thermal energy (heat) transfer that occurs in solids and in stationary fluids.
• Occurs due to random molecular activity (in gasses
and liquids), with energy transfer being due to
random molecular collisions. Collisions being more
frequent in liquids than gasses.
• In non-conducting solids, heat conduction occurs due
to lattice vibrations.
• In conducting materials, heat conduction occurs due
to lattice vibrations and random translational motion
of the electron cloud  electrically conducting
materials are generally more heat conductive than
non-conducting materials.
Lattice vibrations in a solid. Source: NIST

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Introduction to Conduction
• Fourier’s Law 𝑞 : Heat flux (W/𝑚 )
𝑘: Thermal conductivity (W/m.K)

• Heat flux is amount of thermal energy transferred per unit area

per time, similar to mass flux (mol per unit area per time).
• Thermal conductivity is a measure of how good a material can
conduct heat.
• Negative sign is to denote that heat flux is in the direction of
decreasing temperature.
• Heat flux direction is perpendicular to surfaces of constant
temperatures.
• The heat rate can be calculated by:
Introduction to Conduction
• Fourier’s Law
𝑞 : Heat flux (W/𝑚 )
𝑘: Thermal conductivity (W/m.K)

The heat flux is proportional to:

1. The thermal conductivity.
2. The temperature difference
The total heat flow (q) is proportional to
the cross-sectional area ( .
Under steady state operation, with no heat generation inside the wall:
Example
Introduction to Convection
Convective heat transfer is due to combined action of:
• Random molecular motion (conduction)
• Advection (non-random bulk molecular motion)
• Convective heat transfer occurs between fluids and a solid
surface.
 Introduction to Convection
• Convection is divided into:
• Forced convection (the fluid flow is forced by a fan/pump).
• Natural convection (bulk fluid motion is due to buoyancy effects.
• Convective heat transfer can be due to sensible heat effects (change in
temperature), or due to latent heat effects (change in phase).

Forced convection Natural convection Boiling Condensation

 Introduction to Convection
Regardless of type of convection, the convective
heat flux is calculated by Newton’s Law of Cooling:

h: heat transfer coefficient (

h will change depending on the type of

convection, fluid type, and physical arrangement in
the heat transfer process.
Convective heat flux is proportional to:
1. Heat transfer coefficient (h)
2. Temperature difference between the surface (T ) and
the fluid (T ).
 Introduction to Radiation
• Thermal energy transfer through electromagnetic radiation.
• Does not require matter to be transported (can be transferred through vacuum as in heat
transfer from the Sun to the Earth).
• Any matter that is above 0 K will emit thermal energy in the form of radiation.
• Amount of emitted radiation increases with temperature.

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 Introduction to Radiation
• The emissive power E is calculated from:
Emissive power
• ε is a dimensionless quantity termed the emissivity, and
Irradiance measures how efficient a body emits radiative energy. Emissivity
ranges from 0 to 1, with ε = 1 for an ideal blackbody (a perfect
emitter).
• σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (𝜎 = 5.67 × 10 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾 )

• The absorbed irradiance G is calculated by

• α is a dimensionless quantity termed the absorptivity, and

measures how efficient a surface absorbs radiant energy (α is
between 0 and 1).
• Values of α depend on the nature of irradiation, and on the
properties of the body as well.
 Introduction to Radiation
• The net heat flux by radiation is calculated from the difference
Emissive power between E and Gabs.

Irradiance
Introduction to Radiation
For the special case where radiation exchange between a surface
and a large surroundings, assume that α = ε:

After simplification:

Remember that when using any equation with radiation

terms in it, use ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURES throughout.
 Ideal Blackbody
Idealized opaque and non-reflective material body that has an emissivity ε
of 1 and has the following characteristics:
• Absorbs all forms of electromagnetic radiation.
• Emits blackbody radiation, which is the maximum amount of radiation
that can be emitted at a specific temperature. (see figures below)
• The Sun is considered a blackbody.

Blackbody radiation
 Types of Materials with respect to Radiation
Main types of material bodies with respect to radiation:
• 1. Transparent  does not absorb radiation but transmits it through.
• 2. Reflective materials  Reflects radiation. Ideal reflector is called a
whitebody.
• 3. Opaque materials  absorbs thermal radiation.
Materials can also be semitransparent, or semi-reflective, etc.

Transparent Materials Reflective Materials Opaque

Air, thin-polymer sheets Mirrors (semi-reflective) Liquids, Metals
(semi-transparent), some
semiconductors (semi-
transparent)
IMPORTANT: Temperature Units

Conduction or Convection  May use Celsius or Kelvin

Radiation  MUST use Kelvin
Mixed (e.g. convection + radiation)  Use Kelvin
Thermodynamics or Heat Transfer?
• Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium and end-states.
No information was given as to how
the condenser operates, only that
fluid enters and exists at different
states.

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Thermodynamics or Heat Transfer?
• Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium and end-states.
• Thermodynamics does not tell
us the mechanism of heat flow,
nor does it tell us how to
compute the heat flux.
• Thermodynamics allows us to
calculate the total energy in the
form of heat that enters or
leaves the system.
• Thermodynamics and heat
transfer are complimentary to
each other.

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Brief Revision on First Law

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 Brief Revision on First Law

Energy can cross the control volume boundaries through:

1. Heat
2. Work
3. Mass movement (advection)

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Brief Revision on First Law
In conditions where work and
mechanical energy change is
negligible, heat flow can be
calculated as:
𝒒 = 𝒎𝒄𝒗 𝚫𝑻 Closed system, constant volume
𝒒̇ = 𝒎̇𝒄𝒑 𝚫𝑻 Steady-state Open system,
constant pressure
For incompressible liquids, 𝑐 = 𝑐 = 𝑐

Temperature
change
Phase
change

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 Summary

𝑞=𝑞 𝐴
Heat rate = Heat flux times the area

Conduction or Convection  May use Celsius or Kelvin

Radiation  MUST use Kelvin
Mixed (e.g. convection + radiation)  Use Kelvin
Examples
Examples