o For division, move the decimal point of the divisor

ALGEBRA to the right until it becomes a whole number.

Move the decimal of point of the dividend the
• Arithmetic same number of times as the divisor. Align the
➢ Fractions decimal place of the new dividend to the quotient.
o Find the Least Common Denominator (LCD) to
convert the fractions into Similar Fractions to do Example: 2.9
addition and subtraction. 𝟏. 𝟓 𝟒. 𝟑𝟓 = 𝟏𝟓 𝟒𝟑. 𝟓
−30__
Example:
1 2 3 4 𝟕
135
o 2
+ 3
= 6
+ 6
= 𝟔 −135
5 1 20 3 𝟏𝟕
0
o 3
− 4
= 12
− 12
= 𝟏𝟐
➢ Percentage
o For multiplication, multiply all numerators and all
o A method in doing operations with percentages
denominators. For mixed fractions, convert them
is converting them first into decimal numbers
first to improper fractions, then multiply.
and then applying the methods for decimal
numbers. To convert percentages to decimal
Example:
4 3 𝟏𝟐 numbers, just move the decimal point two places
o × = to the left.
5 5 𝟐𝟓
1 3 7 11 𝟕𝟕
o 3 ×2 = × =
2 4 2 4 𝟖 Example:
o For division, get the reciprocal fraction of the ▪ 𝟑𝟗. 𝟐 % = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟐
divisor and then multiply it to the dividend. For ▪ 𝟐𝟓𝟑 % = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟑
mixed fractions, convert them first to improper
fractions. • Sets
- Terminology:
Example: o Universal Set – is the set containing all the
2 3 2 7 𝟏𝟒
o ÷ = × = distinct elements or objects. It is usually
5 7 5 3 𝟏𝟓
denoted by the letter ‘U’.
1 3 13 7 13 4 𝟓𝟐
o 4 ÷1 = ÷ = × =
3 4 3 4 3 7 𝟐𝟏
o Subset – is a set containing distinct elements
Always express your answers in lowest term. which is a part of a bigger set.

➢ Decimals o Null Set – has no elements in it. It is denoted

o In adding and subtracting decimal numbers, by the symbol ‘∅’.
align the decimal points of all decimal numbers
before applying either of these two operations. o Finite Set – is a set with finite or countable
Example: number of elements.
12.35 Examples:
+ 1.4578 o Set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
𝟏𝟑. 𝟖𝟎𝟕𝟖 o Set containing all letters of the English
alphabet
o For multiplication, ignore first the decimal point
and just multiply the factors as whole numbers. o Infinite Set – is a set with infinite number of
Then get the total number of digits after the elements.
decimal points has for every factor. This is where Examples:
the decimal point will be placed on the product, o Set containing all even numbers
counting will start from the right. o Set containing all numbers divisible by 6 and
9.
Example: 1.24 ← 2 decimal places
× 2.56 ← 2 decimal places
➢ Set Operations
744
o The UNION between two or more sets is defined
620
as the set which contains the elements in all the
248
given sets combined. It is denoted by the symbol
3.1744 ← 4 decimal places ‘∪’.
 Example:
The complement of
Given: Set A = {5,8,16,19}, Set B containing all the universal set or
even numbers less than 10, and Set C containing ‘U’ is always the
all prime between 10 and 20. NULL SET.
The union of set A, B, and C is:

A ∪ B ∪ C = {2,4,5,6,8,11,13,16,17,19} The complement of a

null set or ‘∅’ is
always the
UNIVERSAL SET.

o The Set Difference between a given set A and set

B is defined as the set containing all elements
found in A but not found in B. The notation for this
o The INTERSECTION between two or more sets is
operation is the same in subtraction of numbers.
defined as the set which contains all the common
elements among the given sets. It is denoted by
Illustrations:
the symbol ‘∩’.

Example:

Given: Set A = {K, A, I, S, T}, Set B containing all A−B

letters from the word “KIRSTIN”, and Set C
containing all consonants.

The intersection of set A, B, and C is:

A ∩ B ∩ C= {K, S, T}
B−C

o The COMPLEMENT of a given set is defined as

the set containing all elements not included in the C−A
given set. It is denoted by an apostrophe (’) after
the given set’s label. The complement of set A is
the same as A’.
Example:
Illustrations:
Given: Set A = {1,2,3,4,5}
Set B = {2,4,6,8,10}

A’ Set C = {3,6,9,12,15}

Set Differences: A – B = {1,3,5}

B – C = {2,4,8,10}
C – A = {6,9,12,15}

B’ • Real Number System

- Terminology
o Natural numbers (or counting numbers) – are
1, 2, 3, 4, and so on up to infinity. The set of
natural numbers can be denoted by the symbol
C’ ‘𝚴’.

o Whole numbers – are just basically the Natural

numbers but 0 is included.
 o Integers – are the combination of natural denoted by putting the name of the matrix
numbers, their additive inverses (negative between the absolute value sign. Given a matrix
numbers), and 0. The set of integers is denoted A, |𝐴| reads as the determinant of A.
by ‘𝐽’ or ‘𝑍’
➢ Matrix Operations
o Rational numbers – are numbers which can be o To do Addition and Subtraction in matrices,
expressed as a ratio between two integers. they must have the same number of rows and
Decimals which terminate or have a repeating columns. Then, use the desired operation,
pattern are considered rational numbers. whether add or subtract, for each specific
element in all the matrices.
o Irrational numbers – are numbers which cannot
be expressed as a ratio or a fraction. Non- Examples:
terminating decimals with no repeating pattern 3 1 2 3 3+2 1+3 𝟓 𝟒
are irrational numbers. Some examples are the [ ]+[ ]=[ ]=[ ]
2 5 1 7 2+1 5+7 𝟑 𝟏𝟐
value of pi, Euler’s number (e), and √2.
5 9 1 7 5−1 9−7 𝟒 𝟐
[ ]−[ ]=[ ]=[ ]
4 5 1 3 4−1 5−3 𝟑 𝟐
o Real numbers – is a set of numbers containing
all the rational and irrational numbers.
o In Multiplication, the condition is that the
➢ The Real Number System can be number of columns in the first matrix must be
illustrated using a Venn Diagram with the Real equal to the number of rows in the second
Number as the universal set. matrix. After the condition is met, proceed with
the multiplication process. Multiply the
elements of each row of the first matrix to the
elements of each column of the second matrix
and then add the product of each pair of
elements. The product must have the same
number of rows with the first matrix and same
number of columns with the second matrix.

Example:

[𝟐 𝟓
𝟑] × [ ]
• Matrices and Determinants 𝟔
- Terminology = [(𝟐 × 𝟓) + (𝟑 × 𝟔)]
o Matrix – is defined as an ordered rectangular
= [𝟐𝟖]
array of numbers. It is usually used to represent
systems of linear equations.
o There is no Division operation in matrices.
o Square matrix – is a matrix with equal number
of rows and columns. ➢ Finding the determinant
o ONLY square matrices have a determinant For
o Identity matrix – is a square matrix that has 1’s 1x1 matrix, the only element in the matrix is also
on the main diagonals and 0’s for all other its determinant.
entries.
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 o For 2x2 matrix, use the illustration below. Given
[𝟎 𝟏 𝟎] a matrix M:
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝒂 𝒃
𝑴=[ ]
𝒄 𝒅
o Zero matrix – is a square matrix with only 0’s
|𝑴| = 𝒂𝒅 − 𝒃𝒄
as its elements.
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
[ 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎] 3 −1
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝑀=[ ]
2 −3
|𝑀| = (3 × (−3)) − (−1 × 2)
o Determinant – is a single number which
|𝑀| = (−9) − (−2)
describes the properties of the matrix. These
|𝑴| = −𝟕
properties are used to solve the systems of linear
equation being represented by the matrix. It is
 ➢ For 3x3, use the illustration below. Given a ➢ Solving for the nth term in an Arithmetic
matrix M: sequence
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 ➢ To find a specific term in an arithmetic
𝑀 = [𝑑 𝑒 𝑓] sequence, we will be using the formula:
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅
where,
To work out this 3x3 matrix, choose a reference
• 𝒂𝒏 is the desired term
row or column. Assume that the first row is
• 𝒂𝟏 is the first term of the arithmetic
chosen, take ‘a’ first. The row and column that
sequence
intersects ‘a’ is ignored. So, you have a 2x2
𝑒 𝑓 • 𝒏 is the position in the arithmetic
matrix which is [ ]. sequence of the term
ℎ 𝑖
• 𝒅 is the common difference
Find its determinant and multiply it by ‘a’. The
Example: Find the 7th term in the arithmetic
next element in the first row is ‘b’. Do the same
sequence 4, 7, 10, 13, …
process again and again for ‘c’. Finally, add
every other element, starting from the first Solution:
element, and subtract the ones in between
those elements. To make all this process To find the 7th term, three values must be known,
simple, look at the formula below. the first term of the sequence, the position of the
term being asked, and the common difference.
The first term (𝒂𝟏 ) is 4 and the position of the term
|𝑴| = 𝒂(𝒆𝒊 − 𝒇𝒉) − 𝒃(𝒅𝒊 − 𝒇𝒈) + 𝒄(𝒅𝒊 − 𝒆𝒈) being asked (𝒏) is 7. To find the common
Example: difference, take any term and subtract it to the
1 3 2 number on its right. In this example lets choose
𝑀 = [2 5 1] the number 4. Subtracting it to the numbers to its
4 2 1 right, which is 7, we will get 3. Thus, the common
difference (𝒅) is 3. After getting the three values,
|𝑀| = 1((5 × 1) − (1 × 2)) − 3((2 × 1) − (1 × 4)) plug them in to the formula.
+ 2((2 × 2) − (5 × 4))

|𝑀| = 1(5 − 2) − 3(2 − 4) + 2(4 − 20) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑

𝑎7 = 4 + (7 − 1)3
|𝑀| = 3 + 6 − 32
𝑎7 = 4 + 18
|𝑴| = −𝟐𝟑 𝒂𝟕 = 𝟐𝟐

➢ For 4x4 and above, use the same method used The 7th term in the arithmetic sequence 4, 7, 10,
in the 3x3 matrices. Find a reference row or 13, … is 22.
column to have smaller matrices. Repeat the
➢ Solving for the Arithmetic series
process until you reach a 2x2 matrix, then just
o To solve for the Arithmetic series, we will be
do the operations. Do not forget the part where
using the formula:
you will add every other element, starting from 𝒏
the first element, and subtract the ones in 𝑺𝒏 = [𝟐𝒂𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅]
between those elements.
𝟐

where,
• Arithmetic Sequence and Series • 𝑺𝒏 is the arithmetic series
- Terminology • 𝒂𝟏 is the first term
o Arithmetic sequence – is a sequence of • 𝒏 is the number of terms
numbers with constant intervals for each • 𝒅 is the common difference
succeeding numbers.
o Common Difference – is the value of the Example: Find the sum of the terms from the 4th
interval between any consecutive numbers in term to the 11th term of the arithmetic series 5, 7,
an arithmetic sequence is called the It is 9, 11, 13, …
denoted by the letter ‘d’.
Solution:
o Arithmetic series – is the sum of the terms in To find the geometric series, three values must
the given arithmetic sequence. be known, the starting term in the terms to be
 added, the total number of terms, and the sequence, the position of the desired term, and
common difference. The sum will start from the the common ration. The first term of the sequence
3
4th term so the starting term (𝒂) is 11. Since the (𝒂𝟏 ) is . The position of the desired term (𝒏) is 8.
2
sum will start from the 4th term and end at the 11th
To find the common ratio, choose any term and
term, total number of terms (𝒏) is 11-4, which is divide it by the term on its left. For this example,
7. And the last value needed is the common choose 1 and divide it by the term on its left which
difference which is just simply subtracting the any 3 2
is . Thus, the common ratio (𝒓) is . After getting
term to the term on its right. The common 2 3
difference (𝒅) is 7-5, which is equal to 2. After these three values, plug them in to the formula.
getting the three values, plug them in to the
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 × 𝑟 𝑛−1
formula.
3 2 8−1
𝑛 𝑎8 = × ( )
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] 2 3
2 𝟔𝟒
𝒂𝟖 =
7 𝟕𝟐𝟗
𝑆7 = [2(11) + (7 − 1)2]
2 The 8th term in the geometric sequence
3 2 2 𝟔𝟒
7 , 1, , , … is .
2 3 9 𝟕𝟐𝟗
𝑆7 = [22 + 12]
2
𝑺𝟕 = 𝟏𝟏𝟗 ➢ Solving for the Geometric series
o To find the geometric series, we will be using the
The sum of all the terms starting from the 4th term formula
to the 11th term in the arithmetic sequence 5, 7, 9, 𝒂𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒓𝒏 )
11, 13, … is 119. 𝑺𝒏 =
𝟏−𝒓
where,
• Geometric Sequence and Series • 𝑺𝒏 is the geometric series
- Terminologies • 𝒂𝟏 is the first term
o Geometric sequence – is a sequence of • 𝒓 is the common ratio
numbers that follows a pattern where the • 𝒏 is the number of terms to be added
succeeding term is found by multiplying a
constant value to the current term.
Example: Find the sum of the geometric
1 1
o Common Ratio – is the value that is multiplied sequence 2, 1, , , … starting from the 2nd up to
2 4
to each succeeding term the 7th term.

o Geometric series – is the sum of the terms in Solution:

the given geometric sequence. To find the 8th term in the sequence, three values
must be known, the first term of the geometric
➢ Solving for the nth term in a Geometric sequence, the position of the desired term, and
sequence the common ratio. The first term of the sequence
o To find a specific term in a geometric sequence, (𝒂𝟏 ) is 2. Since the geometric series starts at the
we will be using the formula: 2nd term and ends at the 7th term, the total number
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 × 𝒓𝒏−𝟏 of terms (𝒏) is 5. To find the common ratio,
where, choose any term and divide it by the term on its
• 𝒂𝒏 is the desired term left. For this example, choose 1 and divide it by
• 𝒂𝟏 is the first term in the geometric the term on its left which is 2. Thus, the common
1
sequence. ratio (𝒓) is After getting these three values, plug
2
• 𝒓 is the common ratio them in to the formula.
• 𝒏 is the position of the desired term
in the sequence 𝑎1 (1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
Example: Find the 8th term in the geometric 15
3 2 2 2 (1 − )
sequence , 1, , , … 2
2 3 9 𝑆𝑛 =
1
Solution: 1−
2
𝟑𝟏
To find the 8th term in the sequence, three values 𝑺𝒏 =
𝟖
must be known, the first term of the geometric
 Example:
The sum of the terms in the geometric sequence 2(𝑥 + 1) − 𝑥 + 4 > 3
1 1
2, 1, , , … starting from the 2nd term up to the 7th 2𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 + 4 > 3
2 4
𝟑𝟏 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 > 3 − 2 − 4
term is .
𝟖 −(−𝑥 > −3)
𝒙<𝟑
• Linear Equations • Quadratic Equations
- It is an equation with the highest degree of one. - An equation with a degree of 2. It has at most 2
Linear equations have at most one solution, a value solutions.
that when substituted to the equation makes the
equation true. Example: 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0

Example: 2𝑥 − 3 = 5 ➢ Solving quadratic equations

o By factoring
➢ Steps in solving linear equations
o Expand all brackets. 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
o Separate all linear terms to one side of the
𝑥−3 =0→ 𝒙 =𝟑; 𝑥−2= 0→ 𝒙=𝟐
equation and constants on the other side. Note
that signs should be opposite upon transposing.
o Using quadratic formula
o Combine like terms.
- Given 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, where a, b, and c
o Divide the whole equation with the coefficient of are coefficients, substitute the values to the
the linear term. formula:
Example: −𝒃 ± √𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝒙=
Solve the equation 2(𝑥 + 1) − 3𝑥 + 4 = 3. 𝟐𝒂
Example:
Solution:
(1) Expand by distributing 2 to the expression 𝟐
(a) when 𝒃 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 < 𝟎 (negative)
inside the parentheses.
2𝑥 + 2 − 3𝑥 + 4 = 3 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7 = 0
(2) Put the linear terms on one side, and the
𝑎 = 1; 𝑏 = −4; 𝑐 = 7
constants on the other.
2𝑥 − 3𝑥 = 3 − 2 − 4 −(−4) ± √(−4)2 − 4(1)(7)
𝑥=
(3) Combine like terms by adding and/or 2(1)
subtracting. 4 ± √−12
−𝑥 = −3 𝑥=
2
(4) Divide −1 (coefficient of x) to both sides of the
Since there is a negative integer inside the
equation.
−𝑥 −3 radical sign, 𝑥 is imaginary. Therefore, there
= is no real solution.
−1 −1
−𝒙 = −𝟑
𝟐
(b) when 𝒃 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 > 𝟎

• Linear Inequalities 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 54 = 0
𝑎 = 1; 𝑏 = 3; 𝑐 = −54
- A statement with the highest degree one, but
instead of an equality sign (=), uses less than (<), −(3) ± √(3)2 − 4(1)(−54)
𝑥=
greater than (>), at most/less than or equal to (≤), 2(1)
and at least/ greater than or equal to (≥). Compared −𝟑 ± √𝟐𝟐𝟓
to linear equations with only one solution, linear 𝒙=
𝟐
inequalities have infinite solutions and is expressed There are two real solutions for x due to the
as a range of numbers. plus and minus sign.
- In solving linear inequality just follow the steps in 𝟐
linear equations. Note that when dividing or (c) when 𝒃 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 = 𝟎
multiplying the whole equation with negative
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 = 0
values, the inequality sign reverses.
𝑎 = 1; 𝑏 = 2; 𝑐 = 1
 −(2) ± √(2)2 − 4(1)(1) - It is an equation for which any 𝒙 that can be plugged
𝑥= into the equation will yield exactly one 𝒚 out of the
2(1)
equation.
−2 ± √0
𝑥=
2 ➢ Terminology:
𝒙 = −𝟏 o Domain – the set of possible values of the
Since the radicand is zero, there is only one independent variable (input to the function);
real solution. denoted by X
o Range – the set of all possible resulting values
of the dependent variable (output the function);
• Quadratic Inequalities denoted by Y
- A statement with a degree of 2, but instead of an o Composition – the combining of two or more
equality sign (=), uses <, >, ≤, and ≥. Just like linear functions in a manner where the output from one
inequalities, quadratic inequalities also have infinite function becomes the input for the next function;
solutions (or no solution) and is expressed as a denoted by f ∘ g
range of numbers. o Inverse (of an element) – the set of all possible
values 𝑥 in X such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦; denoted by
➢ Steps in solving quadratic inequalities 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒚) = {𝒙 ∈ 𝑿 ∣ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒚}
o Find the roots of the inequality by either factoring
o Graph – the set of all ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥))
or using the quadratic formula.
o Construct a table of signs to determine the range
➢ Types of Functions
of values that would make the statement true.
o Constant function – a function that has the
o If there are no roots, manipulate the inequality by
same output value no matter what the input
completing the square.
value is
Standard form: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂, where 𝑎 is a constant
Examples:
(1) 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 > 0 Examples: 𝑓(𝑥) = 4, 𝑓(𝑥) = 100
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 2) > 0 Graph:

In constructing a table of values, use the roots to

obtain expressions that will give a range in getting
test points (integers substituted to the expression
in the inequality). In the example below, only the
signs of the values obtained upon substitution are
included for conciseness.
𝒙<𝟐 𝟐<𝒙<𝟑 𝒙>𝟑
(−)(−) = + (−)(+) = − (+)(+) = + o Polynomial function – a function that can be
expressed in the form of a polynomial (i.e.
Since the statement indicates that 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 is equations that involve only nonnegative integer
greater than 0, then only the ranges that yield exponents)
positive (+) results from the table of values will
satisfy the inequality. Hence, 𝒙 < 𝟐 and 𝒙 > 𝟑 Types of polynomial functions:
are the solutions. ▪ Linear
Standard form: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃, where 𝑎 and 𝑏
(2) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7 > 0 are constants
Examples: 𝑓(𝑥) = 9𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
Since there are no real roots, use completing the Graph:
square.
(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) + 7 − 4 > 0
(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) + 3 > 0
(𝑥 − 2)2 > −3
Note that (𝑥 − 2)2 will always be positive for all
real numbers 𝑥. Hence, it will always be greater
than −3. Therefore, the solution for this inequality
is all real numbers: 𝒙 ∈ ℝ.

▪ Quadratic
• Functions
 Standard form: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄, where 𝑎, 𝑏, Examples: 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥
and 𝑐 are constants Graphs:
Examples: 𝑓(𝑥) = 9𝑥 2 , 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
Graph:

o Exponential function – a function in which the

▪ Cubic variable appears as an exponent
Standard form: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟑 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅 Standard form: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙 , where 𝑎 is a constant
Examples: 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 , 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 4 1 𝑥
Graph: Examples: 3𝑥 , ( )
2
Graph:

▪ Other higher degree polynomial functions have o Logarithmic function – a function in which the
the form: variable appears as an argument of a logarithm;
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟎 is the inverse of exponential functions
Standard form: 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑎 (𝑥), where 𝑎 is a
where 𝑎 is a constant and 𝑛 is the degree
constant
(highest power of 𝑥) of the function.
Examples: 𝑓(𝑥) = log10 (𝑥), 𝑓(𝑥) = log 3 (9𝑥)
o Rational function – a function that is a ratio or Graph:
quotient of two polynomials, where the polynomial
in the denominator is not equal to zero
𝑷(𝒙)
Standard form: 𝒇(𝒙) = , where 𝑄(𝑥) ≠ 0.
𝑸(𝒙)
3 2𝑥+3
Examples: 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 𝑥+1
Graph:

Laws of exponents and logarithms

Laws of
Operation Laws of Logarithms
Exponents
Multiplication 𝑥 𝑚 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚+𝑛 log(𝑎 ∙ 𝑏) = log 𝑎 + log 𝑏
𝑥𝑚 𝑎
Division = 𝑥 𝑚−𝑛 log ( ) = log 𝑎 − log 𝑏
𝑥𝑛 𝑏
Exponentiation (𝑥 𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑛 log(𝑎𝑛 ) = 𝑛 ∙ log 𝑎
o Trigonometric function – a function of an angle Zero property 𝑥0 = 1 log(1) = 0
which includes the sine, cosine, tangent, 1
Inverse 𝑥 −1 = log(𝑥 −1 ) = −log(𝑥)
cotangent, secant, and cosecant, and their 𝑥
hyperbolic counterparts
• Systems of Equations ➢ Elimination method
o Add (or subtract) a term of one equation to the
- It is a collection of two or more equations with a same other equation in such a way that either of the 𝑥-
set of unknowns. terms or 𝑦-terms cancel out. A constant can be
- In solving a system of equations, the unknown multiplied to both sides of one equation so that
values for each variable that will satisfy every one of the terms in both equations can be
equation in the system are sought. cancelled out.
- There are different ways to solve systems of linear o Once that the terms have been cancelled out,
equations: graphing, substitution, and solve for the value of the remaining variable.
elimination. o Substitute the resulting value of the remaining
variable to either of the equations to find the other
➢ Graphing method coordinate.
o Solve for the roots or intercepts (points where the
graph intersects the axes) of the equation. To find Example:
8𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 12
the x-intercept, let 𝑦 or 𝑓(𝑥) be zero; to find the y- Solve the system {
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −2
intercept, let 𝑥 be zero.
o Plot the points and connect it to form a line for Solution:
each equation. (1) Multiply −2 to the second equation so that when
the terms are added, the ones with 𝑥 will cancel
o The point/s where the two graphs intersect is/are out.
the solution/s for the system. −2(4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −2) − 2
−8𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 4
➢ Substitution method
(2) Add this equation to the other one, then solve for
o Solve for 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥 (or vice versa) using one the value of the remaining variable.
equation. −8𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 4
o Substitute the expression for y in the other 8𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 12
equation to obtain a value/s for x. −8𝑦 = 16
o Substitute the value of x to either of the equations 𝒚 = −𝟐
to obtain the corresponding value for y.
(3) Substitute the value of 𝑦 to either of the
equations to get the value of x.
Example:
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 16 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −2
Solve the system { 4𝑥 + 3(−2) = −2
7𝑥 + 𝑦 = 19
4x − 6 = −2
Solution: 4𝑥 = −2 = 6
(1) Solve for 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥. 4𝑥 = 4
𝑦 = 19 − 7𝑥 𝒙=𝟏
(2) Substitute the expression for 𝑦 in the other
equation, then put like terms in the same side to The answer may be written by stating the values of
get a value for 𝑥. the two variables as follows: 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = −𝟐. It can
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 16 also be written as an ordered pair such as (𝟏, −𝟐).
3𝑥 + 2(19 − 7𝑥) = 16
3𝑥 − 14𝑥 = 16 − 38
−11𝑥 = −22
𝒙=𝟐
(3) Using the obtained value for 𝑥, substitute it to
either of the equations to find the 𝑦-coordinate.
𝑦 = 19 − 7𝑥
𝑦 = 19 − 7(2)
𝑦 = 19 − 14
𝒚=𝟓

The answer may be written by stating the values of

the two variables as follows: 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = 𝟓. It can
also be written as an ordered pair such as (𝟐, 𝟓).