Machine Elements (Introduction)

1st Semester (2022-2023)

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
The course covers the fundamental concepts of stresses
and strains such as axial stress, shearing stress, bearing
stress, torsion, flexural stress and strain-stress relationship
Fundamental Areas in Mechanics
(Pytel, Singer)

Strength of
Statics Dynamics
Materials 2
RIGID BODY MECHANICS VS
MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
In statics, the bar is supposed to be
rigid and the force to support the load P
could be determined by moment
summation. W

In mechanics of deformable bodies,

the bar is non-rigid and considerations
about its flexibility and bending shall
be investigated.

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Internal Distribution of the Forces

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Internal Distribution of the Forces
Pxx Axial force. This component
measures the pulling (or pushing)
action perpendicular to the section.

Pxy ,Pxz Shear forces. These components of

the total resistance to sliding the
portion to one side of the exploratory
section past the other.

Mxx Torque. This component measures

the resistance to twisting member.

Mxy ,Mxz Bending Moments. These

components measure the resistance
to bending the member about the y or
z axes.
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Internal Distribution of the Forces

Axial force. Shear forces Bending Moments Torque

Tension or Compression

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 Simple Stresses
𝑃
𝜎=
Stress 𝐴
• The internal resistance of a
material to the distorting
effects of external forces. 500 𝑁 50 𝑁 5000 𝑁 5𝑁
= =
10 𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2 1000 𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2
• Unit of strength of a material

• Force per unit area

𝑃 10 mm2 1000 mm2

𝜎= 500 N 5000 N
𝐴

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Normal Stress
Example # 1. A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of
100 mm must carry a tensile load of 400 kN. Determine the
outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120
MN/m2.

𝜋 2 𝜋 2
𝐴= 𝐷𝑜 − 𝐷
4 4 𝑖

𝜋
𝐴= 𝐷𝑜 2 − 𝐷𝑖 2
4

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Normal Stress
Example # 1.
𝜋
𝐴= 𝐷𝑜 2 − 𝐷𝑖 2 4𝑃
4 𝐷𝑜 = + 𝐷𝑖 2
𝜋𝜎
𝑃 𝑃
𝜎= 𝐴= 4(400 𝑘𝑁)
𝐴 𝜎 𝐷𝑜 = + 0.100 𝑚 2
𝜋(120000 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 )
𝜋 𝑃
𝐷𝑜 2 − 𝐷𝑖 2 =
4 𝜎
4𝑃 𝐷𝑜 = 0.11935 𝑚 = 𝟏𝟏𝟗. 𝟑𝟓 𝒎𝒎
2 2
𝐷𝑜 − 𝐷𝑖 =
𝜋𝜎

4𝑃
𝐷𝑜 2 = + 𝐷𝑖 2
𝜋𝜎
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Normal Stress
Example # 2: A composite bar consists of an aluminum section rigidly fastened
between a bronze section and a steel section. Axial loads are applied at specified
positions. Determine the stress in each section.

A = 1.2 in2 A = 1.8 in2 A = 1.6 in2

4000 lb Bronze Aluminum Steel 7000 lb

9000 lb 2000 lb

l = 1.3 ft l = 1.6 ft l = 1.7 ft

𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴
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 Normal Stress
Example # 2:
A = 1.2 in2 A = 1.8 in2 A = 1.6 in2

4000 lb Bronze Aluminum Steel 7000 lb

9000 lb 2000 lb

Pbr = ? ෍ 𝐹𝑥 (→ +) = 0 𝑃𝑏𝑟 − 4000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 = 0

4000 lb
𝑃𝑏𝑟 = 4000 𝑙𝑏𝑠

𝑃𝑎𝑙 − 4000 𝑙𝑏 + 9000 𝑙𝑏 = 0

4000 lb Bronze Pal = ? 𝑃𝑎𝑙 = −5000 𝑙𝑏
9000 lb
𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 5000 𝑙𝑏𝑠, (𝒄)

4000 lb Pst = ?
Bronze Aluminum
𝑃𝑠𝑡 − 4000 𝑙𝑏 + 9000 𝑙𝑏 + 2000 𝑙𝑏 = 0
9000 lb 2000 lb 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = −7000 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 7000 𝑙𝑏𝑠(𝒄) 11
 Normal Stress
Example # 2:

𝑃𝑏𝑟 = 4000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑃𝑏𝑟 4000 𝑙𝑏𝑠

𝜎𝑏𝑟 = = = 3333.3333 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑏𝑟 1.2 𝑖𝑛2
A = 1.2 in2

𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 5000 𝑙𝑏𝑠, (𝒄) 𝑃𝑎𝑙 5000 𝑙𝑏𝑠

𝜎𝑎𝑙 = = = 2777.7778 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑎𝑙 1.8 𝑖𝑛2
A = 1.8 in2

𝑃𝑠𝑡 7000 𝑙𝑏𝑠

𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 7000 𝑙𝑏𝑠(𝒄) 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = = = 4375 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑠𝑡 1.6 𝑖𝑛2
A = 1.6 in2 12
Normal Stress
Example # 3. A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as
shown in the figure. Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to
exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.

𝐹 =𝑚∙𝑎
𝑚
𝐹 = 800 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 9.81
𝑠2
𝐹 = 7848 𝑁

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Normal Stress
Example # 3.
By symmetry (Pbr and Pst are both 5 m away from the
center load):

𝑃𝑏𝑟 = 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 0.5 7848 𝑁 = 3924 𝑁

𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴

Pbr Pst
𝑃𝑏𝑟 3924 𝑁 𝑃𝑠𝑡 3924 𝑁
𝐴𝑏𝑟 = = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = =
5m 5m 𝜎𝑏𝑟 90 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 𝜎𝑠𝑡 120 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
W = 800 kg 𝑨𝒃𝒓 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝟐

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Normal Stress
Example # 4. A 12-inches square steel bearing plate lies
between an 8-inches diameter wooden post and a concrete
footing as shown in the figure. Determine the maximum value
of the load P if the stress in wood is limited to 1800 psi and
that in concrete to 650 psi.

𝑃 𝑃

𝑃𝑤
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑤 𝑃𝑐 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑐
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 Normal Stress
Example # 4.
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴
𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴

𝑃𝑤
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑤
𝑃𝑐 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑐
𝜋 2
𝑃 = 𝐴𝑤 𝜎𝑤 = 𝐷 𝜎𝑤
4 𝑃 = 𝐴𝑐 𝜎𝑐 = 𝑠 2 𝜎𝑤
𝜋 2
𝑙𝑏 2
𝑙𝑏
𝑃= 8 𝑖𝑛 1800 = 90477.9 𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑃 = 12 𝑖𝑛 650 = 93600 𝑙𝑏𝑠
4 𝑖𝑛2 𝑖𝑛2
𝑺𝒂𝒇𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝟗𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟕. 𝟗 𝒍𝒃𝒔 16
Normal Stress
Example # 5. For the truss shown in the figure, calculate the stresses in members CE,
DE, and DF. The cross-sectional area of each member is 1.8 in2.

Determining the reaction force using

summation of Moment.

෍ 𝑀𝐴 (→ +) = 0

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 Normal Stress
Example # 5.
At Joint F:

෍ 𝐹𝑣 (↑ +) = 0

20𝑘 − 𝐷𝐹𝑦 = 0
3
20𝑘 − 𝐷𝐹 = 0
5
𝐷𝐹 = 33.3333𝑘

෍ 𝑀𝐴 (→ +) = 0 At Joint D:
𝐵𝐷 = 𝐷𝐹 = 33.3333𝑘
෍ 𝐹𝑣 (↑ +) = 0
16𝑓𝑡 ∙ (30 𝑘) − 24 𝑓𝑡 ∙ (𝑅𝑓 ) = 0
16𝑓𝑡 ∙ (30 𝑘) 3 3
= 𝑅𝑓 𝐵𝐷 + 𝐷𝐹 − 𝐷𝐸 = 0
24 𝑓𝑡 5 5
3 3
𝑅𝑓 = 20 𝑘 33.3333𝑘 + 33.3333𝑘 − 𝐷𝐸 = 0
5 5
𝐷𝐸 = 40 𝑘 18
Normal Stress
Example # 5.
STRESSES:
𝑃𝐶𝐸 16.66667𝑘
𝜎𝐶𝐸 = = = 9.259 𝑘𝑠𝑖(𝑇)
𝐴𝐶𝐸 1.8 𝑖𝑛2

𝑃𝐷𝐸 40𝑘
𝜎𝐷𝐸 = = = 22.222 𝑘𝑠𝑖 (𝑇)
𝐴𝐷𝐸 1.8 𝑖𝑛2
At Joint E:
𝑃𝐷𝐹 33.3333𝑘
෍ 𝐹𝑣 (↑ +) = 0 𝜎𝐷𝐹 = = = 18.518 𝑘𝑠𝑖 (𝐶)
𝐴𝐷𝐸 1.8 𝑖𝑛2
40𝑘 − 30𝑘 − 𝐶𝐸𝑦 = 0
3
40𝑘 − 30𝑘 − 𝐶𝐸 = 0
5
𝐶𝐸 = 16.66667𝑘
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