FS 2- PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION & DACTYLOSCOPY

Criminalistics 2. Govard Bibloo – works on the sweat pores and ridges.

= Is the application of the principles of various 3. Marcelo Malpighi (1628-1694) – Professor at the
sciences in solving problems in connection with the University of Bolognia, Italy, known for his discovery of
administration of justice. the Epidermis and Dermis layer. Written the book
= Also referred to as Forensic Science or Police entitled “De Externo Tactus Organo” Father of
Science. Dactyloscopy.
The word forensic was derived from the Latin word
“Forum” which means a “market place”, a place where 4. J.C.A. Mayer (1788) – the first to state that fingerprints
people gathered for “public discussion”. When it is used in are never duplicated in two persons ( Anatomiche
conjunction with other sciences it simply connotes the idea of Kuphertafeln).
application to law or for the administration of justice.
Sometimes it is also referred to as “legal”. 5. Johannes Purkenjie (1823) – Professor at the
University of Breslau, Germany. Established a certain
Dr. Hans Gross = An Australian magistrate to described role for classification and be able to identify nine (9)
Search for Truth as the ultimate goal of all investigative types of pattern although never associated to
and detective works. He is known as the Father of Modern identification
Criminalistics.
6. Herman Welcker – took his own fingerprints twice with
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION a lapse of forty-one years and show the ridges formation
remains the same.
“Law of Multiplicity of Evidence” The greater
number of similarities or dissimilarities; the greater is the 7. William Herschel – the first to advocate the use of
probability for the conclusion to be correct. fingerprints as substitute for signature from among
Alphonse Bertillion = Father of Personal Indian native to avoid impersonation.
Identification. The first to devise a scientific method of Rajadhar Konai = the first person Herschel printed
identification called Anthropometry. the palm.
A fingerprint was first used in China before the birth
of Christianity. They called it Hua Chi. 8. Henry Faulds – A surgeoon at Tsukuji Hospital, Tokyo,
Japan, who claimed that latent prints would provide
Distance of Recognition; positive identification of offenders once apprehended ( A
• Broad Daylight Manual of Practical Dactyloscopy).
✓ 25 yards- almost a stranger
✓ 100 yards- never seen even once 9. Francis Galton – Developed the Arch. Loop and Whorl
• Moonlight- 16- 17 yards Patterns as general classification and identified nine (9)
• Starlight- 10-13 yards types of pattern. First to establish a Civil Bureau of
Personal Identification. He said that the possibility of two
Other Methods of Identification prints being alike was 1:65,000,000,000.
• Characteristics that may easily be changed
✓ Growth of hair, beard and mustache 10. Edward Richard Henry – Developed the Henry System
✓ Clothing of Classification at Scotland Yard which was accepted
✓ Frequent place of visit by almost all English-speaking country. Known as
✓ Grade or profession Father of Fingerprint.
✓ Body ornamentation (earrings, necklace, Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque and Rai Hem
rings, bracelets, watch and others) Chandra Bose – the two Hindu police officers who
• Characteristics that may not easily be changed have help Henry in attaining his goal.
✓ Mental memory
✓ Speech 11. Juan Vucetich – A Spanish counterpart of Henry who
✓ Gait/ manner of walking developed his own system of classification in Argentina
✓ Mannerism and was accepted in almost all Spanish Speaking
✓ Hands and feet country.
✓ Complexion
✓ Face IN AMERICA
✓ Eyes
✓ Body built 1. Gilbert Thompson = a geologist in New Mexico,
✓ Left or right handedness adopted the first individual use of fingerprint in
✓ Degree of nutrition august 8, 1882 as a protection to prevent tampering
with the pay order.

I. Personalities in Fingerprints: 2. Isaiah West Taber = Photographer in San Francisco

who advocated the use of the system for the
1. Nehemiah Grew (1684) – describes the ridges and registration of the immigrant Chinese.
pores of the hands and feet (Philosophical Transaction)
presented in Royal Society of London, England.
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 3. Samuel Langhorne Clemens = An Englishman who Alphonse Bertillion – known as the Father of the first
informally introduced Dactyloscopy in the United scientific method of Identification (Anthropometry)
States in his book “ Life in the Mississippi” and “
Pupp n Head Wilson”. Methods of Identification before the science of
Fingerprint was in used;
4. Dr. Henry p De Forest = Utilized the first Municipal 1) Tattoo Marks- men and women of the Haida Tribe,
Civil use of fingerprint fov Criminal Registration on British, Columbia, tattooed with heraldic emblems,
December 1902 (Mun. Civil Service Comm., New signifying their family
York). 2) Scar Marks- woman from the middle Congo region,
Ileku, Coguilhatville, and in Taganyika, Africa,
5. Capt. James L. Parke = Advocate the first state and adorned themselves with identification scars.
penal use of fingerprint adopted in SingSing prison 3) Anthropometry- the First Scientific method of
on June 5, 1903 later on Auburn Napanoch and identification done by measuring various bony
Clinton Penitentiaries. structure of the human body devised by Alphonse
Bertillion. (Father of scientific Identification). It is
6. Sgt. John Kenneth Ferrier =First fingerprint questioned due to the famous “WEST CASE”, a
instructor at St. Louis Police Dept. Missouri. case of two persons WILL AND WILLIAM WEST
has the same face and almost exactly the same
7. Maj. R. Mc Cloughry = warden of the Federal height.
Penitentiaries of Leaven Worth. Established the first
official National Government use of fingerpprint. DACTYLOSCOPY
Definition
8. Mary K. Holand = first American instructress in • Dactyloscopy – (derived from the Latin words
dactyloscopy. Dactyl = finger and Skopien – to study or examine)
is the practical application of the science of
9. FBI = identification unit herein was officially fingerprints.
established by an act of congress in 1924.
• Dactylography – is the scientific study of fingerprint
10. Institute of Applied Science = First private school as a means of identification.
to install laboratories for instruction purposes in
dactyloscopy. • Dactylomancy – is the scientific study of fingerprint
for purposes of personality interpretation.
11. People vs. Jennings, Dec. 21, 1911 = United States
leading case wherein the first conviction based on • Dermatoglyphics = is the science which deals with
fingerprint was recognized by the judicial authorities the study of skin pattern. It is derived from two
(14 points). Greek words, Derma which means Skin and Glype
which means Carve.
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Finger Abnormalities and Congenitals
1. Mr. Jones = one who first taught FP in the Phils. (1900) ✓ Polydactyl- many fingers
✓ Syndactyl- fusion of the side of the fingers
2. Bureau of Prison = (1968) CARPETAS fingerprint was ✓ Macrodactyl- enlarge finger
used. ✓ Microdactyl- small or reduced finger
✓ Erethrodactyl- Missing Finger at birth
3. Generoso Reyes – First Filipino Fingerprint Technician
employed by P.C.

4. Isabela Bernales – first Filipina Fingerprint Technician

5. Capt. Thomas Dugan, New York Police Dept. and

Flaviano Guerrero, FBI Washington – gave the first
examination in FP in 1927 and Agustin Patricio of the
Phils. Top the Examination

6. People of the Phils. Vs. Medina- First conviction base

on Fingerprint and leading case decision in the Phil.
Jurisprudence (10 points).

7. Plaridel Education Institute (PEI) now known as Phil.

College of Criminology, first government recognized
school to teach the Science of Fingerprint and other
Police Sciences.

John Dellinger – known U.S. public enemy number one who

attempt to destroy his own prints using corrosive acids.
Basic Principles of Fingerprint
Robert James Pitts or Roscoe Pitts – works on Surgery to 1. Individuality
forged his own fingerprints and was named “Man without No two persons have the same fingerprint (based on
fingerprint” Statistic Probability)
2. Infallibility
Lucila Lalu – the first Filipina Chop-chop lady who was That fingerprint is a positive and reliable means of
identified through fingerprint. identification. It cannot be easily be forged.
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3. Constancy or permanency
That the friction ridge once fully developed its
arrangement will remains the same throughout man’s
life.

Fingerprints
Is an impression design by the first joint of the fingers
and thumb on smooth surface through the media of ink,
sweat or any substance capable of producing visibility.

Related Sciences to the Study of Fingerprint:

1. Chiroscopy – ( Greek word “ Cheir” – a hand, “Skopien”
–to examine) is the science which deals with the study of
the prints of the palms of the hand.(William Herschel- 2. Sweat pores – the tiny opening/ the tiny white dots.
Father of Chiroscopy) 3. Sweat duct – the passage way.
4. Sweat glands – the producers of sweat.
2. Podoscopy – ( Greek word “Podo” – the foot, and
Skopien – to examine)is the science which deals with the Fundamental Layers of the Friction Skin
study of the footprints. 1. Epidermis – the outermost layer
a. Stratum Corneum- outer layers
3. Poroscopy – (Greek word “poros” – a pare, and b. Stratum mucosum – immediately beneath the
“Skopien” – to examine) is the scientific study of the covering layers
arrangement of the sweat pores. (Edmond Locard- 2. Dermis – the inner layer containing the blood vessel,
Father of Poroscopy) dermal papillae, various glands and nerves.

Phalange = is the skeletal finger covered with friction skin. It

is made up of three bones.
a. Basal or proximal phalange – it is located at
the base of the finger nearest the palm.
b. Middle phalange = the next and above the basal
done.
c. Terminal phalange = the particular bone
covered with friction skin, having all the different
types of fingerprint patterns and it is located near
the tip of the finger.

Ridge Formation – Ridges starts to form in the fingers and

thumb during the 3rd to 4th months of the fetus life (five to
six months before birth)

Dermal Papillae = are irregular pegs composed of delicate

connective tissue protruding and forming the ridges of the
skin on the fingers, palms, toes and soles of the feet.

Ridge Destruction – destruction of the friction skin can

either be temporary or permanent.
• Generally temporary destruction occur when only
the epidermis layer of the friction skin has been
damage,
• while permanent damage can be injected to the
friction skin due to damage to the dermis layer
General Rules on Ridge Destruction
Friction Skin – is an epidermal hairless skin found on the a. Destruction of the Epidermis – temporary,
ventral or lower surface of the hands and feet covered with dermis – permanent damage.
ridges and furrows.(Also called as Papillary skin). b. Cut == a depth of more than 1 mm will constitute
permanent scar.

The Fingerprint Patterns

1. The Arch (5%)
a. Plain Arch (A) – is a pattern in which the ridges flow
from one side to the other side with a slight raise at
the center.
b. Tented Arch (T) – is a type of pattern having either
Components of the Friction Skin an angle, uptrust or an incomplete loop form.
1. Ridge surface
a. Ridge – the elevated or hill like structure/ the black
lines with tiny white dots.
b. Furrow – the depressed or canal like structure/ the
white space between ridges.

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 b. Central Pocket Loop Whorl
No circuiting ridge within the pattern area
is touched or cross by an imaginary line drawn
between the two deltas.

c. Double Loop Whorl

1. Two separate loop formation
2. Two Separate and distinct shoulder
3. Two deltas

2. The Loop (60%)

Elements of loop
1. A core
2. A delta
3. A sufficient Recurve
4. At least one Ridge count

a. Radial Loop (RH=/. LH=\) is a type of loop pattern in

which the slanting or looping ridge flows towards the d. Accidental Whorl
thumb finger. • A combination of two different patterns with the
b. Ulnar Loop (RH=\, LH=/) is a type of loop pattern in exception of the plain arch.
which the slanting or looping ridge flows towards the • Two deltas
little finger.

Ridge Characteristics (Galton Details)

1. Ridge Dot (island ridge) – refers to a ridge formation in

a form of a dot or period.

2. Bifurcation – a ridge formation in which a single ridge

splits or divides into two or more ridges. It resembles a
fork shape.

3. The Whorl (35%) 3. Converging Ridge – two ridges that meets at a certain
Basic Elements of Whorl point
1. Two or more Deltas
2. At least one complete circuiting ridge 4. Diverging Ridge – two ridges that spread apart

a. Plain Whorl (W) 5. Enclosure or Lake ridge – a single ridge that divides
At least one circuiting ridge is touched or into two but does not remain open and meet at a certain
crossed by the imaginary line traversing between point to form the original single ridge.
the two deltas.
6. Ending ridge – it refers to an abrupt end of a ridge
7. Type lines – is a diverging ridge that tends to surround
the pattern area and serves as a basic boundary of
fingerprint impression.
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 a) A bifurcation may not be selected as a delta if it does
8. Pattern Area – is a part of a loop of whorl pattern not open towards the core.
surrounded by the type lines and consisting of the delta,
the core and other ridges. A bifurcation should be the first ridge formation in
front of the divergence of the type lines and it must
9. Recurving ridge – a single ridges that curves back to open the pattern area.
the direction where it started.
b) When there is a choice between two or more
10. Sufficient Recurve – a recurving ridge which is possible delta the one nearest to the core be
complete with its should and free from any appendage. selected.

11. Appendage – is a short ridge found at the top or summit c) When there is a choice between two or more
of a recurve possible delta one of which is a bifurcation, the
bifurcation should be selected.
12. Rod or Bar – is a short of long ridge found inside the
recurve and directed towards the core d) The delta may not be located on the middle of the
ridge running between the type lines towards the
13. Obstruction ridge – is a short ridge found inside the core, but at the end of the ridge.
recurve which blocks the inner line of flow towards the
core. e) When a pattern shows a series of bifurcation opening
towards the core at the point of divergences of the
type lines, the bifurcation nearest the core is chosen
as the delta.

f) In case of a ridge near the center of the type lines

despite several bifurcation ridge opening towards the
core, the deltas is located at the point of the first
bifurcation just in front of the divergence of the type
lines.

When can a bifurcation be considered a type line?

The two legs of a bifurcation will serve as a type lines
when it opens towards the core, but it should be so far
outside the pattern area that the legs of the bifurcation
run parallel some distance before they diverge.

2. The Core (also known as the heart or the inner

terminus) usually found at the center or innermost
recurve.

Rules Governing the Selection of Core

a) The core on the shoulder of the recurving ridge
further from the delta.
The Two Fingerprint Terminus (Focal Points) When an innermost recurving ridge contains a rod, or
1. The Delta (also called the outer terminus) is a point an ending ridge rising as high as the shoulders of the
along a ridge formation found at the center or near the loop, the core is placed on the summit of the rod.
center of the diverging type lines.
b) When the innermost recurving ridge contains an
uneven number of rods rising as high as the
Six Delta Formation;
shoulders line or even higher the core is placed upon
1) A bifurcation ridge
the end of the center of the ridge whether it touches
2) A dot
the innermost recurve or not.
3) An ending ridge
4) A short ridge
c) When the innermost recurve contains an even
5) A converging ridge
number of ridges which are rising as high or higher
6) A point on a long ridge
than its shoulder line, the core is placed upon the
end of the center ridge whether it touches the
innermost recurve or not.

d) When the innermost recurve contains an even

number of ridges which are rising as high or higher
than its shoulder line, of the two central ridges, the
core is placed upon the end of the second ridge
which is further from the delta.

Rules Governing the Choice Between Two or More

Possible Deltas

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 2. Ridge Tracing- the process of counting ridges
intervening between the tracing ridge (flows from the
left delta to the right delta) and the right delta. This
process is used to determine the three (3)
subdivision of Whorls, into Inner, Outer and Meeting
(I, M and O).

Rules in Ridge Tracing

a. Look for the delta and traced the delta towards
the front of the right delta.
b. When the ridge being traced abruptly ends, drop
to the next ridge just right below the original
tracing ridge and continue the tracing until it
reaches the opposite side (right delta)
RIDGE COUNTING AND RIDGE TRACING c. When the left delta is a dot, same thing should
1. Ridge Counting- the process of counting the ridges be done as in letter b procedure.
that touch or cross an imaginary line drawn between d. When the ridge being traced is a bifurcation
the delta and core of a loop. always follow the lower branch until tracing is
completed.
A wide space must always intervenes between the e. Determine whether the tracing ridge flows inside
delta and the first ridge to be counted. (above) or below (outside) the right delta.
f. Count the number of intervening ridge (ridge
Rules in Ridge Counting between the tracing ridge and right delta.
a. Locate the exact points of the core and delta
b. Count all ridges which touch or cross the
imaginary line drawn between the core and
the delta.

(In actual used of fingerprint card for

classification, the lens is guided by a red line
shown on the disk).
c. Incipient ridge are never counted no matter
where they appear, the general rule is that in
order to be counted, the width of the ridge
must be equal to the width of the other ridges
in the pattern under consideration.

Ridges Subject to Ridge Counting

a. A ridge island or a dot gives one ridge count
b. A short ridge is given one ridge count
c. A long ridge is given one ridge count
d. An abrupt ending ridges is given one ridge count
e. A bifurcation ridge is given two ridge counts
when it was cross in the opening or at the center
of the bifurcation.
f. Ridge enclosure are counted as two ridges
g. Cross- crossing or meeting of two ridges is
counted as two.

Types of fingerprint impression

1. Rolled Impression – are fingerprint impression taken
individually by rolling each finger from one side to the
other side and from the tip to the end of the first joint.
2. Plain Impression – are impression made by
simultaneously pressing the finger to the card, use as
a reference to classification.

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Purposes of the Plain Impression • Fingerprint card – is an 8” x 8” card designed for
1) To serve as a guide in checking the rolled recording fingerprint impression.
impression, whether or not the rolled impression
were properly place on their respective boxes.

2) To check on the ridge characteristics of the plain

impression, if the rolled impression is somewhat
feint, or indistinct due to the bad condition of the
friction skin either temporary or permanent
deteriorated or in case of a doubtful or questionable
prints.

3) To check the minute details of the ridge

characteristics for purposes of classification and
identification. • Fingerprint Powders- the powder used in
developing latent prints found in the crime scene
Problems in Recording Inked Fingerprint (black, white and gray- depending upon the
1) Temporary Deformities contrasting background).
• Occupational problems such as acid workers,
plasters, cement mixers, assembly workers in
electrical appliance plant.
• In such case the ridges are not exactly destroyed,
but they weakened.

2) Permanent Disabilities
• In case of amputated fingers- proper recording
should be made, should be noted “missing fingers
at birth” or “born without fingers”.
• If fingers are extremely crippled, broken or disabled • Fingerprint Brushes- an instrument used for
also proper notation should be made. powdering latent prints (fiberglass, magnetic and
feather type)
3) Deformities
• In extra finger- should be recorded at the back of
the card with the necessary notation.
• In case of two thumbs- the inner thumb should be
used for classification
• In a webbed finger- simply record the finger
together.

Basic Instrument in taking prints:

• Ink Slab – is a metallic or glass plate where the ink
is spread for purpose; ¼ thick and 6 or more inches • Fingerprint Lifting Tapes- a tape used for lifting of
long developed latent prints which is quite harder than an
ordinary tapes. (frosted, rubber and transparent)

• Ink Roller – is a rubber made roller designed to

spread the fingerprint ink to the slab.

• Latent Prints Transfer Cards- a card used in

preserving lifted latent prints which is either white or
black in back round.

• Card holder – usually a fixed card holder placed in a

flat table designed to prevent the movement of the
card in the course of the taking of the fingerprint.

• Fingerprint Ink – is a special form of ink designed

for taking fingerprint impression sometimes
substituted with a printer’s ink.

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 • Inkless Inking Device- The finger is touched to the
inkless pad and then to sensitized card and instantly b. Bausch & Lomb Magnifier- also known as
permanent readable prints will be developed without Horse Shoe Magnifier, with a built stand and an
staining the fingers of the subject. adjustable lens to suit the visual sight of the
examiner.

• Pair or Forceps- used for picking up objects or

taking evidence which should not be touched Basic Rules in taking Fingerprints:
❖ Subject should be instructed to stand straight but
relax facing the slab.
❖ The subject hand should be completely dry
❖ Thumb fingers are rolled towards the body while
other fingers are rolled away from the body.

Fingerprint Classification Formula:

Recording
✓ Is the method of placing the prints in their proper
spaces on the fingerprint card.
• Post Mortem Fingerprint Equipment- a set of
equipping consisting of hyporinge, spoon, tissue Checking
builder solvent, tissue cleaner, etc. used for taking ✓ Verifying the sequence or proper placement of the
prints of dead persons. rolled impression using the plain impression

Blocking-out
✓ is the process if placing under each pattern the
letter symbols representing their pattern
interpretation prior to the actual classification
formula.

Classification
✓ Printed in the upper right hand corner of the card
is a very important part of the fingerprint card.
• Carrying case- a box- like structure or an attache ✓ On this line is entered the classification for the set of
used for carrying necessary equipment at the crime prints on the card.
scene. ✓ It enables the technician to make search in the file
to determine whether or not a certain subject already
has a set of print on file.

Reference Classification Formula

✓ is an additional formula serve as a reference in
case of doubtful prints.
✓ Place the bottom of the classification formula.

SOME ERRORS IN RECORDING FINGERPRINT

1) The use of insufficient or too much ink
2) The materials were not cleaned before use
3) The prints were not rolled properly
4) The “up and down portion” of the terminal phalange
• Magnifying Glass- an instrument used for are not properly inked.
examination developed prints.
CLASSIFICATION FORMULA
Two common types of magnifying lenses: a. Primary Division- Always represented by a
a. Linen Tester- having an opening one inch numerical value assigned to whorl patterns
square with fixed focus, which can be folded and depending on what finger they appear.
carried in the pocket when necessary
• Arch and Loop are non-numerical patterns.
A, T, / \ = Zero (0)

• Whorl patterns.(WCDX)
PAIR 1 Finger 1 and 2 Right Thumb and Right Index (16)
PAIR 2 Finger 3 and 4 Right middle and Right Ring (8)
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PAIR 3 Finger 5 and 6 Right little and Left Thumb (4) ❖ Plain or Central pocket loop Whorl = will be
PAIR 4 Finger 7 and 8 Left Index and Left middle (2) treated as an ulnar loop.
PAIR 5 Finger 9 and 10 Left Ring and Left Little (1) ❖ Double loop Whorl – get the ridge count of
the top loop
✓ The sum of the numerical value assigned to even ❖ Accidental Whorl = get the least ridge count.
number of finger represent the numerator and the ✓ Arch - dash (-)
sum of the assigned value to odd number represent
the denominator Plus the pre-established fraction f. Key Division = derived by getting the ridge count of
of 1/1 to complete the primary. the first (l) loop except the little fingers. In the
absence of the loop, the first whorl will be ridge
b. Secondary – Represented by Capital and small counted for the purpose.
letter combination based on interpretation made
during the blocking. Classification of Amputated Finger/s
1) In case of missing one or more finger on the same
❖ Capital letter – derived from the index hand, the pattern of the corresponding digit of the
fingers which can be other hand will be taken.
(A, T, U, R, W, C, D or X). 2) When one or more fingers of both hands are missing,
the said same fingers will be arbitrarily be interpreted
❖ Small letter – derived from the thumb, as Plain Whorl with meeting as tracing.
middle, ring and little fingers. 3) When all fingers of both hands are missing, they are
✓ It only includes the radial loop (r), all to be considered as MEETING; PLAIN WHORL
plain arch (a) and tented arch (t).
Latent Prints = prints found at the scene of the crime
c. Sub-secondary Division – derived by ridge
counting of loop and ridge Tracing of whorl found Types of latent prints
at the index, middle and ring fingers only. 1. Visible prints = are those prints which are readily
visible to the naked eye. It can either be:
✓ Ridge Counting of Loop • Molded prints- formed in smooth surfaces
Index Finger 1 to 9 Ridge Count =I • Prints made by contamination with colored
10 or more =0 substance- formed in hard surfaces

Middle Finger 1 to 10 Ridge Count = I 2. Invisible prints = prints that are generally made by
11 or more =0 sweat or perspiration that requires developing for
visibility.
Ring Finger 1 to 13 Ridge Count =I
14 or more =0

✓ Ridge Tracing of Whorl

Inner Whorl (I) When the tracing goes
above or inside the right delta and there
are three (3) or more intervening ridges.

Outer Whorl (O) when the tracing ridge

goes below or outside the right delta
and there are three (3) or more
intervening ridges.

Meeting Whorl (M) when there are only

two or less intervening ridge/s

✓ Plain Arch and Tented Arch are always

dash (-)

d. Major Division (Taken from Thumb fingers only)

✓ Whorl = Ridge tracing = I, O, or M.
✓ Loop = Ridge Counting = S, M or L
Factors Affecting Stability or Prints at the Crime Scene
Table 1 Table 2 a. Subject Factor
1 to 11 = S 1 to 17 = S b. Nature of the surface
12 to 16 = M 18 to 22 = M c. Climatic Condition
17 or more = L 23 or more = L
Methods of Developing Prints:
✓ Arch = dash (-) • Dusting Method = considered as the simplest and
traditional methods used in developing prints at the
e. Final Division (derived from the little fingers only). scene of the crime. (Use of Powder and Brush)
• Loop and Whorl are both subject to ridge
counting.

✓ Radial or Ulnar- get the ridge count

✓ Whorl – get the ridge count by;

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 • Rolling Method = basically used in developing prints References:
in paper done by simply rolling the paper with powder
spreading in its surface Camonias, Robert L. Compilation in Criminalistics 1
(Personal Identification)
• Fuming Methods = done by using chemical fumes
such as Iodine and Ammonium Fumes. Manlusoc, Ariel C. and Paul B. Leviste, The Science of
FIMGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION,.2004, PO Box 2848 CPO
Manila

Venturillo, John Romer L, Compendium in Criminalistics,

2014

“The best way to predict your future is to

create it.” —Abraham Lincoln

• Silver Nitrate method – done by spraying a 5

percent solution of silver nitrate to the surface of the
paper.

• Ninhydrin Method = is considered as one of the

best method used in developing prints in paper.

• Laser Method = is a modern method of tracing and

developing prints.

Post Mortem Fingerprints = are prints taken from a

diseased person.

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