School of Applied Mathematics
Discipline: Discrete Structures (CSCI 1102)
Fall Semester 2022: Final Examination
Duration: 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes)
The overall score is 40 points
Examination card № 1
1. Sets, Relations and Functions.
(a) (5 points) Basic definitions and properties (set; subset; universal set; empty set;
disjoint sets; set operations; countable sets; power set; relation; product sets; inverse
relation; composition of relations; types of relations; function; types of functions).
Give an exhaustive definition of each notion.
(b) (5 points) Related theorems (theorems on subsets; duality law; inclusion-exclusion
principle; principle of mathematical induction; theorem on transitive relation;
theorem on invertible function). Demonstrate your understanding of these
theorems by examples.
2. (5 points) Find all solutions of the system of congruencies 𝑥 ≡ 1(𝑚𝑜𝑑 5), 𝑥 ≡
3(𝑚𝑜𝑑 6), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≡ 7(𝑚𝑜𝑑 11). Give a full solution.
3. (5 points) There are 12 students in the class. They need to be divided into two groups
(first and second), consisting of an even number of students. How many ways can this
be done? Give a full explanation of your answer.
4. (5 points) It turned out that at some university any two freshmen have no common
friends, and any two non-friend students have exactly two common friends. Prove that
all freshmen at this university have the same number of friends.
5. (5 points) Solve the word equation
𝑥101 = 001𝑥
over the alphabet {0,1}; that is, find the set of strings 𝑥 over {0,1} which satisfy the
equation. Prove your answer.
On the next page, you will find test problems!
Teacher A.A.Srazhdinova
Dean of School of
Applied Mathematics A.A. Issakhov
Approved by protocol №9 of the 30th of November 2022
Attention!!! Some test problems have several correct answers.
1. (1 point) If 𝐴 is the set of roots of the equation 𝑥3 − 3𝑥 + 2 = 0, then 𝐴 is equal to
a) {1; −3; 2}; b) {1; −2}; c) {−1; 2}; d) {−2; 1; −2}; e) {−1; −2; 3}
2. (1 point) For what sets 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 the equation 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 will be true?
a) 𝐴 = {1,2,3,3}, 𝐵 = {3,3,4}, 𝐶 = {3,4,4}
b) 𝐴 = {3,5,7,9}, 𝐵 = {2,5,5,6,7}, 𝐶 = {1,5,8,5,1,6,7,6,7}
c) 𝐴 = {2,3,5,3,2}, 𝐵 = {2,4,6,8}, 𝐶 = {2,9,2,3,6,8,4}
d) 𝐴 = {7,7,7,77}, 𝐵 = {77,71,17}, 𝐶 = {1,77,7,0,7}
e) 𝐴 = {1,5,1,4,8,3,9}, 𝐵 = {1,1,6,4,6}, 𝐶 = {3,1,2,2,4,7}
3. (1 point) Find true equations for any sets 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶
a) 𝐴 × (𝐵 𝖴 𝐶) = (𝐴 × 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐶)
b) (𝐴 𝖴 𝐵) × 𝐶 = (𝐴 × 𝐶) 𝖴 (𝐵 × 𝐶)
c) 𝐴 × (𝐵\𝐶) = (𝐴 × 𝐵) 𝖴 (𝐴 × 𝐶)
d) (𝐴 𝖴 𝐵) × (𝐶 𝖴 𝐷) = (𝐴 × 𝐶) 𝖴 (𝐵 × 𝐶)
e) (𝐴\𝐵) × 𝐶 = (𝐴 × 𝐶)\(𝐵 × 𝐶)
4. (1 point) Find sets equal to a domain of the relation 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑥 ≥ 3𝑦}
a) {𝑥 |𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥2 + 1 ≥ 0}; b) {𝑥 |𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≥ 0}; c) {𝑥 |𝑥 ∈ ℝ, −∞ < 𝑥 < +∞};
d) {𝑥 |𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≥ 3}; e) {𝑥 |𝑥 ∈ ℝ, − 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3}
2 2 2
5. (1 point) Which are the correct translations for the following statement into propositional
logic: You can successfully complete the Discrete Mathematics course only if you have
passed all quizzes well or you have not failed the final exam. Where 𝑠 is “you can
successfully complete the Discrete Mathematics course”, 𝑞 is “you pass all quizzes well” and
𝑓 is “you have failed the final exam”.
a) (𝑞 ∨ ¬𝑓) → 𝑠; b) 𝑠 → (𝑞 ∨ ¬𝑓); c) (𝑠 → 𝑞) ∨ ¬𝑓; d) 𝑠 → 𝑞 ∨ ¬𝑓; e) 𝑞 ∨ ¬𝑓 → 𝑠
6. (1 point) Find tautologies (by using truth tables).
a) S𝑝 𝖠 (𝑝 → 𝑞)V → ¬𝑞; b) S¬𝑝 𝖠 (𝑝 ∨ 𝑞)V → 𝑞; c) ¬𝑝 → ¬(𝑝 → 𝑞);
d) (𝑝 𝖠 ¬𝑞) → (𝑝 → 𝑞); e) ¬(𝑝 → 𝑞) → 𝑝
7. (1 point) Let 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦Y𝑧 + (𝑥
YY𝑦YY𝑧Y) be the Boolean function. Find correct equations.
a) 𝐹 (0,1,1) = 1; b) 𝐹 (1,1,1) = 1; c) 𝐹 (1, 𝑦, 1) = 𝑦Y; d) 𝐹 (1,0, 𝑧) = 𝑧; e) 𝐹 (𝑥, 1,1) = 1 + 𝑥
8. (1 point) For which of these expressions 𝑥 is minimal expansion?
a) 𝑥𝑦Y + 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦Y + 𝑥𝑦; b) 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦Y; c) 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧;
d) 𝑥 𝑦Y𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦Y𝑧 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦; e) 𝑥𝑦Y𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦Y𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧
9. (1 point) Find a recurrence relation for the number of ternary strings of length 𝑛 that do not
contain three consecutive 0’s.
a) 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑎𝑛$1 + 2𝑎𝑛$2; b) 𝑎𝑛 = 3𝑎𝑛$1 + 3𝑎𝑛$2; c) 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑎𝑛$1 + 2𝑎𝑛$2 + 2𝑎𝑛$3;
d) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛$1 + 𝑎𝑛$2 + 𝑎𝑛$3; e) 𝑎𝑛 = 3𝑎𝑛$2 + 2𝑎𝑛$3
10. (1 point) What is the solution of the recurrence relation 𝑎𝑛 = 4𝑎𝑛$1 + 5𝑎𝑛$2 with 𝑎& =
2 and 𝑎1 = 4?
a) 𝑎𝑛 = 1 + (−5)𝑛; b) 𝑎𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 + (−5)𝑛; c) 𝑎𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 + 5𝑛; d) 𝑎𝑛 = [√33()
33
\⋅
𝑛 𝑛 √ 𝑛
*$√33 𝑛 √33$) *(√33 2√3*$1* $+$√3* 2√3*(1* $+(√3*
[ \ +[ \⋅[ \⋅[ \ +[ \⋅[ \
2 √33 2
\ ; e) 𝑎𝑛 = [ √3* 2 √3* 2