Preece a INTRODUCTION: Statics of Rigid Bodies (Engineering Mechanics) has a sharp lstnction from Mechanics of Deormabie Bodies (Strength of Materials in thatthe former covers only the relations ofl the forces acting ona particular body in which they tend to negate each others effect concept of equilbrum). That such bodes under consideration are ‘considered tobe “dealy rig” Inthe sense that deformations due to the application of loads are not taken into consideration. In Mechanics of Deformable Material, the sai bocies are no longer considered to be “ideally rp” and that deformations (physical Body reactions de to the applied loads) however too small are weil taken into ‘consideration. These deformations maybe permanent/ temporary depending on the kind of material to which such body is mace of and upon the king of lead is actualy being applied. Such deformations however ony exists when ‘he material strength of the body fs exceeded and if further exceeded would eventually cause failure/ material breakage. Knowledge inthe design of base machine members necessitates abasic if ot thorough understanding of the strength of materials (determination of the kind of stress and selection of the proper material) and determination/ study ofthe acting forces (engineering mechanics) INTHE DESIGN OF ANY STRUCTURE] MACHINE: 1. Risnecessary to use the principles of statics (condition of equllbrium) to basically determine the acting extemal forces intemal reactions (eeall engineering mechanics basi) 2, The size ofthe mamber: (area resisting the force), thie deflection (deformation) and their stablty/ Instabtty ae then determined based on these forces while also considering the nature (class type) of material being used. 2. Rie necessary to perform strength anahss to ensure safety by preventing failure, ‘SEVERAL WAYS IN WHICH A COMPONENT OF A MACHINE/ STRUCTURE COULD FAIL: 1. By fracture 2. By excessive deformation 20 that the component Is no longer suitable for its originally intended 3. By instability thus unable to cary the intended load ‘ POSSIBLE FARLURE PREVENTION: |The load onthe machine component/ structure must not exceed the rated strength ofthat member ‘This requiring thorough determination ofthe force acting onthe said machie/ structure component. 2. Failure could be compensated by adjusting/ enlarging the cross sectional area resisting the applied external force or by considering 2 dffecent kind of material (harder/ stronger). However, there are posible drawbacks for such actions. could translate nto additional costs hampering budgetary Fequirements and compromise the actual designed sie of the struture/ machin. TERMINOLOGIES IN STE 2 1. FORCE. isa vector quantity (possessing both magnitude and direction) that changes the shape of the ‘body (deformation) to which tis applied and exists always in pars™* twits oF ronce: ao aia i sien Bs una XG (Roger A Newton) BS ion Tans ew) TOR Pam rayinns Winger eabin re Scanned with CamScanner[EXTERNALFORCE are those type of forces that are applied externally tothe body and ‘the reason why there are intemal forces/ reactions. INTERNALFORCES are reactions ofthe Body asa result ofthe application of the ‘externally applied load. Ifthe extenaly applied force is excessive it causes a build-up of internal force that ultimately leads to deformation and eventually to failure. In eases that the applied external force is of small magnitude it sti ‘would causes buld-up of smal internal force without any physical ‘deformations. But if scrutinized microscopical, thelr orginal molecular structure's actualy disturbed. 2 FREERODY DIAGRAMS is an ication of a body showing the actions of al forces (external and internal/ ‘eaction forces stress, sometimes often refered to as “pressure” on solids, It is considered asthe “reaction of portion of body that is subjected to externally applied loads". ‘Stresses arises from two (2} main actors, namely the aplication ‘of externally applied loads (tensile loads, compressive loads, shearing loads, torsional loads, and bending loads) as wellas changes in temperature where the “body” Is prevented from hhavints tree thermal expansion/ contraction. ™ = MN mm Dynes = anneal Newtons = kgm at ‘PREFIXES [OR GREEX SYMBOLS) USED TO SPECIFY EXPONENTIAL POWER OF UNITS; = amo# alate) = ato F axto" ‘f(femto) 1x10% ae Pico) = amo# get inde Amano) = axa * axto™ (micro) ixo* - ano sm (rit) 1x10 imecto) == aioe feagi eo Lee de(deka) anton dee es Scanned with CamScanner‘TYPES OF STRESS: 1. SIMPLESTRESS ‘so known as “arial/ normat stress” and are brought about by the application of forces {compressive/ tensile loads) that act perpenclculr tothe resisting aea. Stresses ofthis kind are either COMPRESSIVE" or “TENSILE” where failure s due to excessive contraction or excessive elongation. BZ eee” COMPRESSIVE STRESS FORMULA TELE STRESS ORM Fe oe oda 3 x 2. SHEARING STRESS ‘atype of stress brought about by forces ating pallor along the area resisting the sid forces 1 maybe called a “tangential stress’ in that it tends to “cut” or “shear” the material ‘Objects such as bos and pins that allow “pivoting/ rotation” are primary examples of machine fomponents that are subjected to such typeof stress. Depending upon the manner in which such bots oF pinsare “sheared” of et, they are termed as either “SINGLE “SHEAR or “DOUBLE SHEAR". ‘SINGLE SHEAR STRESS FORMULA: [DOUBLE SHEAR STRESS FORMULA: B fee Th as Ss BEARING STRESS ‘Avariation of the compresshe stress exerted on an external surface of two contacting bodies/ materials It ditfers from the compressive stress in that it requires a pair of “members” having contact thus exerting forces on the surface of both members. Pressure exerted by columns over a sll tea; shafts mounted on bearings which are forced fit well as rivets and pins that allow connection instead of movement are primary examples of machine components subjected to such type of stress. ty thickness Scanned with CamScanner‘BEARING STRESS FORMULA: Fb Sb SAMPLE PROBLEMS: 1, Would a stee rod having a diameter of 65m be enough to withstand aload of SO Megagrams ata stress of 138 MPa? 2. concrete cube 20cm high when testedin compression sustained a load of 150 tons at frst crac. Find the intensity of this compresive stress at that cracking rmomentin kPa 3. Anollow ton pipes tobe designed asa colurmn and has an OD of 240 mm andis subjected toa fore of 804N. Find the pie thickness, ifthe compressive stress linited to 16 MPa. « . 4. Determine the largest weight, We that the two wires shown. The stesses in ‘exceed 30 bl, Cross-sectional area of (0.40? and 050 in respectively can be supported by cither wite i not 0 Wires AB and AC are 5. Ist possible to place a7 AN elndrin he postion shown without exceeding stress of 50 MPa inthe ‘cable BC. Neglect the weight ofthe bar AB. The cross ‘sectional area ofthe cable Ci 100 mm. 6. Inthe landing gear shown, the bolts at A and B are in single shear and the one at C Is in double shear. Compute the ‘required dlameter ofthese bolt, if the allowable shearing stress in all the bolts is $0 MPa, omm somm e200 “74 30.625" thick te! pate hasa rated strength of €2 ki, would ithe posible tose a 60 kps force ona puncher to bore/ Scanned with CamScannerpunch 2 % * diameter hte? 20kN -20kN B.A tuss i erected based on the members are made up of area of 320 mm, which among kay to fia following shape as shown. if af the ‘angular bare having 2 cret-sectional the members 8C, BD, and BE are more Ra ARG supponed 77 ‘bythe wo (2) fds AB ne C that have ross sectional feos of 12 ana 8m respect. Determine he Boston, ofthe SN ldo that bath stesses mech fader te sae, 10. AnEO lamps supported by two rods AB and BCs ‘howl! ABhas 2 clameter of 10mm and OC hes Bm, ‘no among the two rode are subjected to the greater 11, For the levis shown, what minimum yoke thickness necessary to support 2 load of 55 KN without exceedinga shearing stress of 70 MP2 Inthe belts and bearing stress of 140 Macon the yoke? 12, Acontrotarmiesubjected to the losing as shown Would a" alameter bale be suitable? Or 4" eiameter bolt be much more capable? Scanned with CamScanner