sf]zL k|b]zdf Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLsf] cj:yf,

;Defjgf /% r'gf}tLx?

ljz]if cWoog k|ltj]bg

@)&(÷*)

g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

lj/f6gu/ sfof{no
-@)*) k';_
sf]zL k|b]zdf Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLsf] cj:yf,
;Defjgf / r'gf}tLx?

ljz]if cWoog k|ltj]bg

@)&(÷*)

g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

lj/f6gu/ sfof{no
-@)*) k';_
 e"ldsf
g]kfn /fi6« a}+s g]kfnsf] ;du| df}lb|s tyf ljQLo If]qsf] lgofdgsf/L lgsfo xf] . g]kfn /fi6« a}Í P]g, @)%*
sf] clwgdf /xL a}+sn] d"No l:y/tf, zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt, ;dli6ut cy{tGq, ljQLo ahf/sf] cj:yf, d'b|f k|bfo
tyf ljb]zL ljlgdo h:tf ljifodf cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg, tYofÍ ;+sng, k|zf]wg, ljZn]if0f, k|ltj]bg k|sfzg
tyf gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ ub{5 . d'n'ssf] zf;sLo :j?k ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf ?kfGt/0f eP;Fu} s]Gb|Lo a}+ssf] e"ldsfnfO{
yk k|efjsf/L agfO{ tYodf cfwfl/t gLlt lgdf{0f tyf ;"rgf k|jfx ug{] p2]Zon] a}+ssf k|b]zl:yt sfof{nox?n]
klg æcfly{s ultljlw tyf ljz]if cWoog dfu{bz{g, @)&^ -k|yd ;+;f]wg, @)&( ;lxt_Æ sf] Joj:yf cg';f/
k|fb]lzs s[lif, pBf]u, ;]jf, k"jf{wf/, /f]huf/L, ;/sf/L ljQ h:tf ljifox?df ljz]if cWoog ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
o; ;Gbe{df cfly{s jif{ @)&(/*) sf] :jLs[t jflif{s sfo{of]hgf adf]lhd æsf]zL k|b]zdf Jofj;flos lsjL
v]tLsf] cj:yf, ;Defjgf / r'gf}tLx?Æ ljifodf ljz]if cWoog u/L of] k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . sf]zL k|b]zdf
Jofj;flos lsjL v]tL k|f/De ePsf Onfd, kfFry/, tfKn]h'ª, wgs'6f, t]x|y'd, ;+v'jf;ef, ef]hk'/, ;f]n'v'Da',
cf]vn9'Ëf / vf]6fª lhNnfx?dWo] lsjLsf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg kl/df0fsf] cfwf/df Onfd, ;f]n'v'Da', kfFry/ /
wgs'6f u/L $ j6f lhNnfx? cu|l0f :yfgdf /x]sf 5g\ . tL lhNnfx?df :ynut k|ZgfjnL ;j]{If0fsf dfWodaf6
lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg JolQmx?, Joj;foL cflbaf6 lnOPsf] lsjL kmnsf] pTkfbg, ahf/Ls/0f, ljQLo Pjd\ cGo
ljifox?;Fu ;DalGwt k|fylds tYofÍ Pjd ljj/0f, ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu ul/Psf] cGt/lqmof tyf
5nkmnaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/L tyf ;'emfjx? nufot ;/sf/L lgsfox?af6 o; If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf k|sfzg
u/]sf låtLo tYofÍ Pjd\ ljj/0fx?sf] k|of]u Pjd\ ljZn]if0f u/L of] k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|b]zdf
lsjL v]tLsf] jt{dfg pTkfbg tyf ahf/Ls/0f / ljQLo ;|f]t kl/rfngsf] cj:yf Pjd\ tL If]q;Fu ;DalGwt
;d:ofx?, lsjL v]tLdf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf, cfDbfgL vr{ tyf nfebfostfsf] cj:yf, ls;fgx?sf] u'gf;f] tyf
;'emfj ;d]tnfO{ o; k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z u/L of] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .
k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf qmddf cfjZos tYofÍ, ljj/0fx? pknAw u/fO{ ;xof]u ug{'x'g] lsjL s[ifsx?, yf]s tyf
v'b|f Jofkf/L, lhNnfl:yt s[lif 1fg s]Gb|, k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgf, :yfgLo txsf k|ltlglw /
cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfonfO{ xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . k|ltj]bgsf] tof/Lsf qmddf tYofÍ ;+sng, k|zf]wg,
ljZn]if0f tyf k|ltj]bg n]vg sfo{df ;+nUg o; a}+ssf pk lgb]{zs dgf]h u'?Ë, ;xfos lgb]{zsqo dl0f
e08f/L, clgn l;jfsf]6L / b]jsfGt d08n tyf k|wfg ;xfosx?M df]xgs'df/ of]ªxfª, k|lbk l3ld/], ;/f]h
s6'jfn / ;'hg s'df/ ljZjsdf{nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' . ;fy}, cfufdL lbgdf klg o:f lsl;dsf ljz]if
cWoog;Fu ;DalGwt k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg]{ sfo{df ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?sf] ;fy / ;xof]u /xg] ck]Iff
ub{5' .

OGb|f rDnfufO{ d}gfnL

lgb]{zs
g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, lj/f6gu/

s
 ljifo ;"rL
zLif{s k]h g+=
e"ldsf s
ljifo ;"rL v
tflnsf ;"rL u
rf6{ ;"rL r
sfo{sf/L zf/f+; 5
kl/R5]b ! M kl/ro 1
!=! cWoog k[i7e"ld 1
!=@ cWoogsf] p2]Zo 6
!=# cWoogsf] cf}lrTo tyf dxTj 6
!=$ cWoogsf ;Ldfx? 7

kl/R5]b @ M s[lt ;dLIff 8

@=! cGt/fli6«o cWoogsf] ;dLIff 8
@=@ /fli6«o ;flxTox?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg 11

kl/R5]b # M cg';Gwfg ljlw 14

#=! cWoogsf] If]q 14
#=@ cWoogsf] ljlw÷9fFrf 14
#=# gd'gf 5gf}6, tYofÍsf] k|sf/, ;|f]t / ;+sng ljlw 14
#=$ tYofÍsf] k|:t'tLs/0f 16
#=% tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0f 16
#=^ cWoog kl/sNkgfsf] lgdf{0f 18
#=& cWoogsf] ;do ;Ldf 18

kl/R5]b $ M tYofÍ k|:t'tLs/0f tyf ljZn]if0f 19

$=! kfFry/ lhNnf 19
$=@ wgs'6f lhNNff 29
$=# Onfd lhNnf 38
$=$ ;f]n'v'Da' lhNNff 49
$=% cWoog If]qsf] t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f 58

kl/R5]b %M lgisif{ tyf ;'emfj 70

%=! cWoogsf] lgisif{ 71
%=@ ;'emfjx? 73
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L 75
cg';"rLx?

v
 tflnsfx?sf] ;"rL
tflnsf g+= zLif{s k]h g+=
tflnsf !=! k|fb]lzs ;"rsfÍx?sf] l:ylt 1

tflnsf !=@ sf]zL k|b]zdf /x]sf hf]g tyf ;'k/ hf]gx?sf] lhNnfut cj:Yff 2

tflnsf !=# ;g\ @)@) df e"uf]n cg';f/ lsjLsf] pTkfbg 2

tflnsf !=$ lsjL kmndf kfOg] kf}li6s tTjx?sf] pkl:ylt 3

tflnsf !=% ;g\ @)@) df lsjL pTkfbg ug]{ d'Vo !) b]zx? 4

tflnsf !=^ ljZjsf] ljut !) jif{sf] lsjL pTkfbgsf] d"No 4

tflnsf !=& ljZjdf lsjL cfoft ug]{ d'Vo !) b]z 5

tflnsf !=* rLg / ef/tn] cfoft u/]sf] lsjLsf] kl/df0f / d"No 5

tflnsf !=( sf]zL k|b]zdf ljut $ jif{sf] lsjL pTkfbg cj:yf 6

tflnsf @=! ;fs{ / k"jL{ Plzofsf] kmnkm"n / t/sf/L pTkfbgsf] pTkfbsTj 9

tflnsf #=! sf]zL k|b]zdf lsjL pTkfbs s[ifssf] ;+Vof 15

tflnsf $=! k|b]z / lhNnfut kl/;"rs -kfFry/ lhNnf_ 19

tflnsf $=@ cg'bfgsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -kfFry/ lhNnf_ 20

tflnsf $=# lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg cjlwsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -kfFry/ lhNnf_ 21

tflnsf $=$ lsjL v]tL ul/Psf] If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -kfFry/ lhNnf_ 21

tflnsf $=% lsjLsf] d'Vo qm]tfsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -kfFry/ lhNnf_ 22

tflnsf $=^ lnËsf cfwf/df gd'gf s[ifssf] ljt/0f -kfFry/ lhNnf_ 23

tflnsf $=& lsjL v]tLk|ltsf] ;Gt'li6sf] :t/sf cfwf/df gd'gf s[ifssf] ljt/0f -kfFry/ lhNnf_ 23

tflnsf $=* kfFry/ lhNnfsf] tLg jif{sf] pTkfbg k|j[lt 24

tflnsf $=( ahf/Ls/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f -kfFry/ lhNnf_ 25

tflnsf $=!) ljQLo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f -kfFry/ lhNnf_ 25

tflnsf $=!! kfFry/ lhNnfsf] lsjL v]tLsf] nfut ljj/0f 26

tflnsf $=!@ kfFry/ lhNnfsf] lsjL v]tLsf] cfDbfgL ljj/0f 27

tflnsf $=!# k|b]z / lhNnfut kl/;"rs -wgs'6f lhNnf_ 29

tflnsf $=!$ lnËsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -wgs'6f lhNnf_ 29

tflnsf $=!% z}lIfs of]Uotfsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -wgs'6f lhNnf_ 29

tflnsf $=!^ Joj;fo btf{sf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -wgs'6f lhNnf_ 30

tflnsf $=!& df6f] kl/If0fsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -wgs'6f lhNnf_ 30

tflnsf $=!* tflndsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -wgs'6f lhNnf_ 30

tflnsf $=!( cg'bfgsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -wgs'6f lhNnf_ 30

tflnsf $=@) k'FhLsf] ;|f]tsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -wgs'6f lhNnf_ 31

tflnsf $=@! lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg cjlwsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -wgs'6f lhNnf_ 32

u
tflnsf $=@@ lsjL v]tLsf] If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -wgs'6f lhNnf_ 32

tflnsf $=@# lsjLsf] d'Vo qm]tfsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -wgs'6f lhNnf_ 33

tflnsf $=@$ n}lËs cfwf/df /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf -wgs'6f lhNnf_ 33

tflnsf $=@% Joj;fok|lt ;Gt'li6sf] cj:yf -wgs'6f lhNnf_ 33

tflnsf $=@^ wgs'6f lhNnfsf] tLg jif{sf] pTkfbg k|j[lt 34

tflnsf $=@& ahf/Ls/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f -wgs'6f lhNnf_ 35

tflnsf $=@* ljQLo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f -wgs'6f lhNnf_ 36

tflnsf $=@( wgs'6f lhNnfsf] lsjL v]tLsf] nfut ljj/0f 36

tflnsf $=#) wgs'6f lhNnfsf] lsjL v]tLsf] cfDbfgL ljj/0f 37

tflnsf $=#! k|b]z / lhNnfut kl/;"rs -Onfd lhNnf_ 39

tflnsf $=#@ lnËsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -Onfd lhNnf_ 39

tflnsf $=## z}lIfs of]Uotfsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -Onfd lhNnf_ 39

tflnsf $=#$ Joj;fo btf{sf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -Onfd lhNnf_ 39

tflnsf $=#% df6f] kl/If0fsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -Onfd lhNnf_ 40

tflnsf $=#^ tflndsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -Onfd lhNnf_ 40

tflnsf $=#& cg'bfgsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -Onfd lhNnf_ 40

tflnsf $=#* k'FhLsf] ;|f]tsf] cfwf/df gd'gf ls;fgsf] ljt/0f -Onfd lhNnf_ 41
tflnsf $=#( lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg cjlwsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -Onfd lhNNff_ 42
tflnsf $=$) lsjL v]tLsf] If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -Onfd lhNnf_ 42
tflnsf $=$! lsjLsf] d'Vo qm]tfsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -Onfd lhNnf_ 43

tflnsf $=$@ n}lËs cfwf/df /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf -Onfd lhNnf_ 43

tflnsf $=$# Joj;fok|lt ;Gt'li6sf] cj:yf -Onfd lhNnf_ 44

tflnsf $=$$ Onfd lhNnfsf] tLg jif{sf] pTkfbg k|j[lt 44

tflnsf $=$% ahf/Ls/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f -Onfd lhNnf_ 46

tflnsf $=$^ ljQLo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f -Onfd lhNnf_ 46

tflnsf $=$& Onfd lhNnfsf] lsjL v]tLsf] nfut ljj/0f 47

tflnsf $=$* Onfd lhNnfsf] lsjL v]tLsf] cfDbfgL ljj/0f 47

tflnsf $=$( k|b]z / lhNnfut kl/;"rs -;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf_ 49

tflnsf $=%) lnËsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf_ 49

tflnsf $=%! z}lIfs of]Uotfsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf_ 49

tflnsf $=%@ Joj;fo btf{sf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf_ 50

tflnsf $=%# df6f] kl/If0fsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf_ 50

tflnsf $=%$ tflndsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf_ 50

tflnsf $=%% cg'bfgsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf_ 50

3
tflnsf $=%^ k'FhLsf] ;|f]tsf] cfwf/df gd'gf ls;fgsf] ljt/0f -;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf_ 51
tflnsf $=%& lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg cjlwsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf_ 52

tflnsf $=%* lsjL v]tLsf] If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf_ 52
tflnsf $=%( lsjLsf] d'Vo qm]tfsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf_ 53

tflnsf $=^) n}lËs cfwf/df /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf -;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf_ 53

tflnsf $=^! Joj;fok|lt ;Gt'li6sf] cj:yf -;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf_ 53

tflnsf $=^@ ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] tLg jif{sf] pTkfbg k|j[lt 54

tflnsf $=^# ahf/Ls/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f -;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf_ 55

tflnsf $=^$ ljQLo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f -;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf_ 56

tflnsf $=^% ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] lsjL v]tLsf] nfut ljj/0f 56

tflnsf $=^^ ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] lsjL v]tLsf] cfDbfgL ljj/0f 57

tflnsf $=^& lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg cjlwsf] ljZn]if0f 59

tflnsf $=^* lsjL v]tLsf] If]qkmn ljZn]if0f 59

tflnsf $=^( lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg ls;fgsf] z}lIfs cj:yf ljZn]if0f 60

tflnsf $=&) lsjL v]tLsf] Joj;fo btf{ / df6f] kl/If0f cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f 60

tflnsf $=&! tflnd tyf k|lzIf0fsf] cj:yf ljZn]if0f 61

tflnsf $=&@ ljQLo ;|f]tsf] ljZn]if0f 62

tflnsf $=&# tflnd tyf k|lzIf0fsf] cj:yf ljZn]if0f 63

tflnsf $=&$ cWoog If]qsf] nfut / cfDbfgLsf] ljZn]if0f 64

tflnsf $=&% cWoog If]qsf] t'ngfTds ljQLo ljZn]if0f 65

tflnsf $=&^ lsjL / lxpFb] kmnkm'n aLrsf] pTkfbsTj ljZn]if0f 66

tflnsf $=&& ljut # jif{sf] lsjLsf] cfoft lgof{t cj:yf 67

tflnsf $=&* cg';Gwfg kl/sNkgfsf] kl/If0f 68

ª
 rf6{x?sf] ;"rL
rf6{ g+= zLif{s k]h g+=
rf6{ $=! nufgLsf] ;|f]tsf] cfwf/df s[ifssf] juL{s/0f -kfFry/ lhNnf_ 20
rf6{ $=@ lsjLsf] k|hftLo pkl:ylt -kfFry/ lhNnf_ 21
rf6{ $=# C0fsf] ;|f]t / Jofhb/sf] ljZn]if0f -kfFry/ lhNnf_ 22
rf6{ $=$ gd'gf s[ifssf] ljut # jif{sf] pTkfbg k|j[lt -kfFry/ lhNnf_ 23
rf6{ $=% k|ltaf]6 pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df gd'gf ls;fgsf] ljt/0f -kfFry/ lhNnf_ 24
rf6{ $=^ pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f -kfFry/ lhNnf_ 25
rf6{ $=& ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ pkef]usf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -wgs'6f lhNnf_ 31
rf6{ $=* shf{sf] ;|f]t / Jofhb/sf] ljZn]if0f -wgs'6f lhNnf_ 31
rf6{ $=( lsjLsf] k|hftLo pkl:ylt -wgs'6f lhNnf_ 32
rf6{ $=!) gd'gf s[ifssf] ljut # jif{sf] pTkfbg ljZn]if0f -wgs'6f lhNnf_ 34
rf6{ $=!! k|ltaf]6 lsjLsf] pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -wgs'6f lhNnf_ 34
rf6{ $=!@ pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f -wgs'6f lhNnf_ 35
rf6{ $=!# ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ pkef]usf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -Onfd lhNnf_ 41
rf6{ $=!$ shf{sf] ;|f]t / Jofhb/sf] ljZn]if0f -Onfd lhNnf_ 42
rf6{ $=!% lsjLsf] k|hftLo pkl:ylt -Onfd lhNnf_ 43
rf6{ $=!^ gd'gf s[ifssf] ljut # jif{sf] pTkfbg ljZn]if0f -Onfd lhNnf_ 44
rf6{ $=!& k|ltaf]6 lsjLsf] pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -Onfd lhNnf_ 45
rf6{ $=!* pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f -Onfd lhNnf_ 45
rf6{ $=!( ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ pkef]usf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf_ 51
rf6{ $=@) shf{sf] ;|f]t / Jofhb/sf] ljZn]if0f -;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf_ 51
rf6{ $=@! lsjLsf] k|hftLo pkl:ylt -;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf_ 52
rf6{ $=@@ gd'gf s[ifssf] ljut # jif{sf] pTkfbg ljZn]if0f -;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf_ 54
rf6{ $=@# k|ltaf]6 lsjLsf] pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f -;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf_ 54
rf6{ $=@$ pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f -;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf_ 55
rf6{ $=@% cg'bfg pkef]usf] ljZn]if0f 61
rf6{ $=@^ ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ pkef]usf] ljZn]if0f 62
rf6{ $=@& lsjL v]tLdf /f]huf/Lsf] n}lËs ljZn]if0f 63
rf6{ $=@* lsjLsf] # jif{sf] pTkfbg k|j[lt ljZn]if0f 64
rf6{ $=@( lsjL ls;fgsf] clwstd / Go"gtd laqmL d"No -lj=;+=@)&(_ 66
rf6{ $=#) lsjL kmnsf] d"No >[+vnf ljZn]if0f 70

r
 sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
sf]zL k|b]zdf Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLsf] cj:yf, ;Defjgf tyf r'gf}ltx? ljifodf ul/Psf] o; cWoogsf] nflu
gd'gfsf] ?kdf 5gf]6 ul/Psf Onfd, kfFry/, wgs'6f / ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf s'n !$$ hgf gd'gf s[ifsx?sf]
lsjL kmd{sf] :ynut e|d0f u/L k|ToIf df}lvs jftf{dfkm{t lsjL v]tLsf] pTkfbg, ahf/Ls/0f, ljQLo ;|f]t
Joj:yfkg nufotsf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt jt{dfg cj:yf, tL ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of, Jofj;flos ;Defjgf,
r'gf}tL tyf ;'emfjnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L el/Psf] k|ZgfjnL kmf/fdaf6 k|fKt k|fylds tYofÍ tyf ;/sf/L lgsfon]
k|sfzg u/]sf] låtLo tYofÍ ;d]t ;+sng tyf ljZn]if0f u/L tof/ kfl/Psf]] o; k|ltj]bgsf] d'Vo lgisif{x?
b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .
 cWoog If]qsf lsjL ls;fgx?dWo] % b]lv !) jif{sf] cjlwb]lv lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg ls;fgsf] ;+Vof
;a}eGbf w]/} %*=# k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] eg] !) b]lv !% jif{sf] cjlwb]lv o; Joj;fodf ;+nUg ls;fg
;a}eGbf sd !(=% k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
 ;j]{If0fdf ;xefuL lsjL ls;fgx?dWo] $@=$ k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] % /f]kgL eGbf sd If]qkmndf lsjL
v]tL u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] !% /f]kgL eGbf a9L If]qkmndf lsjL v]tL ug]{ ls;fg @#=^ k|ltzt /x]sf
5g\ .
 gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ls;fgx?dWo] ;fIf/ ls;fgsf] ;+Vof &@=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
 cWoog If]qsf ls;fgx?dWo] %^=# k|ltzt ls;fgn] dfq cf}krf/Ls ?kdf Joj;fo btf{ u/L lsjL v]tL
u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . df6f] kl/If0f u/L lsjL v]tL k|f/De ug]{ ls;fgsf] ;+Vof @(=( k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvPsf]
5 . ax';+Vos ls;fgx?n] df6f] kl/If0f gu/L Joj;fo u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
 gd'gfdf ;dfj]z lsjL ls;fgx?dWo] ^(=$ k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] lsjL v]tL ;DaGwL s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf]
tflnd jf k|lzIf0f k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
 cWoog If]qsf %$=( k|ltzt gd'gf ls;fgx?n] ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 lsjL ;DaGwL cg'bfg k|fKt u/]sf]
kfOPsf] 5 . jf:tljs ls;fg;Dd cg'bfg gk'u]sf], cg'bfgsf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg x'g g;s]sf] h:tf
sf/0fn] cg'bfg k|fKt u/]sf / gu/]sf ls;fgaLr pTkfbsTjdf leGgtf g/x]sf] cWoogaf6 b]lvPsf]
5.
 ;j]{If0fdf ;xefuL !@=% k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] dfq s[lif ;DaGwL ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf] pkof]u u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . :ynut ;j]{If0fsf] qmddf clwsf+z ls;fgx?n] ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf] dfu u/]tfklg gkfPsf]
u'gf;f] u/]sf 5g\ .
 ;j]{If0fdf ;xefuL ^!=! k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] s'g}klg shf{ glnPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . @% k|ltzt ls;fgx?n]
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf nufot cGo ;+ul7t ;+:yfaf6 shf{ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . cgf}krfl/s If]qaf6 shf{
lng] ls;fgsf] ;+Vof !#=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . Joj;fosf] :yfkgf / lj:tf/ ug{ k6s–k6s a}+s
tyf ljQLo ;+:yfdf shf{ dfu ub}{ cfPtfklg nfdf] sfuhL k|lqmof, ljBdfg lwtf] d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t shf{ k|jfx, shf{sf] e'QmfgL cjlw / Joj;fosf] cfDbfgL k|f/De x'g] cjlwaLrsf] leGgtf h:tf
sf/0fn] shf{ k|fKt ug{ sl7gfO{ ePsf] ls;fgx?sf] u'gf;f] /x]sf] 5 .

5
 lsjL v]tL Joj;fodf %@=# k|ltzt k'?if / $&=& k|ltzt dlxnfn] /f]huf/L k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
lhNnfut ?kdf ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;f]n'v'Dj', wgs'6f / kfFry/ lhNnfdf lsjL v]tL Joj;fosf] >dsf]
cfk"lt{{df k'?ifsf] pkl:ylt a9L /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] Onfd lhNnfdf dlxnf >ldssf] ;xeflutf a9L
/x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
 ;j]{If0fsf] qmddf lsjL ls;fgx?nfO{ Joj;fok|ltsf] ;Gt'li6sf] cj:yfaf/] k|Zg ul/Psf]df **=@
k|ltztn] Joj;fo k|lt ;Gt'i6 /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . cGo afnLsf t'ngfdf sd emGeml6nf], ax'jifL{o
afnL / pRr pTkfbsTj ePsf] sf/0f ls;fgx? o; Joj;fok|lt ;Gt'i6 /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
 lj=;+=@)&& b]lv @)&( ;Ddsf] pTkfbg ;DaGwdf :ynut ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{
cWoog If]qdf lsjLsf] pTkfbg qmlds ?kdf a9\b} uO{ s'n !$$ hgf gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] lj=;+=@)&(
;fnsf] s'n pTkfbg %^$=! d]l6«s 6g /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 h'g ut jif{ @)&* sf] s'n pTkfbg eGbf
sl/j $*=@ k|ltztn] a9L xf] .
 :ynut ;j]{If0fsf qmddf gd'gf ls;fgx?af6 lnOPsf] cfDbfgL / vr{ ;DaGwL ljj/0fsf cfwf/df
ljZn]if0f ubf{ gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] k|lt s]=hL= cf};t kl/jt{gzLn nfut ?=@#=( k|lt s]=hL, cf};t s'n
pTkfbg nfut ?=#$=@, cg'bfg afx]ssf] k|lt s]=hL=cf};t cfDbfgL ?=!#!, k|lt /f]kgL cf};t cfDbfgL -
cg'bfg afx]s_ ?=$%,)**=# / k|lt s]=hL=cf};t d'gfkmf ?=(^=( /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . cWoogsf qmddf
ls;fgx?df cfDbfgL / nfut ;DaGwL n]vf clen]v /fVg] kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; gePsf] / cg'dfgsf
cfwf/df ljj/0f lbg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
 lhNnfut ?kdf wgs'6f lhNnfdf k|lt s]=hL= cf};t pTkfbg nfut ;a}eGbf a9L ?=**=& /x]sf] eg]
;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] cf};t pTkfbg nfut ;a}eGbf Go"g k|lt s]=hL ?=@*=@ /x]sf] 5 . ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfdf
C0f pkef]u ug]{ ls;fgsf] ;+Vof Go"g /x]sf] / Aofh vr{ cGo lhNnfsf] eGbf sd /x]sf]n] pTkfbg
nfut sd b]lvPsf]] xf] .
 cWoog If]qsf] :ynut ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df lj=;++=@)&( ;fndf ;f]n'vDa' lhNnfsf
ls;fgx?n] clwstd d"No k|lt s]=hL ?=#)) ;Dd k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] Onfd lhNnfsf
ls;fgx?n] ;a}eGbf Go"gtd d"No k|lt s]=hL ?=#% ;Dddf lsjL kmn laqmL u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
 ;j]{If0fdf ;xefuL ls;fgx?sf] kl/jt{gzLn nfut cg'kft (Variable cost ratio) !(=& k|ltzt /x]sf]]
5 . lhNnfut ?kdf pQm cg'kft wgs'6f lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf a9L $!=* k|ltzt / Onfd lhNnfdf
;a}eGbf sd !^=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
 cWoog If]qsf gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] s'n cfDbfgLdf d'gfkmf b/ (Profit margin on total revenue) *)=(
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . lhNnfut ?kdf ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfdf pQm b/ ;a}eGbf a9L *$=* k|ltzt / wgs'6f
lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf sd ^!=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
 ;du| gd'gf ls;fgsf] d'gfkmf kl/df0f cg'kft (Profit Volume-P/V Ratio) )=*)# -*)=# k|ltzt_
/x]sf] 5 . Onfd lhNnfdf pQm cg'kft ;a}eGbf w]/} )=*#@-*#=@ k|ltzt_ / wgs'6f lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf
sd )=%#% -%#=% k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 .
 cWoog If]qsf] ;du| nufgLdf k|ltkmn b/ (Return on investment-ROI) %!=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
lhNnfut ?kdf pQm b/ ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf a9L &(=* k|ltzt / ;a}eGbf sd wgs'6f lhNnfdf

h
 !*=! k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . :ynut ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt ljj/0fx?sf] cfwf/df ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf]
s'n pTkfbg nfut Go"g cfPsf]n] ;f] lhNnfdf nufgLdf k|ltkmn b/ pRr /xg uPsf] xf] .
 ;j]{If0fdf ;xefuL gd'gf lsjL ls;fgx?n] o; Joj;fodf u/]sf] s'n nufgL lkmtf{ kfpg cf};t !=(
jif{ nfUg] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf ls;fgn] ;a}eGbf l56f] cf};t !=# jif{ / wgs'6f lhNnfsf
ls;fgn] ;a}eGbf l9nf] cf};t %=% jif{df Joj;fosf] nufgL lkmtf{ kfpg] b]lvG5 .
 ;du| gd'gf lsjL ls;fgx?sf] nfe–nfut cg'kft (Benefit cost-B/C ratio) @=*M! /x]sf] b]lvPsf]
5 . lhNnfut ?kdf pQm cg'kft ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf pRr b]lvPsf] 5 .

em
 kl/R5]b ! M kl/ro
!=! cWoogsf] k[i7e"ldM
k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwg, b]zdf pknAw hg;+Vof dWo] o'jf hgzlQmsf] pknAwtf, cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f /
ljZjJofkLs/0fn] ;[hgf u/]sf] ljZjahf/, s[lif If]qsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fn] pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 h:tf sf/0fn]
cy{tGqsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df k|z:t ;Defjgf / cj;/x? l;h{gf ePsf 5g\ . :jb]zL sRrf kbfy{{df cfwfl/t
pBf]uwGbfsf] :yfkgfnfO{ hf]8 lbFb} To:tf pBf]ux?nfO{ cfˆg} s[lif k|0ffnLdfkm{t cf}Bf]lus sRRff k4fy{{sf] cfk"lt{,
cfly{s ?kn] ;DefJo ePsf s[lif pkhx? klxrfg u/L To:tf afnLx?sf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg ug{'kg{] cfjZostf
dx;'; ePsf] 5 . o:tf sfo{x?af6 s[lif / pBf]uaLrdf cGt/ ;DjGw sfod eO{ dfu / cfk"lt{sf] >[ª\vnfdf
;Gt'ng x'g] / ;fdfGo d"No:t/ / ;dl:6ut :YffloTj sfod ug{ ;3fp k'Ug] b]lvG5 .
tflnsf !=! M k|fb]lzs ;"rsfÍx?sf] l:ylt
cf=j= @)&%÷)&^ cf=j=@)*)÷)*!
;'rfÍ
-oyfy{_ -k|If]k0f_
g]kfn sf]zL k|b]z g]kfn sf]zL k|b]z
cf};t cflYf{s j[l¢b/ 6.8 % 6.5 % 9.6 % 10.4 %
k|ltJolQm /fli6«o cfo -USD_ 1047 919 1595 1620

k|fylds If]qsf] GDP df of]ubfg 27.6 % 38.2 % 23.0 % 26.9 %

hg;+Vof ;]jf k|lt a}+s ljQLo ;+:yf zfvf 3363 3481 2500 2600
k|d'v vfB afnLsf] pTkfbsTJf -d]=÷x]_ 3.1 % 2.9 % 4.0 % 4.1 %

wfg -d]=÷x]_ 3.76 - 4.5 -

ds}-d]=÷x]_ 2.8 - 4 -
ux"-F d]=÷x]_ 3 - 3.5 -
t/sf/L-d]=÷x]_ 14.1 - 20 -
kmnkm"n-d]=÷x]_ 9.8 - 12 -
#) ldg]6 ;Ddsf] b'/Ldf s[lif ahf/ pknAw ePsf 29.7 % 31.7 % 51.7 % 53.7 %
s[ifs kl/jf/
>d pTkfbsTj 184.6 189.5 276 283
-? xhf/df_
l;+lrt hldg 45.0 % 39.0 % 65.5 % 4.0 %
ax'cfoflds ul/jLdf /x]sf] hg;+Vof 28.6 % 19.7 % 11.5 % 13.0 %
;|f]tM kGw|f} cfjlws of]hgf -@)&%÷&^–@)*)÷*!_

1
 tflnsf !=@ M sf]zL k|b]zdf /x]sf hf]g tyf ;'k/ hf]gx?sf] lhNnfut cj:Yff

lhNnf k|d'v afnLx? If]q

emfkf wfg -;'k/ hf]g_, /j/, ;'kf/L, ds} ;'k/hf]g÷hf]g
Onfd lsjL, ufO{ hf]g
kfFry/ cn}+rL, cfn' hf]g
tfKn]h'ª cn}r+ L, ds} hf]g
df]/ª wfg, df5f / t/sf/L hf]g
;'g;/L cb'jf, j];f/, t/sf/L, df5f, wfg / a+u'/ hf]g
wgs'6f t/sf/L, ;'Gtnfhft kmnkm"n hf]g
t]x|y'd cn}+rL, t/sf/L hf]g
ef]hk'/ cn}+rL, ;'Gtnfhft kmnkm"n hf]g
;+v'jf;jf cn}+rL, ;'Gtnfhft kmnkm"n hf]g
pbok'/ ;'Gtnfhft kmnkm"n, cb'jf÷a];f/, ax'afnL -ds},
hf]g
wfg, cfn'_
cf]vn9'+uf cfn', afv|f hf]g
vf]6fª t/sf/L, afv|f hf]g
;f]n'v'Dj' :ofp, cf]v/, lsjL hf]g
;|f]tM cfly{s ;j]{]If0f @)&(÷*), sf]zL k|b]z

o;} kl/k|]Iodf g]kfn /fi6« a}+s lj/f6gu/ sfof{non] cfly{s jif{{ @)&(÷*) sf] jflif{s sfo{of]hgf cg';f/
ljz]if cWoogsf] ljifo æsf]zL k|b]zdf Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLsf] jt{dfg cj:yf, ;Defjgf / r'gf}tLx?Æ /f]h]sf]
5.

tflnsf !=# M ;g\ @)@) df e"uf]n cg';f/

lsjLsf] pTkfbg
dxfb]z lsjLsf] pTkfbg -d]=6=_
Pl;of 2631774.0
o"/f]k 952890.0
cf]l;lgof 627474.0
cd]l/sf 195236.0
clk|msf 33.0
;|f]t M FAO statistical database, 2022

lsjLkmnsf] kl/ro / o;sf] ljZje/sf] pTkfbg cj:yf

!=!=! lsjL Pp6f h8La'6LhGo, z/L/nfO{ cfjZos kg{] ljleGg le6fldgo'Qm kmnkm"n dWo]sf] Ps xf] . j}1flgs
gfd Actinidia deliciosa /x]sf] / rLgsf] k/Dk/fut kmnsf ?kdf lrlgPsf] lsjLkmn ljZjdf g} pRr
d"No ePsf] Jofj;flos kmn cGtu{t kb{5 . Go'lhNof08af6 Jofj;flos pTkfbg z'? ePsf] o; kmnsf]
;g\ !(($–@)!* ;Dd cfOk'Ubf #@$=%% k|ltztn] pTkfbg j[l¢ ePsf] b]lvG5 . Go'lhNof08 kl5
qmdzM hd{gL, O{6fnL, :k]g, ef/t, ;fpy cd]l/sf, df]/Ssf], Oh/fon, ;fpy clkm|sf cflb b]zdf o;sf]
2
 Jofj;flos pTkfbg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ef}uf]lns ?kdf ljZj ahf/df lsjLkmnsf] c+z x]bf{ %@ k|ltzt
lx:;f Pl;of dxfb]zsf] b]lvG5 . (Sharma, Thapa, & Khatiwada, 2020)
!=!=@ lsjLkmnsf] pkof]lutfsf] rrf{ ubf{ le6fldg ;L=n] el/k"0f{ o; kmndf antioxidant substances,
Organic compounds x? h:t} amino acid, sugar, proteins, minerals / z/L/nfO{ rflxg] cGo
le6fldgx? A,E,K k|z:t dfqfdf kfOG5g\ . :jf:Yosf nflu cToGt pkof]uL o; kmnsf] pkof]uaf6
digestive health, bone health, heart health, hair health, cardiovascular health, eye health,
pregnant women health ;Gt'ng /xg'sf ;fy} depression, anemia blood pressure, cancer,
diabeties h:tf /f]ux?nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{] ljlzi6 u'0f ;d]t /x]sf] x'G5 . Pp6f !)) u|fd a/fa/sf]
lsjLkmndf lgDg adf]lhdsf] kf]if0f tTjx? kfOG5 (Tyagi, 2015) .

tflnsf !=$ M lsjL kmndf kfOg] kf}li6s tTjx?sf] ljj/0f

Contain Fresh Canned Frozen
Calories 66 - 66
Moisture 81.2g 73.0g 80.7g
Protein 0.79 g 0.89 g 0.95g
Fat 0.07 g 0.06g 0.08 g
Carbohydrates 17.5 g 25.5g 17.6g
Ash 0.45 g 0.45g 0.53g
Calcium 16mg 23 mg 18 mg
Iron 0.51mg 0.40 mg 0.51mg
Magnesium 30mg 30 mg 27 mg
Phosphorus 64mg 48 mg 67 mg
Thiamine 0.02mg 0.02 mg 0.01 mg
Niacin 0.50mg 0.40 mg 0.22 mg
Riboflavin 0.05mg 0.02 mg 0.03 mg
Vitamin A 175I.U. 155 I.U. 117 I.U.
Ascorbic Acid 105mg 103 mg 218 mg

!=!=# ljZjdf kfOg] o; kmnsf sl/j &) eGbf a9L k|hftLdWo] Actinidia deliciosa (FUZZY) / Actinidia
chinesis (GOLDEN KIWI) ljZjdf Jofj;flos ?kn] pTkfbg ePsf d'Vo k|hftLx? x'g\ . lsjL
v]tLsf nflu !))) ld= b]lv @%)) ld6/ ;Ddsf] prfO{df kfOg] xfjfkfgL pko'Qm x'G5 / o; kmnsf]
cf};t tf}n $) b]lv () u|fdsf] aLrdf /xG5 (A.sharma,2020) . ljz]ifu/L c;f]hb]lv sl/j
df3;Dddf kl/kSj eO{ ahf/;DDf cfOk'Ug] o; kmnsf] /fd|f] pTkfbgsf nflu ( j6f female plant
a/fa/ ! male plant /xg cfjZos dflgG5 . k/fu;]rgsf nflu insects cfjZos kg{] o; kmnsf] %
jif{{sf] :j:y lj?jfsf nflu 20 kg fym, 850-900g nitrogen,500-600g phosphorus, 8000-900g
potas, kf}li6stTj cfjZos dflgG5 . (Wasim, Iqbal Mir, & Nabi, 2021) !=!=$ anf}6] ;'Vvf ph5-
6.5 ePsf] df6f] pko'Qm x'g] o; kmnsf nflu t-bar trelis, kniffin h:tf yfªu|f cfjZos x'G5g\ .
lj?jf /f]k]sf] sl/j $ b]lv % jif{leqdf kmn lbg z'? u/] klg Jofj;flos ?kdf k"0f{ pTkfbg lbg &–
* jif{{ hlt nfUb5 . Pp6f nx/f]af6 cf};t ;fnfvfnf %) b]lv ^) s]=hL=;Dd pTkfbg lng ;lsG5
eg] o; kmnsf] ;/b/ cfo' #) b]lv $) jif{{sf] x'g] ub{5 . (Sharma, Thapa, & Khatiwada, 2020)
3
!=!=% b]zut ?kdf lsjLsf] pTkfbgnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{ ljZjdf w]/} lsjL pTkfbg ug{] !) 7"nf b]zx? tnsf]
tflnsf¢f/f k|i6 kfg{ ;lsG5 .
tflnsf !=% M ;g\ @)@) df lsjL pTkfbg ug]{ d'Vo !) b]zx?
lsjL pTkfbgsf] @)@) df lsjLsf]
b]z
jl/oftf pTkfbg -d]=6=_
1 rLg 2,230,065
2 Go'hNof08 624,940
3 O6fnL 521,530
4 u|L; 307,440
5 O/fg 289,608
6 lrnL 158,919
7 6sL{ 73,745
8 k|mfG; 49,770
9 kf]r{'un 45,820
10 ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf 36,290
Source: FAO statistical database, 2022

!=!=^ ljZj ahf/Dff lsjLsf] pkef]u tkm{sf] k|j[lQnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{ ;g\ @)!) b]lv @)!( ;Ddsf] lsjLkmnsf]
cfoft kl/df0fnfO{ lgDg tflnsfaf6 b]vfpg ;lsG5 . tflnsf adf]lhd k|To]s jif{ lsjLkmnsf] cfoft
;sf/fTds ultdf j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ @)!) df !,*$@ ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fa/ d"Nosf]
cfoft ePsf] lsjL ;g\ @)!( ;Dd cfOk'Ubf !&#=# k|ltztn] j[l4 eP/ #,!() ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/
k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . o; tYofÍn] ljZjdf cfd pkef]Qmfx?sf] lsjLkmn k|ltsf] pkef]usf] rf;f]nfO{ phfu/
u/]sf] 5 eg] ljZj ahf/df o;sf] dfusf] a9\bf] cj:yfnfO{ OlËt u/]sf] 5 .
tflnsf !=^M ljZjsf] ljut !) jif{sf] lsjL pTkfbgsf] d"No
-ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/df_
jif{ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

d"No 1,841 2,195 2,185 2,187 2,367 2,407 2,637 2,941 3,254 3,190

j[l4b/ 19.2 -0.5 0.1 8.2 1.7 9.6 11.5 10.6 -2.0 19.2

;|f]t M FAOSTAT

!=!=& lsjLsf] ljZj ahf/nfO{ b]zut ?kdf ljefhg u/L ljZn]if0f ubf{ ljZjdf ;a}eGbf w]/} lsjL cfoft
ug{] !) b]zx? b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .

4
 tflnsf !=& M ljZjdf lsjL cfoft ug]{ d'Vo !) b]z

jl/otf b]z d"No -bz nfv cd]l/sL 8n/_

1 rLg 454
2 hfkfg 410
3 a]lNhod 249
4 hd{gL 231
5 :k]g 214
6 k|mfG; 169
7 g]b/Nof08 159
8 cd]l/sf 158
9 rLg, tfk]O{ 110
10 O6fnL 98
;|f]t M FAOSTAT
!=!=* o;}u/L g]kfnsf nflu rLg / ef/t lsjLkmnsf] b'O{ 7"nf] ljZj ahf/ x'g ;S5g\ . ljut # jif{{sf] oL
d'n'sx?sf] cfoft kl/df0f / d"NonfO{ tnsf] tflnsf adf]lhd k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . tflnsf !=*
adf]lhd ef/t / rLg b'j} b]zx?sf] cfoft kl/df0f / d"No ;g\ @)!* af6 ;g\ @)@) ;Dd cfOk'Ubf
qmdzM a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 .
tflnsf !=*M rLg / ef/tn] cfoft u/]sf] lsjLsf] kl/df0f / d"No

pTkfbg jif{ cfoft kl/df0fM cfoft d"NoM cfoft kl/df0fM cfoft d"NoM
-;g\_ rLg -d]l6«s 6g_ rLg -USD_ Eff/t -d]l6«s 6g_ ef/t -USD_
@)!* !,&@,$)@ %&(=%* Million $),@*& %)=$$ Million
@)!( !,(@,#%* ^@%=&^ Million $#,@)% $^=)& Million
@)@) !,^&,#$) ^)^=$( Million $^,(!# %#=%! Million
Source: FAO

!=!=( o;af6 olb g]kfnn] lsjL kmnsf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg 7"nf] :t/df ug{] xf] eg] l5d]sL d'n'sx?df o;sf]
lgof{t u/L k|z:t ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug{'sf ;fy} a9\b} uO{/x]sf] Jofkf/ 3f6f / ljs/fn ag]sf] e'QmfgL
;Gt'ngnfO{ ;Rofpg ;lsg] b]lvG5 .
!=!=!) jflif{s k|lt /f]kgL sl/a $–% nfv cfDbfgL x'g] lsjL kmn g]kfnsf] Onfd, sfe|], bf]nvf, ;f]n'v'Dj',
/fd]5fk, l;Gw'NfL, kfFry/, wgs'6f, afUn'Ë, kj{t, sf:sL, ;Nofg, g'jfsf]6, DofUbL, ;+v'jf;ef, t]x|y'd
cflb lhNnfx?df v]tL ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf o; kmnsf]] Jofj;flos pTkfbgsf] nfdf] Oltxf; eg] kf{b}g
. ;j{k|yd lsjL kmnsf] lj?jf :jL; k|f]h]S6 cGt{ut bf]nvf lhNnfsf] r/Lsf]6 lh/Lsf s]xL 7fFpx?df
k/LIf0fsf] ?kdf /f]lkPsf] lyof] . g]kfndf ;g\ @))& af6 ;j{k|yd Onfd / sfe|] lhNnfaf6 o;sf]
Jofj;flos z'?jft ePsf] b]lvG5 . Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, 2020/21
sf] tYofÍ cg';f/ !,@*,&## x]S6/ hldgdf !#,%^,@!* d]=6g kmnkm"n pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5 h;df
^,$*@ d]=6g -$=$&Ü_ lx:;f lsjLkmnsf] /x]sf] 5 . s'n ^,$*@ d]=6g dWo] sf]zL k|b]zdf #,@#(
d]=6g -$(=(^Ü_ lsjL pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 o; k|b]zdf lsjL v]tLsf] k|z:t ;Defjgf
/x]sf] k|i6 x''G5 .

5
 tflnsf !=( M sf]zL k|b]zdf ljut $ jif{sf] lsjL pTkfbg cj:yf

cfly{s jif{ pTkflbt If]q -x]=_ pTkfbg -d]=6g=_ pTkfbsTj d]=6g÷x]=

@)&$÷&% !$$ !!@& &=*

@)&%÷&^ @)@ !%&( &=*!
@)&^÷&& *(% @)^$ @=#!
@)&&÷&* #(( #@#( *=!@
;|f]tM Statistical Information on Nepalse Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture Nepal

!=@ cWoogsf] p2]Zo

o; cWoogsf d'Vo p2]Zox? b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5g\ M
1. sf]zL k|b]zdf Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLsf]] pTkfbgsf] k|jl[Q / o;sf] ahf/ cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ug{] .
2. o; k|b]zdf Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLdf ljQLo ;|f]t kl/rfngsf] cj:yf / o;sf] cfly{s nfebfostfsf]
ljZn]if0f ug{] .
3. Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLsf] ;Defjgf tyf r'gf}tLx?sf] klxrfg ug]{ .
!=# cWoogsf] cf}lrTo tyf dxTj
g]kfndf lj:tf/} kl/lrt x'Fb} uPsf] lsjLkmnsf] cGt/fli6«o ahf/ eg] lgs} j[xt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . z/L/nfO{
cfjZos kg{] ljleGg kf}li6s tTjsf cltl/Qm cf}iflwhGo k|of]u x''g] lsjLkmnsf] cGt/fli6«o d"No ;d]t lgs}
cfs{ifs /x]sf], k|ltaf]6 lgs} pRRf pTkfbsTj /x]sf] o; kmn g]kfnsf kxf8L / lxdfnL lhNnfdf kfOg]
xfjfkfgLdf pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . t;y{, o:tf] pRr ;Defjgf af]s]sf] lsjLkmnsf] jt{dfg cj:yf, ;Defjgf /
r'gf}tLx?sf] ljZn]if0f u/L eljiodf ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ o; ljifodf gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]
u/L /fli6«o / k|fb]lzs :t/df uxg ?kdf cWoog cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] b]lv+b}g . o; kl/k|]Iodf d"ntM o;
cWoogaf6 lgDg adf]lhdsf kmfO{bfx? k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
1. :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ lsjLkmnsf] Jofj;flos ;DefJotfsf] hfgsf/L x'g],
2. lsjL s[ifsnfO{ o; kmnsf] k|lt/f]kgL pTkfbsTj cjut eO{ cGo Jofj;flos kmn;Fu t'ngf ug{
;lhnf] x'g],
3. k|lt s]=hL= nfut / cfDbfgL t'ngf u/L cGo nlIft ju{af6 o;df nufgLdf lg0f{o ug{ ;xh x'g],
4. lsjL v]tLsf] Jofj;flos d"No >+[vnfsf ;Dk"0f{ r/0fx?df ljBdfg ;d:ofx? klxrfg x'g],
5. ;/sf/¢f/f lsjL v]tLsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu ;~rfng ul/Psf sfo{qmdx?sf]
k|efjsfl/tf÷lsjL v]tLsf] k|f]T;fxgsf nflu sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf of]hgf sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsfl/tf
d"Nof+sg ug{ ;xh x'g],
6. cGt/ k|b]z lsjL v]tLsf] pTkfbsTjsf] t'ngfTds ljj]rgf u/L s'g} k|b]z jf lhNnf ljz]ifdf
s]lGb|s[t ug{ ;lsg],
7. j[xQ/ ?kdf lsjLkmnsf] pTkfbg u/L cfGtl/s dfunfO{ k"lt{ ub}{ cGt/fli6«o :t/df lgof{t j[l¢
u/L r'lnFbf] ?kdf /x]sf] Jofkf/ 3f6fnfO{ sd ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug],
8. o; If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?sf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu ;+3Lo / :yfgLo ;/sf/n] gLlt lgdf{0f ug{
;xof]uL x'g] .

6
!=$ cWoogsf ;Ldfx?M
o; cWoogdf lgDg ;Ldfx? /x]sf 5g\ .
1. hgzlQm / ljQLo ;|f]tsf] l;ldttfdf sf]zL k|b]zsf lsjL v]tL ul/Psf ;Dk"0f{ lhNnfx?af6 gd'gf
5gf}6 ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . s[lif ljefuaf6 k|sflzt Statistical Information on Nepalse
Agriculture df cfwfl/t eP/ tyf ;DalGwt lhNnf x]g{] s[lif 1fg s]Gb|sf ;"rgf clwsf/Lx?;Fusf]
cgf}krfl/s e]63f6 tyf 6]lnkmf]g ;+jfbsf dfWodaf6 ;DalGwt lhNnfdf Jofj;flos lsjL v]tL ug{]
s[ifsx?sf] ;"rgfsf cfwf/df gd'gf 5gf}6 ug{'kg{] ePsf] xF'bf 5flgPsf] gd'gfn] ;Dk"0f{ lsjL v]tL ug{]
ls;fgx?sf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ sl7g x'G5 . gd'gfsf] cfsf/ a9fP/ k|ltlglwTj u/fpg ;|f]t–;fwg, ;do
;Ldf afws aGGf;S5 .
2. g]kfnL s[ifsx?n] k|foM cfˆgf] pTkfbg, nfut / cfDbfgLsf] tYok/s n]vf /fVg] kl/kfl6 gePsf] xF'bf
s[ifsx?af6 cfpg] tYofÍ oyf{yk/s gx'g ;S5 h;n] cWoogsf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ k|efljt agfpg
;Sg]5 .
3. km/s ef}uf]lns cj:yf, xfjfkfgL, k"jf{wf/, ahf/, s[ifsx?sf] Joj;flos, z}lIfs:t/ (Hetrogeneous
Population) ePsf] x'Fbf k|fKt glthfnfO{ cGo k|b]z / ;+3Lo :t/df ;fdflGfsLs/0f ubf{ lgs} ;fjwfgL
ckgfpg' kg{] x'g;S5 .
4. pkef]u tkm{sf] tYofÍ ;+sng ug{ lsjLsf] sf/f]af/ ug]{ yf]s / v'b|f Joj;flox?;Fu lnPsf] tYofÍdf
lge{/ /xg' kg{] sf/0fn] oyf{y / b'?:t d"No, laqmL kl/df0f ;DaGwL ;"rgf k|fKt x'g;Sg] s'/fdf zª\sf
/xG5 h;n] cfGtl/s pkef]usf] k|j[lQnfO{ oyf{yk/s 9+un] lrq0f gug{ ;Sb5 .
5. g]kfndf w]/} k|sf/sf lsjLsf k|hftLx? v]tL ul/g] / ltgLx?sf] k|hftL cg';f/ nfut, pTkfbsTj,
d"No, cfDbfgL, ;d:ofx? km/s kg{ ;Sg]5 t/ o; cWoogn] ;Dk"0f{ lsjLnfO{ Ps k|hftL dfgL
ljZn]if0f ug{]5 .

7
 kl/R5]b @ M s[lt ;dLIff
cWoogsf] p2]Zo, cf}lrTo tyf dxTjsf ;fy} ;d:ofsf] klxrfg u/L lgisif{df k'Ug o;cl3 o:t} ljifo;Fu
;DalGwt ldNbfh'Nbf ljleGg cg';GwfgfTds s[ltx?sf] cWoog / tL s[ltx?n] ;dLIff u/]sf] If]q, r/ tyf
cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;+If]kdf o; v08df JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] cg';Gwfg k4ltaf6 lgSof}{n lgsfNg yk d2t
k'Ug] ub{5 .
@=! cGt/fli6«o cWoogsf] ;dLIff
2.1.1 Elen Anker, 2015 n] lsjLkmnsf] cGt/fli6«o ahf/ ;DaGwdf ;+VofTds ljZn]if0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .
h;df–
s_ o'/f]k]nL o'lgogn] cfˆgf] cfoft / pkef]udf s6f}tL ub}{ sanitary and phyto sanitary (SPS) gLlt
cjnDjg ubf{ Go'lhNof08sf] lsjL lgof{t 36]sf] 5 .
v_ rLgn] cfˆgf] lsjL pTkfbg a9fpbf Go'lhNof08sf lsjL pTkfbsx?sf] cfo 36]sf] 5 .
u_ Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt sfo{Gjogn] lsjL ls;fgx?sf] cfo 36]sf] 5 .
h:tf cg';Gwfg kl/sNkgf lgdf{0f u/L o;nfO{ k/LIf0f ug{ multi country, 3 commodities, partial
equlibrium model sf] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . ljZjsf d'Vo !^ j6f lsjL pTkfbg ug{] b]zx?df green,
golden, organic green u/L lsjLsf # k|hftLx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 eg] domestic demand,
domestic supply, stock, producer, consumer, trade price, net trade h:tf Jojxf/fTds
;dLs/0fx?sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . cfGtl/s tyf jfx\o gLlt h;n] production quatas, set asides
policies, input or output related subsides/taxes, consumer subsidies/taxes, minimum prices,
input tariff and quotas, export subsidies and taxes n] ;g\ @))# b]lv @)!# ;Dd Go'lhNof08sf]
lsjL pTkfbg ug{] Ifdtfdf k/]sf] c;/nfO{ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; cWoogn] lgDglnlvt lgrf]8
lgsfn]sf] b]lvG5 .
s_ SPS kf]ln;Ln] ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ o'/f]k]nL b]zx?sf] pkef]udf s6f}tL ePsf] b]lvof] / Go'lhNof08sf] lsjL
lgof{t kl/df0f 36\g uof] .
v_ rLgsf] pTkfbg ;g\ @)!# ;Dddf @ u'0ffn] j[l¢ eof] .
u_ Non Tariff Barrief cGtu{tsf] sps policy o'/f]k]nL b]zx?n] cfoftdf k|ltaGw nufPsf sf/0f
Go'lhNof08sf] lsjL lgof{tdf c;/ k/]sf] b]lvof] .
3_ ha ;g\ @)!# kZrft\ ljleGg b]zx?n] Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt lng yfn] ta Go'lhNof08sf
lsjL pTkfbsx?sf] k|ltkmndf j[l¢ ePsf] kfOof] . To;}u/L ljZjdf lsjLsf] d"No j[l¢ x'g k'Uof] .
kmn:j?k Go'lhNof08sf # g} j6f k|sf/sf lsaxL?sf] pTkfbg a9\g k'Uof] . To;}u/L, rLgdf @)
k|ltzt cfoft z'Ns 36fOof] h;n] ubf{ cfGtl/s d"No 36\of] eg] pkef]udf j[l¢ x'g k'Uof]
(Anker, 2015) .
2.1.2 (Kuo, Ramasamy, Wopereis, & Nair, (2015) n] Horticultural research and development in
SAARC region towards 2030 Horticulture lzif{sdf u/]sf] cWoog cg';f/ s[lifsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{
cË xf] h;n] pRRf d"No ePsf kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L, spices, ornamental plant sf] v]tLnfO{ hgfpFF5
. ;fgf] If]qkmnsf] hldgdf >dsf] pkof]uaf6 pRr cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsg] o; Joj;fon] s[lif k]zfnfO{
cfw'lgsLs/0f u/L nfebfos agfpg ;xof]u ub{5 . Go"g / dWod cfo ePsf b]zx?df o; Joj;fon]
8
vfB kf]if0f ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{'sf ;fy} tL b]zx?sf] cfDbfgL ;d]t a9fpg d2t ub{5 . cGt/fli6«o ahf/df
subsidies, tariff h:tf ahf/ cj/f]wx? sd ePsf ;fs{ d'n'sx?n] o; If]qaf6 k|z:t} nfe lng ;Sg]
;Defjgf b]lvG5 . g]kfn, e'6fg, pQ/L ef/t b]zx?sf dWod kxf8L efux?df !@) b]lv !&) lbgsf]
growing days /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L blIf0f Plzofdf kmd{sf] cf};t hUuf wf/0f ! x]S6/ eGbf sd /x]sf]
sf/0f o; If]qdf horticulture Joj;fo pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . ljleGg k|sf/sf] df6f], xfjfkfgL, l;FrfO{sf]
;'ljwf cflb sf/0fn] o; If]qdf kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L v]tL lgs} pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . ;g\ @)!& df
blIf0f Plzofdf !@& ldlnog 6g kmnkm"n / !%* ldlnog 6g t/sf/L pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5 . h;df
&# k|ltzt kmnkm"n / &! k|ltzt t/sf/L ef/t PSn}n] pTkfbg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ef/t ljZjdf rLg
kl5sf] kmnkm"n / t/sf/L pTkfbg ug{] bf];|f] 7"nf] b]z xf] . ljut Ps bzssf] tYofÍ ljZn]if0f ubf{
o; If]qsf b]zx?df kmnkm"n / t/sf/Lsf] j[l¢ lgs} ;sf/fTds b]lvG5 . o;n] ls;fgx?sf] cfo
a9fPsf] 5, ul/jL 36fpg d2t u/]sf] tyf dflg;x?sf] kf}li6s cfxf/df ;d]t ;'wf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5
(Kuo, Ramasamy, C.S Wopereis, & Nair, 2015) .

tflnsf @=! M ;fs{ / k"jL{ Plzofsf] kmnkm"n / t/sf/L pTkfbgsf] pTkfbsTj

b]z Kfmnkm"n-d]=÷x]=_ t/sf/L-d]=÷x]=_
ckmuflg:tfg *=% (=^
a+unfb]z (=& (=%
E'f6fg ^=@ %=@
Eff/t !#=! !%=)
dflNbK; (=% !=&
Gf]kfn (=$ !#=#
Kfls:tfg !@=@ !@=@
>Ln+sf %=^ !@=^
blIf0f Plzof !@=# !$=*
blIf0f k"jL{ Plzof !&=$ @(=%
ljZj !#=# !*=*
;|f]tM FAOSTAT

tflnsf adf]lhd kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L b'j}sf] pTkfbsTj blIf0f k"jL{ Plzofsf] pRr /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfnsf] kmnkm"n / t/sf/Lsf] pTkfbsTj qmdzM (=$ / !#=# d]=÷x] /x]sf] 5 h'g ljZjsf] ;/b/
pTkfbsTj eGbf sd /x]sf] 5 .
Syngenta Foundation For Sustainable Agriculture (SFSA) n] rLgdf lsjL v]tLsf] d"No
>[v+ nfsf] cWoog ub}{ cfjZos ;'emfjx? k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . cg';Gwfgstf{n] lsjLsf] d"No >[+vnf;Fu
;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ cfjZos sfg"g, dfkb08 cflbsf] hfgsf/L gePsf] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf]
b]lvG5 . ljz]ifu/L s[lifhGo cfut (pesticide and fertilizer) sf] slt dfqf s;/L pkof]u ug{] eGg]
1fg gx'Fbf lsjLkmnsf] pTkfbsTj / u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ ;lsPsf] b]lvPg . rLgsf ljleGg k|fGtx?df
lsjLkmnsf] pTkfbg x'g' / :yfg ljz]ifsf cfˆg} lsl;dsf sfg"gL k|fjwfg x'g'n] oxfFsf] lsjLsf] u'0f:t/
/ vfB ;'/Iffdf ;dfgtf kfpg ;lsPsf] b]lvFb}g . lsjL pBf]u;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg industry
association x?n] Ps} lsl;dsf] dfkb08 nfu' ub}{ cGt/fli6«o ahf/sf] dfu adf]lhdsf] u'0f:t/ sfod
ug{] k|of; ul//x]sf b]lvG5 (Kuhlmann, Zhou, & Hou1, 2019) .

9
2.1.3 To;}u/L cold chain logistics / k|ljlwsf] k"j{ ljsf; gx'g', anti-staling ;DjGwL ;j{dfGo dfkb08
gx'g' lsjLsf] d"No >[+vnf cGt{utsf] storage, transportion / distribution ;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?
/x]sf] kfOof] . yf]s / v'b|f Jofkf/L, pkef]Qmf cflbnfO{ u'0f:t/ dfkb08 / vfB ;'/Iff ;DaGwL 1fg
gePsf] kfOof] h;n] ubf{ rLgsf] lsjLsf] u'0f:t/ Ps} lsl;dsf] kfO{Pg . lsjLsf] d"No >[+vnf x]bf{
o;sf] pTkfbgdf 7"nf 7"nf pBf]ub]lv ;–;fgf ls;fgx? klg ;+nUg /x]sf] b]lvof] h;n] ubf{ o;sf]
traceability ug{] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g k'Uof] . pTkfbgdf af/sf]8 n]v]/ pTkfbgsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg]
k|ljlw ljsf; eP klg pkef]Qmfdfem o;sf] ljZjf; sd ePsf] b]lvof] .
2.1.4 Ghos (2012) n] Carrying Capacity Of Indian Horticulture zLif{sdf ef/tsf] hg;+Vof ;g\
@)%) ;Dddf 1.64-1.74 billion k'Ug] cg'dfg ub}{ oFxfsf] hgtfsf] k|ltJolQm cfo klg a9\g] / pRr
d"No ePsf s[lifhGo pTkfbgx? h:t} kmnkm"n t/sf/L df;' c08f b'w df5f cflbsf] dfu a9\g] lgisif{
lgsfn]sf] 5 . cWoogaf6 kmnkm"nsf] cfDbfgL dfu nf]r )=$@ k|ltzt, t/sf/Lsf] )=#% k|ltzt /x]sf]
b]lvof] hjls wfg / uFx'sf] qmdzM )=)% / –)=)#% /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L, kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/Lsf]
jflif{s cf};t dfu qmdzM #=#$ k|ltzt / #=)# k|ltztn] j[l¢ x'g] cg'dfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ @))$–
)% b]lv @)@)–@! ;Ddsf] tYofÍnfO{ s[lif lj1x?af6 ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;g\ @)%) df kmnkm"n !$^ d]=
6g / t/sf/L !(( d]= 6g dfu x'g] cg'dfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . of] cg'dflgt dfunfO{ k"lt{ ug{ Horticulture
Sub
sector sf] jflif{s j[l¢b/ a9fpg' kg{] b]lvG5 (S.P.Ghos, 2012) .

2.1.5 MarkNtel Advisors(2022)"Kiwi fruit market-growth, trend, covid-19 impact and market
forecast (2022-2027)" cWoog k|ltj]bgn] ;g\ @)@& ;Dddf lsjLkmnsf] ahf/ %=* k|ltztn] j[l4
x'g] k|If]k0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sf]le8–!( sf] dxfdf/Ldf oftfoft tyf cfjudgdf nfu]sf] cj/f]wn] lsjL
pTkfbsx?nfO{ /fli6«o / cGt/fli6«o ahf/df lsjLsf] laqmL ljt/0f ug{ ;d:of k/]sf] b]lvof] . o;
cWoogn] lsjLsf] ahf/nfO{ ef}uf]lns lx;fjn] North America, South America, Europe, Asia
Pacific, Middle East, Africa u/L v08Ls/0f u/L pTkfbg, pkef]u, cfoft, lgof{t / d"Nosf] ljZn]if0f
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lsjLkmndf ePsf] kf}li6s tTj, le6fldg, cf}ifwLhGo u'0f / pkef]Qmf dfem a9\b} uPsf]
:jf:Yo k|ltsf] rf;f]n] lsjLsf] dfu a9fPsf] b]lvG5 / o;n] pTkfbg a9fpg k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;g\ @)!&–@)@@ df lsjLsf] pTkfbg (=# k|ltztn] j[l4 x'g k'Uof] . lsjLsf] a9bf] pTkfbg k|j[lQ x]/]/
cWoogn] k|If]k0f jif{df o;sf] pTkfbg a9\g] cg'dfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cWoog cg';f/ rLg pTkfbg /
pkef]u b'j} sf]0faf6 lsjL ahf/sf] k|d'v market players sf] ?kdf /x]sf] kfOof] .
2.1.6 CCS National Institute Of Agricultural Marketing n] ;g\ @)!* df c?0ffrn k|b]z cGt{utsf]
;'jfgl;/L lhNnfdf lsjLkmnsf] d"No >+vnf / ahf/ cj:yfsf] af/]df cWoog u/]sf] 5 . lsjL ls;fg,
Jofkf/L, k|zf]wgstf{, :yfgLo v'b|f laqm]tf cflb ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmx?af6 cfjZos ;"rgf ;Íng ug{
cGt/jftf{sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L, lhNnf :t/Lo ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?af6 lsjL v]tLsf] ;du|
cj:yf a'‰g'sf ;fy} cfjZos ;Nnfx ;'emfj ;d]t k|fKt ul/Psf] 5 . lhNnfsf] afUfjfgL clkm;n]
lbO{Psf] ;"rgfsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf ?kdf lnOg] ls;fgx?sf] klxrfg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . lsjL v]tLdf
nfutsf] cj:yf, Kofs]=hL=ª, ahf/Ls/0f, k|zf]wg nfut, cfutx?sf] nfut, k|fljlws ;xfotf,
oftfoftsf] cj:yf, ahf/sf] ;"rgf, ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf] kx'Fr, pTkfbg / ahf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of;Fu

10
 ;DalGwt /x]/ ;+/lrt k|ZgfjnLsf dfWodaf6 lsjLsf] d"No >+[vnf;Fu hf]l8Psf ljifox?sf] cfjZos
hfgsf/L ;d"x cGt/lqmofaf6 k|fKt ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L $! hgf ls;fgx?nfO{ ;fdflhs–cfly{s
cj:yf pTkfbgsf] dfqf ahf/Ls/0f ;+oGq cflb;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ cGt/jf{tf lnOPsf] 5
(CCS National Institute of Agricultural Marketing, 2018) .

2.1.7 o; cWoogn] %# k|ltzt lsjL ls;fgx?sf] hUuf !–@ x]S6/sf aLrdf /x]sf], &=% k|ltzt ls;fg
;fIf/ /x]sf], ls;fgx?sf] cfDbfgLnfO{ hUufsf] pknAwtfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] / !$=@( k|ltzt ls;fgsf]
cfo jflif{s %) xhf/eGbf sd /x]sf], pTkfbgsf] lx;fjn] ;'jfg;/L lhNnfdf lsjL mandrain orange
kl5 bf];|f] cu| :yfgdf /x]sf], lsjLsf] pTkfbsTj #=)& d]=÷x]= /x]sf], lsjLsf ljleGg k|hftLx?dWo]
hayward, monty, allison, bruno cflb k|d'v /x]sf], ls;fgx?af6 ;Lw} :yfgLo / distant traders
x?n] lsjL vl/b ug{] u/]sf], yf]/} dfqfdf dfq k|zf]wg x'g] u/]sf], lsjL ls;fg, Jofkf/L, v'b|f ljqm]tf x'Fb}
pkef]Qmf;Dd k'Ug] d"No >+[vnf /x]sf] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] 5 . lsjL v]tLsf nflu gofF orchard agfpg]
jf k'/fgf]nfO{ g} ddt{ ;Def/ ug{], hUuf ldnfpg], 8\ofª p7fpg], cfutx?sf] vf]hL u/L cfoft jf vl/b
ug{], compost cflb dnvfbsf] k|of]u ug{], weeding, pruning, thining, harvesting and post
harvesting management, grading, packing ug{] h:tf d"No >[+vnf ls;fgx? :jod\ af6 x'g] u/]sf]
b]lvG5 .
2.1.8 To;}u/L c?0ffrn k|b]z ef/tsf] lsjL pTkfbgsf] k|d'v k|b]zsf ?kdf /x] tfklg oxfFsf] pTkfbsTj
Go"g /x]sf], lsjL v]tLsf nflu cfut pks/0f u'0f:t/Lo x'g g;s]sf], df6f]sf] nflu rflxg] kf}li6s tTj
kof{Kt pknAw gePsf], l;FrfO{ ;'ljwfsf] cefj /x]sf], ahf/sf] dfu adf]lhdsf] Koflsª ug{] tf}/–tl/sf
/fd|f] gePsf], oftfoftsf nflu ;'lawfhgs ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] sdL /x]sf], lsjLsf] permanent traders
gx'Fbf ahf/ clglZrt /x]sf], sd u'0f:t/Lo lsjLsf] pkof]u u/L cGo j:t' pTkfbg ug{] Processing
pBf]ux?sf] cefj /x]sf] ;d:ofx? /x]sf] cf}NofPsf] b]lvG5 .
@=@ /fli6«o s[ltx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg
2.2.1 (Tiwari & Bhandari, 2020) n] cg';Gwfg zLif{sdf lsjL s[ifsx?sf] pTkfbg / ahf/Ls/0f nfut
tyf To;af6 ;[lht cfDbfgLn] pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s hLjgdf s:tf] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 < lsjL
v]tLdf nufgL ug{' sltsf] kmnbfos 5 < lsjLsf] cfGtl/s ahf/df d"No km/s kg{'sf sf/0fx? s] s]
x'g ;S5g\ < lsjL v]tLsf pTkfbg / ahf/Ls/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx? s] s] x'g\ / logLx?sf
;dfwfgsf pkfox? s] s] x'g ;S5g\ eGg] cg';Gwfg k|Zgsf] pQ/ vf]h]sf b]lvG5g\ .
2.2.2 o; cWoogn] Onfd gu/kflnsf / ;Gbsk'/ ufpFFkflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf] cWoog :ynsf] ?kdf lnb}
cfjZos ;"rgf / hfgsf/L ;'ljwfhgs / p2]Zok"0f{ tl/sfn] ;DalGwt lsjL s[ifsaf6 lnOPsf]
b]lvG5 . ;Gbsk'/ gu/kflnsfsf % j6} j8fx? / Onfd gu/kflnsfsf j8f g+ !,@,#,/ ^ nfO{ gd'gf
5gf}6sf] cfwf/sf ?kdf lnOPsf] b]lvG5 . k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgf cGtu{t Onfd
lsjL hf]gsf ?kdf /x]sf] x'Fbf oL b'O{ :yfgx?nfO{ gd'gf k|m]dsf ?kdf lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ljut rf/
jif{b]lv nuftf/ lsjL v]tL ul//x]sf / To;af6 cfly{s nfe k|fKt ul//x]sf 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ gd'gfsf
?kdf 5gf}6 ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . gd'gfdf $! lsjL s[ifs, $ Jofkf/L, @ hgf :yfgLo ahf/ clestf{ /
! hgf ljz]if pQ/bftfaf6 cf+lzs ;+/lrt k|ZgfjnLsf dfWodaf6 cfjZos tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 .
11
 cg';Gwfgn] cf};t pTkfbg nfut k|lt s]=hL= !@% ?k+}of, cf};t ahf/Ls/0f nfut ?=#* k|lt s]=hL=,
cf};t k|zf]wg nfut ?=!*) k|lt s]=hL= /x]sf] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, lsjL s[ifsx?sf] s'n
cfDbfgLdf lsjL v]tLsf] cfo @)=$$ k|ltzt /x]sf] tYo phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . lsjLsf] ahf/ d"No km/s
kg{'sf] d'Vo sf/0f o;sf] k|zf]wg nfut /x]sf] b]lvG5 . Average net present worth 588662,
financial rate of return 36%, pay back period 5.01 yr, break even volume 1789 per hec/kg,
average benefit cost ratio 1.47 per hec /x]sf] b]lvPsf] lyof] .

2.2.3 h+unL hgfj/x?sf] lsjLkmndf cfqmd0f pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt klxnf] ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] kfOof] eg]
ckof{Kt e08f/0f ;+/rgf ahf/Ls/0f;Fu ;DalGwt k|d'v ;d:ofsf ?kdf /x]sf] kfOof] . o; cWoogn]
lgDglnlvt ;'emfjx? k|:t't u/sf] b]lvG5 .
1. lsjL v]tLdf nufgL ug{ pko'Qm /x]sf],
2. Onfdsf s[ifsx?n] ckgfPsf pTkfbg k|ljlw g]kfnsf cGo lhNnfx?df ckgfpg ;lsg]
;Defjgf,
3. lsjL ls;fgx?n] o; kmnsf] cfsif{s d"No kfpg :yfgLo ;/sf/;Fusf] ;xsfo{df ;xsf/L
vf]Ng pko'Qm x'g],
4. s[lif 1fg s]Gb||, :yfgLo ;/sf/n] lsjLkmnsf] kf}li6s / cf}ifwLhGo dxTjx?sf] af/]df :yfgLo
hgtfx?NffO{ o;sf] v]tLtkm{ cfslif{t ug{'kg{],
5. lsjL kmnsf] ahf/ d"No l:y/Ls/0fsf nflu k|b]z / s]Gb|| ;/sf/af6 Go"gtd ;dy{g d"No
tf]lsg cfjZos x'g] . To;}u/L tflnd uf]li7, sfo{zfnf, gjLgtd k|ljlwsf] k|rf/ k|;f/, e08f/0f
;'ljwf cflbsf af/]df hfgsf/Lx? ls;fgx? ;fd' k'¥ofpg pko'Qm x'g],
6. lsjL kmnsf] aLdf ;'ljwfdf lj:tf/ x'g'kg{],
7. lsjLsf lj?jfx?sf] pTkfbg ug{] kof{Kt g;{/Lx?sf] :yfkgf / ;dodf la?jf, dn, aLp ljhg
h:tf cfut (Input) x? pknAw u/fpg' kg{],
8. cGo cg';Gwfg stf{n] cGo lsjL v]tL ul/g] ljleGg If]qx? ;d]6]/ lsjLsf] d"No >[+vnfsf]
cWoog ub}{ lsjL pBdsf] sensitivity analysis u/L o; If]qsf] nfebfostf k|i6 kfg{ pko'Qm
x'g] ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 .
2.2.4 (Sharma, Thapa, & Khatiwada, 2020) production, marketing and future prospect of kiwi
fruit in nepal cg';Gwfg zLif{sdf zdf{, yfkf / vltj8fn] g]kfndf lsjL pTkfbgsf] k|j[lQ, cfoft,
lgof{t, xfnsf] cj:yf / eljiodf o;sf] ;Defjgfsf] af/]df cWoog u/]sf 5g\ . cWoog cg';f/ cf=
j= @)!$÷!% b]lv @)!^÷!& ;Dddf lsjLkmnsf] pTkfbg jflif{s cf};t j[l¢b/ $^=% k|ltzt /x]sf]
kfOof] . To;}u/L g]kfndf lsjL v]tLsf] Jofj;flos z'?jft ePsf] w]/} ;do ePsf] b]lvb}g . ljb]zdf
lgof{t ug{] k|z:t ;Defjgf /xFbf klg g]kfndf o;sf] j[xQ/ :s]ndf pTkfbg x'g ;lsPsf] b]lv+b}g .
lsjL v]tL;Fu ;DalGwt cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] sdL, gjLgtd j}1flgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u gug{', kof{Kt
nufgL gx'g', jLp ljhg b]lv lj?jf /f]Kg] ;Ddsf] ;Dk"0f{ cfut u'0f:t/Lo gx'g', d"Nodf l:y/tf gx'g'
cflb o; If]qsf] r'gf}tLsf ?kdf /x]sf b]lvG5g\ .
2.2.5 /fd|f] gZnsf] lj?jf / cGo planting material gx'g', pTkfbg k|ljlwsf af/]df ls;fgx?nfO{ kof{Kt
hfgsf/L gx'g', lsjLsf] ahf/Ls/0f /fd|f] gx'g', kof{Kt nufgL gx'g', e08f/0f u[x tyf k|zf]wg u[xsf]
cefj x'g', lsjL v]tLsf nflu cfjZos sfg"gL / gLltut Joj:yf gx'g', d"Nodf l:y/tf gx'g', u'0f:t/
sfod ug{] ;+oGq gx'g', ahf/Ls/0f ug{] ;+3 ;+:yf ;xsf/L gx'g' o; If]qn] ef]lu/x]sf ;d:ofx? /x]sf]
12
 b]lvG5g\ . u'0f:t/Lo cfutx?sf] pknAwtf ;'lglZrt ug{'kg{], a+}s ljQLo ;+:yfx?af6 nufgL a9fOg'
kg{], lsjLsf] u'0f:t/ tf]lsg' kg{], e08f/0f / k|zf]wg u[xx?sf] lgdf0f{ ul/g'kg{] / lsjL v]tL;Fu ;DalGwt
ljleGg lsl;dsf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{ pko'Qm x'g] ;'emfjx? o; cWoogn] lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
2.2.6 " lu/L, /fjt / zdf{ -@)@!_ n] Onfd / ;Gbsk'/df lsjL v]tL ul//x]sf ls;fgx?n] ;fdgf ug{' k/]sf
;d:ofx?sf] af/]df cWoog u/]sf 5g\ (Giri, Rawat, & Sharma, 2021) . o; cWoogn] p2]Zok"0f{
?kdf Simple Random Sampling sf] k|of]u u/L Onfd / ;Gbsk'/af6 $)÷$) u/L hDdf *) lsjL
ls;fgx?nfO{ aGb / v'Nnf k|ZgfjnLsf] ;xfotfn] cfjZos ;"rgf / hfgsf/Lx? ;+sng u/]sf 5g\ .
cWoogn] Onfd / ;Gbsk'/ b'j} 7fFpdf pTkfbg gu0o dfqfdf a9]sf] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] 5 . Onfdsf
@% k|ltzt / ;Gbsk'/sf @) k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] lsjL v]tLsf nflu a]gf{ cfˆg} g;{/Ldf pTkfbg ug{]
u/]sf] b]lvof] . lsjL v]tLsf] k|d'v ;d:of eg]sf] h+unL hgfj/sf] cfqmd0f /xg] u/]sf] kfOof] . u'0f:t/Lo
a]gf{ pknAw gx'g', efn] / kf]yL a]gf{nfO{ ;xL tl/sfaf6 kmfd{df Joj:yfkg ug{ g;Sg', ;'ljwfhgs /
cfw'lgs e08f/0f k|ljlw pknAw gx'g', lr:ofgsf] ;'ljwf ;lxtsf] delivery van sf] cefj x'g', Onfdsf
s[ifsx?n] ;fdgf ul//x]sf ;d:ox? x'g\ eg] l;d]G6sf] T–bar yfª\u|fsf nflu pknAw gx'g', tflnd /
cled'vLs/0f kof{Kt gx'g', e08f/0f u[xsf] cefj, ;8s ;~hfnsf] kof{Kt ;'ljwf gx'g' ;Gbsk'/sf
ls;fgx?sf] k|d'v ;d:ofsf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
2.2.7 o; k|sf/ ljZjd} cfsif{s / dxTjk"0f{ k]zfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] afujfgL v]tL (Horticulture) g]kfndf klg
lsg gug{] < clGtd pkef]Uo dxFuf j:t'x?sf] cfoft / s[lif tyf jghGo k|ylds j:t'x?sf] ;Lldt
lgof{taf6 ;[lht pRr Jofkf/ 3f6fnfO{ Go'gLs/0f ug{ pRr d"No / pTkfbsTj ePsf kmnkm"n, t/sf/L,
afujfgL Joj;fodf g]kfnL >d / k'FhLsf] pkof]u lsg gug{] < /f]huf/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf ljb]zL e"lddf
kl;gf aufpFg afWo o'jf zlQmnfO{ Jofj;flos lsjL v]tL ug{ k|f]T;fxg, ;xof]u / ;dGjo lsg
gug{] < o; b]zdf pknAw xfjfkfgL / df6f] cg's'n x'g] k|lt:kwL{ s[lifhGo pkhx?sf] klxrfg u/L
t'ngfTds nfe ljZj ahf/af6 k|fKt ug{ o; If]qsf] cj:yf, ;Defjgf, cj;/, r'gf}tL, ;d:ofx?sf
lgjf/0fsf pkfox?sf] vf]hL ub}{ Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLsf] uxg, p2]Zok/s, j[xt, -k|b]z :t/Lo_ vf]hk"0f{
cWoog / cg';Gwfg lsg gug{] <

13
 kl/R5]b # M cg';Gwfg ljlw
o; v08df o; cWoogsf] ;du| k|f?k, ;+/rgf / k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{sf nflu cjnDag ul/Psf ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof
tyf ljlwsf] JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . o; cGt{ut cWoognfO{ k"0f{tf lbgsf nflu cWoogsf] 9Ffrf s:tf]] agfpg], s'g
;|f]taf6 tYofÍ k|fKt ug]{, k|fylds tYofÍ ;+sng ug{ s'g ljlw cjnDag ug]{, låtLo >f]taf6 ;+sng ul/Psf
tYofÍsf] kof{Kttf / ljZj;gLotfnfO{ s;/L sfod ul/Psf] 5 EfGg] ljifox? pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L, tYofÍ
;+sng ul/g] gd'gf 5gf]6sf] ljlw, tYofÍ ljZn]if0f ljlwx?M Descriptive analysis / Statistical analysis dWo]
s'g ljlwnfO{ cjnDjg u/L tYofÍ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 h:tf ljifo o; v08df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
#=! cWoogsf] If]q
sf]zL k|b]z cGtu{tsf Jofj;flos ?kdf lsjL pTkfbg x'g] Onfd, kfFry/, ;+v'jf;ef, t]x|y'd, wgs'6f, ;f]n'v'Dj',
cf]vn9'Ëf / vf]6fª lhNnfx?dWo] $ lhNnfx?M Onfd, ;f]n'v'Da', wgs'6f / kfFry/ nfO{ o; cWoogdf ;d]l6Psf]
5.
#=@ cWoogsf] ljlw÷9fFrf
of] cWoogdf TfYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ sfo{sf nflu ;j]{If0f 9fFrf (Survey Research Design) k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
tYofÍ ;+sngsf nflu gd'gf s[ifs / Jofkf/Lx?nfO{ ;+/lrt k|ZgfjnL (Structured Questionnaire) dfkm{t
tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 . cWoog If]qsf] j:t'l:yltsf] hfgsf/L lng, ;d:of klxrfg u/L oyfy{ l:yltsf]
ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu JofVofTds k4lt (Descriptive Research), tYofÍzf:qLo k4lt (Statistical Analysis)
sf] cjnDjg ul/Psf] 5 .

#=# gd'gf 5gf}6, tYofÍsf] k|sf/, ;|f]t / ;+sng ljlw

#=#=! o; cWoognfO{ cfjZos kg{] Jofj;flos lsjL s[ifsx?sf] gd'gf 5gf}6 ug{] k|of]hgsf nflu o; k|b]z
cGtu{tsf !$ lhNnfdf lsjL v]tL ug{] ls;fg (Total Population) sf] klxrfg ug{ ;DalGwt lhNnfsf s[lif 1fg
s]Gb|x?nfO{ lhNnfsf s'n lsjL s[ifsx?sf] ;+Vof / gfdfjnL pknAw u/fpg kqfrf/ ul/Psf] . ;f]xLadf]lhd
lhNnfl:yt s[lif 1fg s]Gb|n] lbPsf] df}lvs / lnlvt hfgsf/L tyf ;"rgfsf cfwf/df Jofj;flos lsjL v]tL ug{]
ls;fgx?sf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . k|fKt tYofÍdWo] !) k|ltzt hg;+Vofn] 3/fo;L pkef]u÷k/LIf0f v]tL ul//x]sf
5g\ eGg] k"j{ dfGotfsf cfwf/df Target Population sf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . lhNnfdf pknAw Jofj;flos lsjL
s[ifsx?sf] ;+Vofsf cfwf/df ;DalGwt lhNnfx?nfO{ ef/fÍ k|bfg u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df ;DalGwt lhNnfaf6 o;
cWoogsf nflu 5flgg] s[ifs ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . t/ lhNnfut cfwf/df gd'gf s[ifs ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ubf{
k|To]s lhNnfsf] Target Population sf] sDtLdf !) k|ltzt jf !) hgf lsjL s[ifsx?nfO{ gd'gfsf ?kdf 5gf}6
ul/Psf] 5 . sfof{no;Fu pknAw ;do, ;|f]t–;fwg, ef}uf]lns w/ftn cflbnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ lsjLsf] pTkfbgsf
lx;fan] ;a}eGbf w]/} lhNnfut ef/fÍ k|fKt ug{] $ j6f lhNnfsf lsjL s[ifsx? o; cWoogsf nflu gd'gf k|m]d
(Sampling Frame) sf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . t;y{ pQm lhNnfx?af6 s'n !$$ j6f gd'gf ;Íng ul/Psf] 5 .

14
 tflnsf #=! M sf]zL k|b]zDff lsjL pTkfbs s[ifssf] ;+Vof
Jofj;flos lsjL Jofj;flos lsjL gd'gf
qm=;+= ljj/0f lsjL s[ifs ;+Vof 5gf}6
(Total population) s[ifs ;+Vof s[ifssf] ef/fÍ
(Target population) ;+Vof
1 Onfd 650 585 37 60
2 kfFry/ 300 270 17 30
3 ;f]n'v'Da' 300 270 17 30
4 wgs'6f 160 144 9 24
5 vf]6fª 135 122 8
6 ef]hk'/ 23 21 1
7 t]x|y'd 100 90 6
8 ;+v'jf;ef 40 36 2
9 cf]vn9'Ëf 40 36 2
pbok'/, ;'g;/L, df]/ª, tfKn]h'ª / emfkf lhNnfdf lsjL pTkfbs s[[ifssf] tYof+s g/x]sf]
s'n 1748.0 1573 100.0 144
;|f]tM ;DalGwt lhNnfsf s[lif 1fg s]Gb|
gd'gf 5gf}6 sfo{nfO{ j}1flgs / k"jf{u|x/lxt (unbiased) agfpg (Cochran (1963) 4f/f k|ltkflbt
b]xfosf] ;'qsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

𝑍 2 𝑥 𝑝𝑞 (1.96)2 𝑥 0.90∗0.10
𝑆= = =0.345/0.0025 =138.29
𝑒2 (0.05)2
hxfF,
S = Required sample size
Z = Z statistics score set as per the accepted error (α ) with two side effect under the normal curve
p = expected prevalences represented by a ratio of proportion of targeted population to total number of population
q= 1-p
e = Margin of error/Significance Level

#=#=@ Targeted Population dWo]af6 p2]Zok"0f{ / ;'ljwfhgs -Purposive and Judgemental_ lx;fjn]
cWoogsf] p2]Zo;Fu d]nvfg] ;+/lrt, cw{ ;+/lrt / v'nf k|ZgfjnLsf dfWodaf6 k|fylds tYofÍ tyf
hfgsf/L k|fKt ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L, JolQmut cjnf]sg, lsjL v]tL;Fu ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/afnf lgsfox?
h:t} s[lif 1fg s]Gb|, lsjL v]tLsf cu'jf ls;fg, :yfgLo hgk|ltlglw, yf]s tyf v'b|f laqm]tfx?, e08f/0f
tyf k|zf]wg u[xsf ;~rfns, oftfoft Joj;foL, lsjL v]tLnfO{ ljleGg tflnd, ;xof]uL ;]jfx? pknAw
u/fpg] ;+3;+:yf, k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgfsf k|ltlglw, cfd pkef]Qmf, a}+lsª If]qsf
k|ltlglw, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf k|ltlglw cflb;Fu ;d"x s]lGb|t 5nkmn -Focus Group Discussion) sf
dfWodaf6 cfjZos u'0ffTds / p2]Zok/s k|fylds tyf låtLo ;"rgf ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 .
#=#=# lgdf{0f ul/Psf] k|ZgfjnLsf] k"0f{tf, z'4tf / p2]Zok/stf hfFr ug{ clGtd ;"rgf ;Íng ug{ ef}uf]lns
:yfgdf u0fs hfg' cufj} s'g} Ps ljz]if cWoog 7fFpdf k|ZgfjnLsf] k/LIf0f (Pre-Test) u/L cfjZostf
cg';f/ k|ZgfjnLdf ;+zf]wg ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .
#=#=$ To;}u/L, låtLo ;|f]tsf ?kdf ;+3Lo / k|fb]lzs ;DalGwt dGqfnoaf6 pknAw x'g] tYofÍ, cfGt/fli6«o
;+3–;+:yfsf k|sfzg, a'n]l6g, hg{n, ;dfrf/, o; cl3 ul/Psf cWoogsf k|ltj]bgx?, ljZjljBfnoaf6
z}lIfs pkflw k|flKtsf nflu ul/Psf zf]w k|jGwx?sf] pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 .

15
#=$ tYofÍsf] k|:t'tLs/0f
k|zf]lwt tYofÍnfO{ Tabular, Bar Diagram, Pie Chart, Histogram, Frequency Distribution, Time Series
Graph cflbdf ;/n / a'em\g ;lhnf] x'g] lsl;dn] k|:t'tLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

#=% tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0f

of] cWoog ljz]iftM sf]zL k|b]zdf Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLsf] jt{dfg cj:yf, lsjLsf] d"No >[+vnfdf ;xefuL x'g]
;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?sf] pkl:ytL tyf pgLx?n] ef]lu/x]sf ;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg ub}{ o;sf] ;Defjgfsf] vf]hL
ug{ s]Gb|Lt x'g] ePsfn] tYox?sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ JofVofTds ljlw -Descriptive Method_ sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
Descriptive Tools cGt{ut k|fKt tYofÍx?sf] ;fdfGo rl/q / k|j[lQnfO{ b]vfpg Bivariate Analysis,
Frequency, Ratio, Proportion, Percentage, Measure of Central Tendencies, Measure of Dispersion
cflb h:tf Descriptive Tools x?sf] cfjZostf cg'?k k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm lsjL v]tLn]
s[ifsnfO{ x'g] nfut nfesf] ljZn]if0f ug{ lgDg ljQLo cf}hf/x?sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ s'n kl/jt{gzLn nfut (Total Variable Cost)
Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg ls;fgn] cfˆgf] kmd{af6 pTkfbg k|fKt ug{ pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf kl/jt{g x'g]
kl/jt{gzLn vr{sf lzif{sx?df x'g] vr{sf] s'n /sdnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 .
s'n kl/jt{gzLn nfut = aLpaLhg vr{ + dhb'/ vr{ + dnvfb tyf ljiffbL vr{ + l;FrfO vr{ +
e08f/0f vr{ + 9'jfgL vr{{ +Kofs]hLË vr{ + ;~rf/ vr{ + cGo vr{
-v_ s'n l:y/ nfut (Total Fixed Cost)
Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLdf x'g] l:y/ k|s[ltsf vr{x?sf] s'n /sdnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 .
s'n l:y/ nfut = e"ldsf] nufg + cf}hf/, pks/0f vl/b + Aofh vr{
-u_ s'n pTkfbg nfut (Total Cost)
lsjL kmnsf] pTkfbgdf x'g] ;Dk"0f{{ vr{x?sf] s'n /sdnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 .
s'n nfut = s'n kl/jt{gzLn nfut + s'n l:y/ nfut
-3_ s'n cfDbfgL (Total Income)
lsjL kmn laqmL ul/ k|fKt x'g] /sdsf cltl/Qm lsjLv]tL ;Fu ;DalGwt j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] laqmLaf6 k|fKt x'g]
s'n /sdnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 .
s'n cfDbfgL = lsjL laqmL cfo + a]gf{ laqmL cfo + k/fdz{÷k|fljlws ;]jf k|bfg u/]jfktsf] cfo + cGo
cfo + ;/sf/L cg'bfg
-ª_ k|lt OsfO{ kl/jt{gzLn nfut (Variable Cost Per Unit)
lsjL ls;fgn] pTkfbg u/]sf] k|lt OsfO{ pTkfbgsf] kl/jt{gzLn nfutnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 .
Total 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
Variable Cost per Unit (𝑉𝐶𝑃𝑈) =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
-r_ k|lt OsfO{ nfut (Cost Per Unit)
lsjL ls;fgn] pTkfbg u/]sf] k|lt OsfO{ pTkfbgsf] s'n nfutnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 .
Total 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
Cost per Unit =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

16
-5_ d'gfkmf (Profit)
lsjL ls;fgn] lsjL Joj;foaf6 cfh{g u/]sf] d'gfkmfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 .
d'gfkmf = s'n cfDbfgL − s'n nfut
-h_ kl/jt{gzLn cg'kft nfut (Variable Cost ratio)
lsjL v]tLsf] kl/jt{gzLn nfut / laqmL cfDbfgL aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 .
Total Variable Cost
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
Sales revenue
-em_ s'n cfDbfgLdf d'gfkmf b/ (Profit margin on total revenue)
lsjL v]tL;Fu ;DalGwt s'n cfDbfgLdf Joj;fosf] cf};t jflif{s d'gfkmfsf] b/nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ul/Psf]
5.
Profit
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 = X 100
Total Revenue
-`_ laqmL cfDbfgLdf d'gfkmf b/ (Profit margin on sales revenue)
lsjLsf] laqmL cfDbfgLdf Joj;fosf] cf};t jflif{s d'gfkmfsf] b/nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 .
Profit
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 = X 100
Sales Revenue
-6_ d'gfkmf kl/df0f cg'kft (Profit volume ratio-P/V ratio)
lsjL Joj;foaf6 l;h{gf x'g] of]ubfg dflh{g (Contributon Margin) / laqmL d"No aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ dfkg
ug{ of] cf}hf/sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . laqmL d"Noaf6 kl/jt{gzLn nfut s6fpFbf laqmL d"Nodf l;h{gf x'g]
cf};t dflh{g h;af6 l:y/ nfut c;'n u/L d'gfkmf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 To;sf] dfkg ug{ lgDg z'q k|of]u
ul/Psf] 5 .
Variable cost
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 1 −
Sales
-7_ kf/ljGb' ljZn]if0f (Break Even Point-BEP Analysis)
o; cWoogdf ;dfj]z ePsf gd'gf lsjL s[ifsx?n] cfˆgf] pTkfbgsf] s'n nfut / s'n laqmL cfDbfgL
a/fa/ x'g] l:ylt cyf{t s'g} klg gfkmf jf gf]S;fg geO{ ;Gt'ngsf] cj:yfdf /xgsf] nflu slt kl/df0fdf
lsjL laqmL ug'{kb{5 eGg] s'/fsf] ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ Break Even Point (BEP) u0fgf ul/Psf]
5.
Fixed Cost
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝐵𝐸𝑃 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑠. ) =
Profit volume (P/V) ratio
Fixed Cost
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 =
(Sales price per Unit − Variable Cost per Unit)
-8_ nufgLdf k|ltkmn b/ (Profit margin on total investment)
lsjL v]tL Joj;fodf ul/Psf] s'n nufgLdf ;Gtf]ifhgs ?kdf k|ltkmn k|fKt e} /x]sf] 5÷5}g egL ljZn]if0f
ug{sf nflu Joj;foaf6 cflh{t d'gfkmfsf] cf};t b/ lgsfNg lgDgfg';f/ z'q k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
Profit
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = Total Investment X 100

-9_ e'QmfgL cjlw (Pay Back Period –PBP)

Pp6f Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLdf nufgL ug]{ s[ifsn] ;f] Joj;fodf nufgL u/]sf] /sd p7fpg nfUg] cjlwnfO{
lsjL Joj;fosf] e'QmfgL cjlw (Pay Back Period –PBP) sf] ?kdf lgDg z'qaf6 u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 .

17
 Initial Total Investment
Pay Back Period (𝑃𝐵𝑃) =
Average Cash Inflow(Average Annual Profit)
-0f_ nfe nfut cg'kft (Benefit Cost Ratio)
lsjL v]tLdf ul/Psf] nufgLaf6 eljiodf cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsg] ;DefJotf ljZn]if0f ug{sf] nflu of] cg'kftsf]
k|of]u ul/G5 . of] cg'kft hlt a9L ePsf] Tolt g} Joj;foaf6 k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . o;nfO{
lgDg z'qaf6 u0fgf ul/G5 .
Average Annual Profit
Benefit Cost (B/C) ratio =
Average Total Cost
#=^ cWoog kl/sNkgfsf] lgdf{0f
o; cWoogsf] nflu lgDg adf]lhdsf] cg';Gwfg kl/sNkgfsf] lgdf{0f u/L :ynut ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt ljj/0fsf]
cfwf/df To;sf] kl/If0f ul/Psf] 5 .
H0: cg'bfg k|fKt ug{] lsjL s[ifs / cg'bfgaf6 jl~rt lsjL s[ifsx?aLr pTkfbsTjdf leGgtf
5}g\ .
H1: cg'bfg k|fKt ug{] lsjL s[ifs / cg'bfgaf6 jl~rt lsjL s[ifsx?aLr pTkfbsTjdf leGgtf
5.

#=& cWoogsf] ;do ;Ldf

g]kfn /fi6« a}+s lj/f6gu/ sfof{nosf] jflif{s -cf=j= @)&(÷*)_ sfo{ of]hgfdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd k|yd
qodf;df ljz]if cWoogsf] nflu k|:tfj / k|ZgfjnL tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L bf];|f] / t];|f] qodf;df
gd'gf ;j]{If0f (Pre-Test) / tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ sfo{ k"/f ePsf] lyof] . rf}yf] qodf;df tYofÍ ljZn]if0fsf]
sfo{ ;DkGg u/L k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L cfly{s cg';Gwfg ljefudf k7fO{ ljefuaf6 k|fKt lgb]{zg
adf]lhd cfjZos ;+;f]wg / kl/dfh{g ;lxt k|ltj]bgnfO{ clGtd ?k lbg] sfo{of]hgf /x]sf]df k|f/lDes
k|ltj]bg tof/L ;DkGg eO{ cfjZos ;+;f]wgsf] sfo{df s]xL ;do cfjZos k/]sf] x'Fbf ebf}sf] klxnf] ;ftfdf
k|ltj]bg ljefudf k7fOPsf] 5 .

18
 kl/R5]b $ M tYofÍ k|:t'tLs/0f tyf ljZn]if0f
o; cWoogsf] nflu sf]zL k|b]zdf /x]sf !$ lhNnfdWo] lsjL pTkfbgsf lx;fan] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg cf]u6\g]
$ lhNnfx?M kfFry/, wgs'6f, Onfd / ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfdf /x]sf lsjL s[ifsx? dWo]af6 s'n !$$ hgf gd'gf
lsjL s[ifsx?sf] 5gf}6 u/L :ynut ;j]{If0f dfkm{t k|ZgfjnL kmf/fd e/L k|fKt ljj/0fsf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f
ul/Psf] 5 .
$=! kfFry/ lhNnf
sf]zL k|b]zdf cjl:yt kfFry/ lhNnfsf] s'n If]qkmn !@$! ju{ ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 eg]] of] lhNnfdf !
gu/kflnsf ;lxt * :yfgLo tx /x]sf 5g\ . cn}+rL / cfn'sf] hf]g tyf t/sf/L, cb'jf÷a];f/, cn}+rL /
afv|fsf] Ans ;~rfngdf /x]sf] o; lhNnfsf] ;fdflhs cfly{s kl/;"rs b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .
tflnsf $=! k|b]z / lhNnfut kl/;"rs
;fIf/tf s[lif of]Uo hldgsf] s[lifdf cfl>t
hg;+Vof j[l4b/
;d"x hg;+Vof b/ pknAwtf hg;+Vof
-k|ltzt_
-k|ltzt_ -x]S6/_ -k|ltzt_
sf]zL k|b]z 49,61,412 0.86 79.7 8,26,646 62.7
kfFry/ lhNnf 1,72,400 -1.02 82.3 60,312 79.5
;|f]tM /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* / sf]zL k|b]z ;/sf/sf] cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&(÷*)
$=!=! lnËsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM
gd'gf 5gf}6df k/]sf tL; hgf lsjL s[ifsx?dWo] dlxnf / k'?if qmdzM #=# k|ltzt / (^=& k|ltzt /x]sf
5g\ . Jofj;flos cfly{s ultljlw ;~rfngdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf cToGt Go"g /x]sf] b]lvof] .
$=!=@ z}lIfs of]Uotfsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM
gd'gf 5gf}6df k/]sf s[ifsx? dWo] ^) k|ltzt ;fIf/, @^=& k|ltzt P;=Pn=l;=;Ddsf] cWoog / !#=#
k|ltzt gd'gfn] P;=Pn=;L=eGbf dflysf] z}lIfs of]Uotf xfFl;n u/]sf] kfOof] . lsjLsf] Jofj;flos v]tLk|lt
o; lhNnfdf /x]sf lzlIft hgzlQmsf] rf;f] / ;+nUgtf Go"g /x]sf] kfOof] .
$=!=# lsjL v]tL btf{sf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM
Jofj;flos kmd{sf] ?kdf btf{ ug]{ / gug]{ cfwf/df ls;fgx? qmdzM ^) k|ltzt / $) k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] .
tYofÍaf6 k|fKt glthf cg';f/ ls;fgx?df lzIffsf] sdL, emGeml6nf] btf{ k|lqmof, btf{ ePaf6
kfOg] ;]jf–;'ljwfsf] af/]df cgle1tf, ls;fgnfO{ hldgsf] sd pknAwtf h:tf sf/0fx?af6 ls;fgx?
Jofj;flos lsjL kmd{ btf{ ug{ pbf;Lg /x]sf] kfOof] .
$=!=$ v]tL ul/Psf] df6f] kl/If0f ul/Psf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM
gd'gfdf k/]sf ls;fgx?dWo] !^=& k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] dfq lsjL v]tL ug{'k"j{ xfjfkfgL, df6f]sf] pko'Qmtf
hfFr ug{ df6f] k/LIf0f u/]sf] b]lvof] . afFsL *#=# k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] s'g}klg pko'Qmtfsf] k/LIf0f gu/L
b]vfl;vL k|efj, lsjLsf] nfebfostfsf af/]df ;'g]sf ;dfrf/ cflbsf sf/0f v]tLdf Psrf]l6 nufpF / x]/f}F
eGg] dfgl;stfaf6 ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOof] .

$=!=% tflnd, ;]ldgf/df ;+nUgtfsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM

lsjL v]tL ug{' k"j{ / v]tL ug{] l;nl;nfdf s'g} ;+ul7t ;/sf/L jf lghL ;+3 ;+:yfaf6 tflnd lnPsf
ls;fgx? $^=& k|ltzt /x]sf b]lvof] eg] afFsL %#=# k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] s'g} tflnd jf cGo k/fdz{ ;]jfsf]
pkof]u u/]sf] b]lvPg . tflnd jf ;]ldgf/ lnFbfsf] kmfObf, tflnd lbg] ;+3 ;+:yfsf] ef}uf]lns pknAwtf, s[lif

19
1fg s]Gb|, :yfgLo tx cflbaf6 pknAw u/fPsf tflnd / ;]ldgf/sf] ckof{Kttf cflbsf sf/0f sl/j cfwf
gd'gf ls;fgx? tflndaf6 al~rt /x]sf] b]lvof] .

$=!=^ lsjL v]tL k|of]hgsf nflu gub cg'bfg k|fKt u/]sf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM
o; lhNnfaf6 lnOPsf #) j6f gd'gfx?dWo] s]jn $ hgf ls;fgx?n] dfq ;/sf/L gub cg'bfg k|fKt u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . To;}u/L @^ hgf ls;fgx?n] o; lsl;dsf] tflnsf $=@M cg'bfgsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
cg'bfg k|fKt ug{;s]sf b]lv+b}gg\ . Jofj;flos ?kdf
kmd{ jf sDkgL btf{ gu/L v]tL ug{] k|rng, s'g ls;fgsf] k|sf/ ;+Vof k|ltzt
lgsfoaf6 s:tf] ;]jf–;'ljwf pknAw x'g], ;]jf–;'ljwf xfn;Dd cg'bfg gkfPsf 26 86.7
4 13.3
k|fKt ug{ s:tf] dfkb08 k'/f ug{' kg{], ;]jf–;'ljwf cg'bfg kfPsf
30 100
pknAw x'g g;s] sxfF / s;nfO{ ph'/L ug{] cflbaf/] hDdf
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
ls;fgdf ;"rgfsf] cefjsf sf/0f cg'bfg /sdsf]
pkef]uaf6 jl~rt /x]sf] kfOof] .

$=!=& s[lif ;DaGwL ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ pknAwtfsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM

gd'gfdf k/]sf @) k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] s[lif ;DaGwL ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf] pkof]u u/]sf] b]lvof] eg] *)
k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] o; lsl;dsf] shf{sf] pkof]u u/]sf] kfOPg . ljQLo lzIffsf] sdL, clwsf+z ls;fgx?df
;x'lnotk"0f{{ shf{ ;DaGwL ;"rgfsf] cefj, ;]jfsf] pkof]u ug{ emGeml6nf] k|zf;lgs k|lqmof cflbsf sf/0f
o; lhNnfdf s[lif ;DaGwL ;x'lnotk"0f{{ shf{sf] k|efjsfl/tf sd /x]sf] b]lvof] .
$=!=* nufgLsf] ;|f]tsf cfwf/df gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] ljt/0fM
Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg ls;fgx?sf] o; Joj;fodf /x]sf] ljQLo ;|f]t kl/rfngsf] ljZn]if0f ug{
gd'gf ls;fgx?nfO{ -s_ :j–k'FhL -v_ :j–k'FhL / cg'bfg -u_ :j–k'FhL / C0f -3_ :j–k'FhL, cg'bfg / C0f u/L
$ ;d"xdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .

Rff6{ $=!M nufgLsf] ;|f]tsf] cfwf/df s[ifssf] juL{s/0f

23.3%

56.7%
20.0%

:j–k'FhL :j–k'FhL / cg'bfg :j–k'FhL / C0f

;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
dflysf] rf6{ cg';f/ %^=& k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] Joj;fo cfˆg}} k'FhLaf6 Joj;flos v]lt u/]sf] b]lvof] eg]
:jk'FhL / C0f tyf :jk'FhL / cg'bfgsf ls;fgx? qmdzM @#=# / @) k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvof] . cg'bfg, C0f /
:j–k'FhL ;j} ;|f]taf6 Joj;fo :yfkgf ug{] lsjL s[ifsx? o; lhNnfdf s'g}klg /x]sf] kfOPg . lsjL v]tLdf
Jofj;flostfsf] sdL, ls;fgx?df ljQLo lzIffsf] cefj, a+}lsª hutdf C0f lbbf 3/ hUuf lwtf] d"NofÍg
k|0ffnL, ls;fgx?df Joj;fo;Fu ;DalGwt nfut nfesf] axLvftf /fVg] kl/kf6Lsf] cefj, Go"g ;/sf/L
cg'bfg, k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgf, lsjLsf] ANs, hf]g, ;'k/hf]g h:tf sfo{qmdx?sf] cefjsf
sf/0f o; lhNnfdf k'FhL kl/rfngdf C0f / cg'bfgsf] c+z Go"g /xg uPsf] b]lvof] .
$=!=( lsjL Joj;fodf ;+nUgtfsf] cfwf/df gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] ljt/0fM
Pp6f lsjLsf] a]gf{ /f]lk;s]kl5 kmn lbg sDtLdf # jif{{sf] ;do nfUg] tyf o; Joj;fodf nfdf] ;do ;+nUg
x'Fbf cg'ejhGo kmfObfx? k|fKt eO{ ls;fgx?sf] cfDbfgLnfO{ ;sf/fTds c;/ kfg{;Sg] x'Fbf gd'gf
20
 ls;fgx?nfO{ o; Joj;fodf ;+nUgtfsf] cjlwsf cfwf/df tnsf] tflnsf adf]lhd % >]0fLdf ljefhg
ul/Psf]df ;a}eGbf a9L !# hgf ls;fgx? %–!) jif{{;Dd, % jif{{eGbf sd * hgf ls;fgx? /x]sf 5g eg]
!% jif{{eGbf a9L ;do lsjL Joj;fodf ;+nUg o; lhNnfdf gd'gfdf k/]sf s'g} klg s[ifs b]lvPg .
Tfflnsf $=# M lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg cjlwsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
;+nUg cjlw -jif{{_ % jif{{eGbf sd %–!) !)–!% !% jif{{ eGbf a9L hDdf
ls;fg ;+Vof 8 13 9 0 30
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
$=!=!) lsjL v]tL ul/Psf] If]qkmnsf cfwf/df gd'gf ls;fgsf] ljt/0fM
gd'gf ls;fgx?nfO{ v]tL ul/Psf] If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df hDdf $ >]0fLdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . hldgsf] pknAwtfn]
v]tLdf cTofw'lgs d]l;g, pks/0f, /f;folgs dn, aLpsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] ;+efJotfsf] lgwf{/0f, C0f lng;Sg]
Ifdtfsf] klxrfg / cGttf]uTJff v]tLsf] nfebfostfdf c;/ ug{] ePsfn] ls;fgx?nfO{ ljleGg >]0fLdf juL{s/0f
ul/Psf]df ;a}eGbf w]/} ls;fgx? % /f]kgL eGbf sd If]qkmndf lsjLsf] Jofj;flos v]tLdf ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOof]
eg] ;a}eGbf sd ls;fgx? !% /f]kgLeGbf a9L If]qkmndf v]tLdf ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOof] . k}lqs ;DklQsf] c+za08f,
a9\bf] zx/Ls/0fsf sf/0f ;du| hldgsf] pknAwtfdf sdL, pknAw hldgdWo] ;Dk"0f{{ If]qkmndf lsjL v]tL gug{',
lsjLsf] ahf/ d"No w]/} 36a9 eO{/xg] sf/0fn] o; Joj;foaf6 bL3{sfnLg nfe lnO/xg ;lsG5 eGg] cfTdljZjf;
ls;fgx?df gxF'bf ;fgf] If]qkmndf v]tL ug{] ls;fgx?sf] ;+Vof pNn]Vo ;+Vofdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
Tfflnsf $=$ M lsjL v]tL ul/Psf] If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
If]qkmn -/f]kgL_ % eGbf sd %–!) !)–!% !% eGbf a9L hDdf
ls;fg ;+Vof 13 5 9 3 30
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
$=!=!! lsjLsf] k|hftLo pkl:yltM
:ynut ;j]{]If0fsf qmddf ls;fgx?n] ljleGg k|hftLsf lsaxL?sf] v]tL u/]sf] kfOof] . lsjLsf] k|hftL cg';f/
o;sf] :jfb, tf}n, pTkfbg l;hg, pTkfbsTj ;d]t km/s kg{] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L ls;fgx?af6 k|fKt eof] . gd'gf
ls;fgx?df /x]sf lsjLsf k|hftLx?sf] ljt/0f lgDg rf6{ adf]lhd b]vfOPsf] 5 .
tflnsf adf]lhd gd'gfdf k/]sf s'n #) ls;fgx?dWo] (^=& k|ltzt ls;fgx?sf] cfsif{0f x]jf8{ lsjL v]tLdf
b]lvof] eg] Pln;g, df]G6L, /]8, a|'gf], uf]N8]g / u|Lg qmdzMM cfsif{0fsf cGo k|hftLx? /x]sf] b]lvof] .

rf6{ $=@M lsjLsf] k|hftLo pkl:ylt

100.0
90.0
80.0
s'n s[ifsdf k|ltzt

70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
x]jf8{ Pln;g df]G6L /]8 a|'gf] uf]N8]g u|Lg
lsjLsf] k|hftL
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f, @)&(
$=!=!@ lsjL kmnsf] d'Vo qm]tfsf cfwf/df ls;fgsf] ljt/0f
lsjL s[ifsx?af6 pTkflbt lsjLsf] d'Vo dfustf{ jf ahf/ lgdf{tf sf] x'g egL klxrfg ug{ ls;fgx?n] lsjL
laqmL ug{] JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; cGt/ut ;Dk"0f{{ gd'gf ls;fgx?nfO{ clGtd pkef]Qmf,
dWo:tstf{, l8kf{6d]G6 :6f]/, pBf]unfO{ laqmL ug{] u/L $ ;d"xdf ljefhg ul/Psf]df clwsf+z gd'gf ls;fgx?n]
cfˆgf] pTkfbg :yfgLo dWo:tstf{nfO{ ljt/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] sl/j !& k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] dfq cfˆgf] pTkfbg
21
:yfgLo ahf/;Dd nuL clGtd pkef]QmfnfO{ ;f]em} laqmL ljt/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfˆgf] pTkfbg s]xL ;Lldt
dWo:tstf{nfO{ dfq laqmL ljt/0f ug{' kbf{ lsjLsf] d"No lgwf{/0fdf ljrf]lnofsf] e"ldsf clws x'g uO{ plrt d"No
kfpg g;s]sf] u'gf;f] ls;fgx?sf] /x]sf] b]lvof] .
Tfflnsf $=% M lsjLsf] d'Vo qm]tfsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
ljj/0f ls;fg ;+Vof k|ltzt
clGtd pkef]Qmf 5 16.7

dWo:ystf{ 25 18.3

l8kf{6d]G6 :6f]/ – –
pBf]u÷snsf/vfgf – –
hDdf 30 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
$=!=!# C0fsf] ;|f]tsf] cfwf/df ls;fgx?sf] juL{s/0f tyf k'FhLsf] nfut cj:YffM
C0fsf] ;|f]tn] k'FhLsf] nfutnfO{ c;/ ug{] / kF'hLsf] nfutn] Joj;fosf] nfebfostf lgwf{/0f ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug{] sf/0f cWoogdf k/]sf gd'gf ls;fgx?nfO{ ;+ul7t ;+:yf / c;+ul7t If]qaf6 C0f pkef]u u/]sf u/L
@ ;d"xdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf]df s'n #) gd'gf ls;fgx?dWo] s]jn ( hgf ls;fgx?n] dfq Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{]
l;nl;nfdf C0f k'FhLsf] pkof]u u/]sf] b]lvof] . C0f lnP/ Jofj;flos v]tL ug{] ls;fgdWo] # hgfn] a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 cf};t !) k|ltztdf / afFsL ls;fgx?n] ufFpsf ;fx'–dxfhg, cfkmGt, ;fyLefO{, art ;d"x
cflbaf6 cf};t #^ k|ltzt ;Dd Jofhb/df C0f lnPsf] kfOof] .
Rff6{ $=#M C0fsf] ;|f]t / Jofhb/sf] ljZn]if0f
20 40
19
18 36.0 35
16
30
14
25
12

Aofhb/ -k|ltzt_
s[ifssf] ;+Vof

10 20

8 15
6
6 5
10.0 10
4
5
2 0.0
0 0
;+ul7t ;+:yf cgf}krfl/s If]q shf{ glng]
;+Vof Aofhb/
-k|ltzt_
;|f]tM :ynut ;j{]If0f, @)&(
$=!=!$ lnËsf cfwf/df /f]huf/Lsf] ljt/0fM
lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg kl/jf/ leqsf >d ug{ ;Sg] ;b:o ;+Vof / Hofnfbf/Ldf nufOPsf sfdbf/x?nfO{ lnËsf
cfwf/df k'?if, dlxnf / cGo ul/ ljefhg ul/Psf]df gd'gf ;j]{]If0fdf k/]sf #) j6f lsjL v]tL Joj;fon] s'n
(! hgfnfO{ cf+lzs tyf k"0f{ /f]huf/L k|bfg u/]sf] 5 h;dWo] %&=! k|ltzt dlxnf / $@=( k|ltzt k'?if /x]sf
5g\ .
22
 tflnsf $=^M lnËsf cfwf/df gd'gf s[ifssf] ljt/0f
lnË /f]huf/L ;+Vof k|ltzt
k'?if 52 42.9
dlxnf 39 57.1
cGo 0 0
s'n /f]huf/L l;h{gf 91 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j{]If0f, @)&(
$=!=!% Joj;fosf] ;Gt'li6sf cfwf/df ls;fgx?sf] juL{s/0fM
lsjL v]tL Joj;fok|lt gofF pBdL Joj;foL / ls;fgx?sf] rf;f] tyf cfsif{0f, ljBdfg ls;fgx?sf] o;
Joj;fok|ltsf] lbuf]kgf cflb h:tf s'/fx?sf] lgwf{/0f o; Joj;fodf ;+nUg ls;fgx?sf] Joj;fok|ltsf]
b[li6sf]0faf6 k|efljt x'g]xF'bf gd'gfdf k/]sf ls;fgx?nfO{ Joj;fok|lt ;Gt'i6 / c;Gt'i6 u/L ljefhg ul/Psf]
5 . s'n #) gd'gf ls;fgx?dWo] clwsf+z ls;fgx? o; Joj;fok|lt kfFry/ lhNnfdf ;Gt'i6 /x]sf] kfOof] .
tflnsf $=&M lsjL v]tLk|ltsf] ;Gt'li6sf] :t/sf cfwf/df gd'gf s[ifssf] ljt/0f
;Gt'li6sf] :t/ ;Gt'i6 c;Gt'i6 hDdf
ls;fgx?sf] ;+Vof 29 1 30
;|f]t :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
c? cGg, kmnkm"n gnfUg] kfvf]af/Ldf ;d]t v]tL ug{ ;lsg], le/fnf] hldgdf lsjL nufpFbf e"Ifo ;d]t /f]lsg],
cGo afnLsf t'ngfdf a9L pTkfbg lbg], ;fk]If ?kdf a9L d"No ePsf], cGo afnLsf t'ngfdf sd emGeml6nf],
Go"g >dsf] cfjZostf, bL3{sfnLg cfo k|bfg ug{], /f]uJoflwsf] sd cfqmd0f, lsjL v]tL Joj;fosf] k|j{4g /
ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 k|bfg ul/Psf ljleGg ;x'lnot, cg'lzIf0f, tflnd, gub tyf cGo cg'bfg
cflbsf sf/0f o; Joj;foKf|lt cfd ls;fgx? ;sf/fTds /x]sf] kfOof] .
$=!=!^ pTkfbg ljZn]if0fM
:ynut ;j]{]If0fsf qmddf clwsf+z ls;fgx?n] pTkfbgsf] lnlvt /]s{8 /fv]sf] kfOPg . k|ZgfjnLsf] k|Zg g+ !#
df /x]sf] lsjL v]tL u/]b]lv ePsf] pTkfbg / o;sf] cf};t laqmL d"No slt /x\of] eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/df clwsf+z
ls;fgx?n] ljutsf] pTkfbg ;lDemP/ pQ/ lbPsf] kfOof] . gd'gfdf k/]sf #) s[ifsx?af6 @)&( ;fndf s'n
@^* /f]kgL If]qkmndf lsjL v]tL ul/Psf]df kmn nfu]sf] af]6 ;+Vof *@@ /x]sf 5g\ eg] s'n pTkfbg $@,*#)
s]=hL= /x]sf] 5 . tYofÍnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|lt/f]kgL pTkfbsTj !%(=* s]=hL=tyf k|ltaf]6 pTkfbsTj %@=! s]=hL=
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . @)&& / @)&* ;fndf qmdzM !^,&@) s]=hL= / @#,#*) s]=hL= lsjL pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5 .
To:t} @)&( ;fndf cfOk'Ubf pTkfbg *#=! k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ $@,*#) s]=hL= k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .
rf6{ $=$M gd'gf s[ifssf] ljut # jif{sf] pTkfbg k|j[lt
45
40
pTkfbg -xhf/ s]=hL_

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2077 2078 2079
;|f]tM :ynut ;j{]If0f @)&(
;do qmd;Fu} ls;fgx?df cg'ejhGo 1fg, ;Lksf] ljsf; x'Fb} uPsf], # jif{kl5 sl/j !) jif{;DDf pTkfbgdf
qmdzM j[l4 xF'b}hfg] lsjLaf]6sf] k|j[lQ, ls;fgx?sf] lsjL ;DaGwL tflnd, uf]i7L cflbdf ;xeflutf, k|wfgdGqL

23
s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgfaf6 pknAw ljleGg lsl;dsf cg'bfg cflbsf sf/0f lsjL v]tL ul/Psf] If]qkmn /
pTkfbg qmdzMM a9\b} uPsf] kfOof] .
$=!=!^=! kfFry/ lhNnfsf] ljut # jif{sf] pTkfbg k|j[lQM
cf=j= @)&%÷&^ df lsjL v]tL ul/Psf] s'n If]qkmn !# x]S6/ /x]sf]df cf=j=@)&&÷&* df cfO{k'Ubf of] @%)
x]S6/ If]qkmndf j[l4 x'gk'u]sf] b]lvG5 . pTkfbgzLn If]q cf=j=@)&^÷&& af6 @)&&÷&* df cfpFbf !%% x]= af6
36]/ (* x]S6/ ;Lldt x'g k'u]tfklg k|ltkmn * d]=÷x]= af6 w]/} ljrng ePsf] b]lv+b}g .
tflnsf $=*M kfFry/ lhNnfsf] tLg jif{sf] pTkfbg k|j[lt
s'n If]qkmn pTkfbgzLn If]q pTkfbg k|ltkmn
cfly{s jif{
-x]S6/_ -x]S6/_ -d]l6«s 6g_ -d]l6«s 6g÷x]S6/_
@)&%÷&^ 13 6 45 8.3
@)&^÷&& 220 155 1,322 8.53
@)&&÷&* 250 98 840 8.57
;|f]tM Statistical Information On Nepalse Agriculture
$=!=!^=@ k|ltaf]6 pTkfbg Ifdtfsf cfwf/df ls;fgx?sf] ljt/0fM
:ynut ;j]{]If0faf6 k|fKt tYofÍx?af6 k|ltaf]6 lsjLsf] pTkfbg Ifdtf lgsfNb} pTkfbgsf # >]0fLx?sf] lgdf{0f
u/L ls;fgx?sf] ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 . rf6{ adf]lhd Pp6f lsjLsf] af]6af6 cf};t !) b]lv #) s]=hL pTkfbg ug{]
ls;fgx? ;a}eGbf w]/} !@ hgf /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sd & hgf ls;fgx?n] cf};t ^) b]lv () s]=hL k|ltaf]6
pTkfbg k|fKt ug{ ;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5 .
rf6{ $=%M k|ltaf]6 pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df gd'gf ls;fgsf] ljt/0f

14
12
12 11
10
ls;fg ;+Vof

8 7
6
4
2
0
10-30 30-60 60-90
k|ltaf]6 cf};t pTkfbg -s]=hL_
;|f]t :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
rf6{ adf]lhd Pp6f lsjLsf] af]6af6 cf};t !) b]lv #) s]=hL pTkfbg ug{] ls;fgx? ;a}eGbf w]/} !@ hgf /x]sf
5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sd & hgf ls;fgx?n] cf};t ^) b]lv () s]=hL k|ltaf]6 pTkfbg k|fKt ug{ ;kmn ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
$=!=!^=# k|lt af]6 cf};t pTkfbg / ljrngsf] u0fgf
tflnsf adf]lhd k|ltls;fg k|ltaf]6 cf};t pTkfbg -Mean, X̅_ $@ s]=hL= / pTkfbg ljrng (Range) *)
s]=hL /xg uPsf] 5 .
$=!=!& pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?sf] ljZn]if0fM
o; lhNnfsf ls;fgx?n] pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ?kdf dnvfb, pGgt aLp÷a]gf{ / cGo pTkfbg
;fdu|Lsf] cefj /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . g;{/Laf6 lj?jf vl/b ubf{ efn] / kf]yL k|hftLsf] klxrfg ug{ g;Sg',
k|fª\ufl/s / /f;folgs dnsf] pko'Qm ld>0f ug{] 1fgsf] sdL, kof{Kt / pko'Qm ;dodf /f;folgs dnsf] cefj,

24
lj?jfnfO{ yfª\u|fsf] ?kdf k|of]u x'g] l;d]G6]6 6L–jf/sf] pRRf nfut tyf 9'jfgLut cj/f]wsf sf/0f of] ;d:of
k|dv
' ;d:ofsf ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

rf6{ $=^M pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f

18 60
53.3
16
50
14
40.0
12 40
ls;fg ;+Vof

10 30.0

ef/fÍ
30
8
16
12
6 20
9
4
3.4 10
2
1
0 0
dnvfb, pGgt aLp÷a]gf{ df};dL k|lts'ntf / k|fljlws ;Lk, 1fg / l;FrfO ;'ljwfsf]
/ cGo ;fdu|Lsf] cefj h+unL hgfj/sf] cfqmd0f bIftfsf] sdL sdL
ls;fg ;+Vof ef/fÍ
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
$=!=!* ahf/Ls/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?sf] ljZn]if0fM
lsjLsf] ahf/Ls/0f;Fu ;DaGwLt ;d:ofx?nfO{ klxrfg ug{ gd'gf s[ifsx?af6 k|fKt pQ/x?nfO{ # ;d"xdf
ljefhg u/LPsf]df ;d:ofsf] ufDeLo{tf / uxgtfsf] klxrfg ul/Psf]df @& hgf s[ifsx?n] ;DalGwt lhNNffdf
lsjLsf] e08f/0fsf nflu s'g}klg zLt e08f/ pknAw x'g g;s]sf] ;d:of atfPsf 5g\ . e08f/0f u[xsf] cefj
x'Fbf pTkflbt lsjL pTkfbg ePs} ;dodf Go"gtd d"Nodf laqmL ug{'kg{] afWotf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lzt e08f/0fsf
nflu 7"nf]] :t/sf] nufgL cfjZos kg{] t/ clwsf+z lsjL s[ifsx?;Fu 7"nf]] :t/sf] nufgL ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf] cefj
/x]sf] sf/0f lghL, ;fd'bflos / ;/sf/L :t/af6 zLt e08f/0fsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug{'kg{] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L
!* hgf s[ifsx?af6 lsjLsf] plrt d"No gkfPsf], d"Nodf k|To]s jif{ lu/fj6 cfpFb} uPsf], ;dYf{g d"Nosf]
cefjsf sf/0f d"Nodf cToflws ptf/–r9fj cfpg] u/]sf] / ljrf}lnof4f/f lgwf{l/t d"Nodf cfˆgf] pTkfbg
a]Rg'kg{] ;d:of /x]sf] kfOof] . lsjLnfO{ sRRff k4fy{{sf] ?kdf pkof]u u/L hfd, h';, a|f08L, jfOg cflb j:t'
pTkfbg ug{] pBf]usf] :yfkgf / ljsf; gePsf] sf/0f lsjLsf] :yfoL ahf/sf] l;h{gf x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}+g .
tflnsf $=(M ahf/Ls/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f
;d:ofsf] k|s[lt pQ/bftf ;+Vof ef/fÍ ;d:ofsf] uxgtf
;8s k"jf{wf/ / 9'jfgL 4 13.3 t[tLo
d"No, :yfoL ahf/ / ;"rgf 18 60 låtLo
e08f/0f u[x 27 90 k|yd
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
$=!=!( ljQLo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?sf] ljZn]if0fM
Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ k'FhLsf] cfjZostf x'g], k'FhLsf] ;|f]tn] To;sf] nfut lgwf{/0f ug{] / cGttf]uTjf k'FhLsf]
nfutn] Joj;fosf] nfebfostf lgwf/0f ug{] ePsfn] ljQLo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?sf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf]
5 . ljQLo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?nfO{ lgDg adf]lhd lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf $=!)M ljQLo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f
;d:ofsf] k|s[lt pQ/bftf ;+Vof ef/fÍ
C0fsf] ;xh pknAwtf 29 96.6
;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf] pkof]u 30 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
gd'gfdf k/]sf #) ls;fgx?dWo] ;t k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf] pkof]u u/]sf] b]lvPg . nfdf]
sfuhL k|lqmof, efiffut ;d:of, 3/hUUff lwtf] d'NofÍg k|0ffnLsf sf/0f ls;fgx?n] cf}krfl/s If]qaf6 shf{sf]
25
pkof]u u/]sf] b]lvPg . clwsf+z ls;fgx?n] cfˆgf] Joj;fonfO{ btf{ gug{', ls;fgx?df ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf]
pknAwtfsf] af/]df ;"rgfsf] cjut gx'g', kx'Frjfnf pBf]uklt, Jofkf/L cflbn] s[lqd kmd{ :yfkgfu/L ;x'lnotk"0f{
shf{sf] pkof]u ug{' ;fy} a}+s ljQLo ;+:yf klg jf:tljs ls;fgx?sf] klxrfg u/L C0f k|jfx ug{ pbfl;g b]lvg'n]
;x'lnotk"0f{{ shf{sf] k|efjsfl/tfdf sdL cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
$=!=@) nfutsf] ljZn]if0fM
:ynut ;j]{If0fsf qmddf lsjL Joj;fosf] nfut ljZn]if0f ubf{ o;df k|of]u ePsf pTkfbgsf ;fwgx?sf]
nfutx?nfO{ l:y/ nfut / kl/jt{gzLn nfut u/L b'O{ efudf 5'6\ofP/ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . nfutsf] sfo{ut
;DaGwnfO{ lgDg ;lds/0f4f/f JoQm ul/Psf] 5 .
C= f (F+V)
Where,
C= Total cost
F= Total fixed Cost
V= Total variable cost
lsjLsf] nfut;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg zLif{sx?nfO{ lgDg tflnsf adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf $=!!M kfFry/ lhNnfsf] lsjL v]tLsf] nfut ljj/0f
s'n nfutdf c+z
ljj/0f /sd -?=_
-k|ltzt_
kl/jt{gzLn nfut
aLpljhg vr{ 5,83,600 25.7
dhb'/ vr{ 5,87,200
583,600 25.9
dnvfb tyf ljiffbL vr{ 4,63,000 20.4
l;FrfO vr{ 1,40,000 6.2
e08f/0f vr{ 14,500 0.6
9'jfgL vr{ 69,800 3.1
Kofs]=hL=Ë vr{ 1,000 0.04
;~rf/ vr{ 19,400 0.9
cGo vr{ 18,500 0.8
s'n kl/jt{gzLn nfut -s_ 18,97,000 83.7
cf};t kl/jt{gzLn nfut 44.29
l:y/ nfut
e"ldsf] nufg 10,000 0.4
cGo d]l;g ,;fwg, pks/0fsf] vl/b 0.0 0.0
Jofh vr{ 3,60,400 15.9
s'n l:y/ nfut -v_ 3,70,400 16.3
s'n nfut -s + v_ 22,67,400 100
k|lt s]=hL pTkfbg nfut -?=_ 52.9
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f, @)&(
Tfflnsf adf]lhd gd'gfdf k/]sf #) hgf lsjL s[ifsx?n] lsjL Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{] l;nl;nfdf l:y/ nfutdf
s'n nfutsf] !^=# k|ltzt vr{ u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . s'n l:y/ nfutdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] c+z Jofh vr{sf] /x]sf]
5 . gd'gfdf k/]sf ls;fgx?dWo] !! hgf ls;fgx?n] C0f k'FhLsf] pkof]u u/]sf 5g\ h;dWo] ^ hgf ls;fgx?n]
cgf}krfl/s If]qaf6 dxFuf] Jofhb/df C0f lnPsf sf/0f Jofh vr{sf] c+z pRr /xg uPsf] 5 .
To;}u/L, kl/jt{gzLn nfut s'n nfutsf] *#=& k|ltzt vr{ ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . clwsf+z ls;fgx?n] cfˆg}}
hldgdf lsjL Joj;fo ;~rfng ug'{, k/Dk/fut v]tL k|0ffnLsf sf/0f d]l;g cf}hf/ pks/0f cflbsf] k|of]u gug'{',
ls;fgx?n] C0f k'FhLeGbf :jk'FhLaf6 Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{' h:tf sf/0fn] s'n nfutdf l:y/ nfutsf] c+z Go"g
/xg uPsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L kl/jt{gzLn nfutnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ c+z dhb'/ / aLpljhg
26
vr{sf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf sf/0f ufFp3/df >dzlQmsf] cefj x'g', a9\b}uPsf] Go"gtd kfl/>lds
b/, ;8s k"jf{wf/sf] /fd|f] ljsf; gePsf sf/0f lsjLsf a]gf{ 9'jfgL nfut a9\g', ;/sf/4f/f cg'bfg k|fKt la?jfsf]
kof{Kt cfk"lt{{ gx'Fg', lsjLsf] a]gf{df efn] / kf]yL 5'6\ofpg ;Sg] bIf hgzlQm gx'Fbf a]gf{ vl/bdf bf]xf]/f] vr{ x'Fg'
cflbh:tf sf/0fx? kl/jt{gzLn nfutsf] lx:;f pRr x'g'df k|d'v lhDd]jf/ /x]sf 5g\ .
$=!=@! cfDbfgLsf] ljZn]if0fM
gd'gfdf k/]sf ls;fgx?n] lsjL Joj;foaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] cfDbfgLnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{ ;du| cfDbfgLnfO{ lsjLsf]
laqmL cfo (P x Q) / cGo cfo u/L ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . cGo cfo cGtu{t aLpljhg a]gf{ laqmLaf6 k|fKt,
cg'bfgaf6 k|fKt, k/fdz{ ;]jfaf6 k|fKt u/L ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf $=!@M kfFry/ lhNnfsf] lsjL v]tLsf] cfDbfgL ljj/0f
s'n
cfDbfgLsf] zLif{s /sd ?= cfDbfgLdf
c+z
s'n laqmL cfo -s_ 40,78,250 68.1
cGo cfo -v_M– 3,12,000 31.9
a]gf{af6 k|fKt cfo 2,87,000 4.8
cg'bfgaf6 k|fKt cfo -gub dfq_ 16,00,000 26.7
k/fdz{ tflnd ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{{af6 k|fKt cfo 0 0.0
cGo 25,000 0.4
s'n cfo -s+v_ 59,90,250 100.0
s'n cfo -s+v_ -cg'bfg afx]s_ 43,90,250 73.3
;/b/ k|lt /f]kgL cfo -cg'bfg afx]s_ 16,381.5
;/b/ k|lt s]=hL= cfo -cg'bfg afx]s_ !)@=% -
;/b/ k|lt s]=hL= d'gfkmf -cg'bfg afx]s_ $(=^
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] s'n cfDbfgLdf cg'bfgsf] c+z @^=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] cg'bfg afx]s ls;fgx?sf] s'n
cfDbfgLdf lsjL laqmL cfosf] lx:;f (@=* k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cGo cfo cGtu{t ls;fgx?n] aLpljhg /
a]gf{sf] laqmL tyf k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{{af6 gu0o dfq cfDbfgL k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L cg'bfg afx]ssf]
cfDbfgLdf ls;fgx?sf] ;/b/ k|lt/f]kgL jflif{s ;fnfvfnf cfo ?=!^,#*!=%, k|lt s]=hL= ;/b/ cfo ?=!)@=% /
;/b/ k|lt s]=hL d'gfkmf ?=$(=^ /x]sf] 5 . lsjL v]tLsf] nfut ljZn]if0f ubf{ Joj;fosf] z'?jftL jif{x?df hUuf
;Dofpg], lsjLsf] a]gf{ vl/b ug{], lsjLsf] dfr lgdf{0f ug{], g]6 hflnsf] Jo:yfkg ug{] nfufotsf vr{ a9L
ePtfklg Pp6f lsjLsf] af]6n] ;/b/ #) jif{;Dd kmn lbg], Psk6s hldgnfO{ ;DofO ;s]kl5 k6s–k6s ;Dofpg'
gkg{], af]6af6 sndL u/L c? lj?jf pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg], kmnfd jf l;d]G6sf] dfr -6L–jf/_ jiff}{;Dd l6sL/xg]
sf/0f o; Joj;fosf] bL3{sfndf cf};t pTkfbg nfut Go"g x'guO{ gfkmfof]Uotf a9\g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
$=!=@@ Joj;fosf] gfkmfof]Uotfsf] k/LIf0fM
gd'gfdf k/]sf kfFry/ lhNNffsf #) hgf lsjL ls;fgx?af6 :ynut ;j]{If0fsf qmddf 5nkmn u/L ;+sng
ul/Psf] cfDbfgL / vr{;DaGwL hfgsf/L÷tYofÍsf] cfwf/df ljleGg ljQLo ljZn]if0fsf cf}hf/x?sf] k|of]u u/L
lsjL v]tLsf] gfkmfof]Uotf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ k|lt s]=hL cf}ift nfut / kl/jt{gzLn nfut M
gd'gfdf k/]sf ls;fgx?af6 ;+sng ul/Psf] nfut ;DaGwL tYofÍsf cfwf/df ;Dk"0f{ vr{x?nfO{ lx;fa ubf{ k|lt
s]=hL lsjLsf] cf};t nfut ?=%@=( /x]sf] b]lvof] eg] cf};t kl/jt{gzLn nfut ?=$$=# /xg uPsf] 5 . To:t}
cGo s'/fx? oyfjt /x]sf] cj:yfdf cfˆgf] lsjL k|lt s]=hL= ?=$$=# eGbf sd d"Nodf a]Rg' k/]sf] l:yltdf o;
Joj;fodf lbuf] ?kdf nflu /xg g;Sg] b]lvG5 .
-v_ k|lt s]=hL cf}ift cfDbfgL / d'gfkmfM
gd'gfdf k/]sf ls;fgx?n] lbPsf] hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df u0fgf ubf{ cg'bfg afx]ssf] k|lt s]=hL lsjLsf] cf};t
cfDbfgL ?=!)@=%) /x]sf] b]lvof] eg] d'gfkmf ?=$(=^ /xg uPsf] b]lvG5 .
27
-u_ kl/jt{gzLn nfut cg'kft (Variable Cost ratio)
lsjL v]tL;Fu ;DalGwt vr{x?dWo] aLpljhg, dhb'/, dnvfb tyf ljiffbL, l;FrfO, e08f/0f, 9'jfgL, Kofs]hLË,
;~rf/ / cGo vr{ lzif{sdf ePsf vr{x?nfO{ kl/jt{gzLn nfutsf] ?kdf tyf e"ldsf] nufg, d]l;g, ;fwg /
pks/0f vl/b, Jofh vr{ cflbnfO{ l:y/ nfutsf] ?kdf u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 . gd'gfdf k/]sf ls;fgx?af6 k|fKt
cfFs8fx?sf cfwf/df lhNnfsf] lsjL v]tLsf] s'n laqmL cfodf kl/jt{gzLn nfutsf] c+z (Variable cost ratio:
V/C ratio) $^=% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
-3_ s'n cfDbfgL / laqmL cfDbfgLdf v'b d'gfkmf b/ (Profit Margin On Total Revenue & Sales Revenue)
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z lsjL s[ifsx?n] lsjL kmn laqmL u/L k|fKt u/]sf] /sdsf cltl/Qm a]gf{ laqmL, k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg
u/]jfkt k|fKt /sd, cg'bfg / cGo cfDbfgL ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] s'n cfDbfgL / lsjLsf] ljqmL cfDbfgLdf jflif{s
d'gfkmfsf] b/ qmdzM ^@=! k|ltzt / (!=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
-ª_ d'gfkmf kl/df0f cg'kft (Profit Volume –P/V Ratio)
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ePsf lsjL ls;fgx?sf] tYofÍnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL kfFry/ lhNnfsf lsjL ls;fgx?sf] Profit
Volume –P/V Ratio u0fgf u/L d'gfkmf cfh{g ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf] cfFsng ul/Psf] 5 . pQm lhNnfsf] P/V
Ratio )=%#% -%#=%%_ /x]sf] 5 o;n] laqmL cfDbfgLaf6 s'n kl/jt{gzLn nfut s§f ubf{ %#=% k|ltzt a/fa/
dflh{g xfFl;n x'g] b]vfpFb5 .
-r_ kf/ljGb' ljZn]if0f {Break Even Point (BEP) Analysis}
lsjL ls;fgx?n] cfkm"x? gfkmf jf gf]S;fg s]xLklg gx'g]u/L ljqmL cfDbfgL / s'n nfut a/fa/ x'g] l:yltdf k'Ug
slt dfqfdf lsjLkmn ljqmL ug'{kb{5 eGg] hfgsf/Lsf nflu Break Even Point (BEP) u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 .
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ePsf ls;fgx?sf] ;dli6ut ?kdf u0fgf ubf{ s'n BEP ?=^,(@,%#!.# -&,@&# s]=hL_ / k|lt
/f]kgL BEP @&=! s]=hL b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ tL ls;fgx?n] &,@&# s]=hL lsjL jf ?=^,(@,%#!.# /sd
a/fa/sf] lsjL ljqmL ubf{ pgLx?nfO{ gfkmf jf gf]S;fgsf] cj:yf x'Fb}g jf z"Go gfkmf gf]S;fgsf] cj:yf /xg]
b]lvG5 . lsjL Joj;fonfO{ lbuf] ?kdf ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu gd'gf ls;fgx?n] jflif{s ;fnfvfnf s'n &,@&#
s]=hL jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] kl/df0fdf clgjfo{ lsjLkmn ljqmL ug{ ;Sg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
-5_ nufgLdf k|ltkmnb/ (Return On Investment-ROI)
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ePsf ls;fgx?n] lbPsf] tYofÍsf cfwf/df s'n nufgL / jflif{s d'gfkmfaLrsf] ;DaGw cWoog
ul/Psf] 5 . h;cg';f/ kfFry/ lhNnfsf gd'gf lsjL s[ifssf] s'n nufgLdf jflif{s cf};t @&=$ k|ltzt a/fa/
d'gfkmf k|fKtx'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .
-h_ nufgL e'QmfgL cjlw (Payback Period)
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ePsf lsjL s[ifsx?sf] ;dli6ut ?kdf tYofË ljZn]if0f u/L lsjL v]tLdf pgLx?n] u/]sf] s'n
nufgL lkmtf{ x'g nfUg] cjlwsf] ?kdf Payback Period u0fgf ubf{ cf};t #=^ jif{df lsjL v]tLdf ul/Psf] nufgL
c;'n x'g] b]lvG5 .
-em_ nfe nfut cg'kft (Benefit Cost ratio)
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z lsjL s[ifsx?sf] s'n nfutdf d'gfkmfsf] c+z lgsfNg o; cg'kftsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
cg'bfgnfO{ cfosf] ?kdf u0fgf gubf{ ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] cf};t B/C ratio )=(M! b]lvPsf] 5
. h;cg';f/ gd'gf ls;fgx?n] lsjL v]tL Joj;fodf ?=! nufgL ubf{ ?=)=( a/fj/sf] gfkmf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]
b]lvG5 . gd'gf ls;fgx?n] clwsf+z ?kdf cfˆg} hldgdf v]tL u/]sf]n] e"ldsf] nufgdf vr{ k|fo gePsf], lsjL
v]tLsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f gePsf sf/0f d]l;g, pks/0f, dnvfb, pGgt aLpljhgdf vr{ sd /x]sf], k|fo ls;fgx?n]
pTkfbg:ynaf6} lsjLsf] ljqmL ljt/0f ug]{ u/]sf]n] 9'jfgL, Kofs]hLË, ;~rf/ nufotsf vr{x? sd ePsf], kxf8L
e]udf v]tL ul/g] kmn ePsf]n] l;FrfOdf Go"g dfqfdf vr{ ePsf], kxf8L If]qdf >ldssf] kfl/>lds ;:tf] x'g]
u/]sf], /f]uAoflwsf] vf;} ;d:of gePsf]n] sL6gfzs tyf ljiffbLdf vr{ ug{ gk/]sf] cflb h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{
lsjL v]tLsf] s'n nfut Go"gtd x'guO{ d'gfkmfsf] b/ pRr x'g cfPsf] kfOG5 .

28
$=@ wgs'6f lhNnf
w]/}h;f] hg;+Vof s[lif k]zfdf cfj4 /x]sf] o; lhNnfdf ds}, wfg uxF'sf cltl/Qm gub]jfnLx? ;fO6«; kmnkm"n,
aGbfsf]]jL, sfpnL, Kofh / lrofsf] v]tL ul/G5 . Pef]sf8f]sf] /fhwfgL eg]/ ;d]t lrlgg] of] lhNnf ;d'Gb| ;txaf6
#)) ld6/sf] prfOb]lv @%)) ld6/sf] prfO;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . wgs'6f, kfv|Ljf; / dxfnIdL u/L # gu/kflnsf
tyf ;fFu'/Lu9L, rf}lj;], ;lxbe"ld / 5y/ hf]/kf6L u/L $ ufpFFkflnsf /x]sf 5g . o; lhNnfdf s'n If]qkmndf
v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] lx:;f $%=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . t/sf/L / ;'Gtnf hftsf kmnkm"nsf] hf]g ;~rfngdf /x]sf]
o; lhNnfdf wfg, ds}, ;'Gtnf hftsf kmnkm"n, a+u'/ / afv|f kfng Joj;fosf] Ans ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 .
tflnsf $=!#M k|b]z / lhNnfut kl/;"rs -wgs'6f lhNnf_
;fIf/tf s[lif of]Uo hldgsf] s[lifdf cfl>t
hg;+Vof j[l4b/
;d"x hg;+Vof b/ pknAwtf hg;+Vof
-k|ltzt_
-k|ltzt_ -x]S6/_ -k|ltzt_
sf]zL k|b]z 49,61,412 0.86 79.7 8,26,646 62.7
Wfgs'6f lhNnf 1,50,599 -0.78 81.4 40,764 80.4
;|f]tM /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* / sf]zL k|b]z ;/sf/sf] cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&(÷*)
$=@=! lnËsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM
Wfgs'6f lhNnfdf k|ZgfjnLsf] k"j{ k/LIf0f ug{] / k|ZgfjnLdf ePsf sdL sdhf]/Lx?nfO{ cfjZos ;+;f]wg u/L
clGtd k|ZgfjnL tof/ ug{] p2]Zosf ;fy lhNnfsf ljleGg :yfgsf rf}aL; hgf lsjL s[ifsx?;Fu cfjZos ;"rgf
tyf tYofÍ ;+sng ul/of] . gd'gf 5gf}6df k/]sf rf}aL; hgf lsjL s[ifsx?dWo] !* hgf k'?if / afFsL ^ hgf
dlxnf /x]sf 5g\ . ;DklQ tyf l:y/ hfoh]yfdf k'?ifsf] :jfldTj, cfly{s ultljlw tyf pBdzLntfdf dlxnfsf]
Go"g ;xeflutf, k'?if 3/d'nL x'g] kl/kf6L cflbsf sf/0f lsjLsf] Jofj;flos v]tLdf dlxnfsf] ultlzntf cToGt
Go"g /x]sf] b]lvof] .
tflnsf $=!$M lnËsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
s[ifssf] lnË k'?if dlxnf hDdf
s[ifs ;+Vof 18 6 24
k|ltzt 75 25 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
tflnsf adf]lhd lsjL v]tL Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{] s'n @$ hgf gd'gf s[ifsx?dWo] clwsf+z s[ifsx? k'?if /x]sf
5g\ .
$=@=@ z}lIfs of]Uotfsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM
k|fKt tYofÍnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ (%=* k|ltzt ;fIf/, $=@ k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] P;=Pn=l;=;Ddsf] cWoog u/]sf]
kfOof] eg] P;=Pn=;L=eGbf dflysf] z}lIfs of]Uotf xfFl;n u/sf s'g} klg gd'gf s[ifs kfOPg .

tflnsf $=!%M z}lIfs of]Uotfsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f

z}lIfs :t/ ;fIf/ P;=Pn=;L= P;=Pn=;L=eGbfdfly hDdf
s[ifs ;+Vof 23 1 0 24
k|ltzt 95.8 4.2 0 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(

$=@=# lsjL v]tL btf{sf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM

o; lhNnfaf6 ;+sng ul/Psf gd'gfx?df Jofj;flos ?kdf lsjL v]tL btf{ ug]{ / gug]{ ls;fgx? qmdzM @%
k|ltzt / &% k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] .

29
 tflnsf $=!^M Joj;fo btf{sf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
Joj;fosf] k|sf/ ls;fg ;+Vof k|ltzt
btf{jfnf kmd{ 6 25
btf{ gePsf] v]tL 18 75
hDdf 24 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(

$=@=$ v]tL ul/Psf] df6f] kl/If0f ul/Psf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM

tflnsf $=!&M df6f] kl/If0fsf] cfwf/df Jofj;flos ?kdf v]tL ug{'k"j{ df6f]sf] k/LIf0f ugf{n] s'g} klg
gd'gfsf] ljt/0f cGgjfnL, kmnkm"n Pjd\ cGo h8La'6LhGo jg:kltsf] ef}uf]lns
Joj;fosf] k|sf/ ls;fg ;+Vof k|ltzt pko'Qmtfsf] lgwf{/0f x'g], pko'Qm jftf/j/0f / df6f]df lglb{i6
kl/If0f ul/Psf] 2 8.3 cGgafnL, kmnkm"n v]tL ubf{ pTkfbsTj a9\g uO{ cGttf]uTjf
kl/If0f gul/Psf] 22 91.7 Joj;fosf] gfkmf / bLuf]kgf k|efljt x'g]x'Fbf gd'gf ls;fgx?nfO{
hDdf 24 100 df6f] kl/If0f ug]{ / gug]{ u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf]df
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&( s]jn *=# k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] dfq lsjL v]tL ug{' k"j{ xfjfkfgL,
df6f]sf] pko'Qmtf hfFr ug{ df6f] k/LIf0f u/]sf] b]lvof] . clwsf+z
ls;fgx?n] s'g}klg pko'Qmtfsf] k/LIf0f gu/L b]vfl;vL k|efj, lsjLsf] nfebfostfsf af/]df ;'g]sf ;dfrf/
cflbsf sf/0f v]tLdf Psrf]l6 nufpF / x]/f} eGg] dfgl;stfaf6 o; Joj;fodf ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOof] .
$=@=% tflnd, ;]ldgf/df ;+nUgtfsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM
tflnsf $=!*M tflndsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] lsjL v]tL ug{'k"j{ / v]tL ug{] l;nl;nfdf s'g} ;+ul7t ;/sf/L
ljt/0f jf lghL ;+3 ;+:yfaf6 tflnd lnPsf ls;fgx? %*=# k|ltzt
ls;fgsf] k|sf/ ls;fg ;+Vof k|ltzt /x]sf b]lvof] eg] afFsL $!=& k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] s'g} tflnd jf
tflnd k|fKt 14 58.3 cGo k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] pkof]u u/]sf] b]lvPg . s[lif 1fg s]Gb|,
Tfflndaf6 jl~rt 10 41.7 :yfgLo tx cflbaf6 pknAw u/fPsf tflnd / ;]ldgf/sf sf/0f
hDdf 24 100 sl/j %* k|ltzt gd'gf ls;fgx?n] tflnd lnOPsf] b]lvof] .
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
$=@=^ s[lif ;DaGwL ;/sf/L cg'bfg k|fKt u/]sf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM
o; lhNnfaf6 k|ZgfjNfLsf] k"j{ k/LIf0f ug{] l;nl;nfdf lnOPsf @$ gd'gf ls;fgx?dWo] ;/sf/L cg'bfg pkef]u
ug{] s'n !# hgf /x]sf]df sl/j %* k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] pks/0f cf}hf/ ;DaGwL cg'bfg k|fKt u/]sf] / sl/j !)
k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] k|ljlw k/fdz{ ;DaGwL ;]jfsf] pkef]u u/]sf] b]lvof] . s[lif 1fg s]Gb|n] pknAw u/fPsf]
l;d]G6]8 l6–jf/, lsjLsf lj?jf, lh=cfO{ tf/, s}+rL, g]6 hfnL, a]Nrf, |u|fˆ6LË ls6 cflb pknAw u/fPsf sf/0f
pks/0f tyf cf}hf/sf] pkef]u ug{] ls;fgsf] ;+Vof pNn]Vo /x]sf] kfOof] . t/ tYofÍ ;+sng ug{] qmddf aLpaf6
a]gf{ pTkfbg ug{] ljlw, g;{/Laf6 lj?jf hldgdf ;fg{] ;do / tl/sf, vfN8f]sf] nDjfO{, rf}8fO, k|ltaf]6 dnsf]
dfqf, u|flˆ6Ë ug{] tl/sf cflbsf af/]df kof{Kt tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f pknAw x'g g;s]sf] u'gf;f] /x]sf] kfOof] .
tflnsf $=!(M cg'bfgsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
ljj/0f ls;fg ;+Vof Eff/fÍ k|ltzt
cg'bfgaf6 jl~rt 11 45.8
cg'bfgaf6 nfeflGjt 13 54.2
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
$=@=& s[lif ;DaGwL ;x'lnotk"0f{{ shf{ pknAwtfsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM
gd'gfdf k/]sf @ hgf -*=# k|ltzt_ ls;fgx?n] s[lif ;DaGwL ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf] pkof]u u/]sf] b]lvof] eg] afFsL
@@ hgf -(!=& k|ltzt_ ls;fgx?n] ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf] pkof]u u/]sf] kfOPg . ljQLo lzIffsf] sdL, ljQLo
kx'Frsf] cefj, clwsf+z ls;fgx?df ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ ;DaGwL ;"rgfsf] cefj, ;]jfsf] pkof]u ug{ emGeml6nf]
k|zf;lgs k|lqmof cflbsf sf/0f o; lhNnfdf s[lif ;DaGwL ;x'lnotk"0f{{ shf{sf] k|efjsfl/tf sd /x]sf] b]lvof] .

30
 rf6{ $=&M ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ pkef]usf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
8.3%

91.7%

;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ pkef]u ug]{ ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ pkef]u gug]{

;|f]tM:ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
$=@=* nufgLsf] ;|f]tsf cfwf/df gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] ljt/0fM
tflnsf cg';f/ $%=* k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] Joj;fo cfˆg}} k'FhLaf6 :yfkgf u/]sf] b]lvof] eg] :jk'FhL / C0faf6
Joj;fosf] :yfkgf ug{] ls;fgx? %$=@ /x]sf] b]lvof] . :jk'FhL / cg'bfg tyf :j–k'FhL, cg'bfg / C0faf6 Joj;fo
:yfkgf ug{] lsjL s[ifsx? o; lhNnfdf s'g}klg /x]sf] kfOPg .
tflnsf $=@)M k'FhLsf] ;|f]tsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
:j–k'FhL / :j–k'FhL / :j–k'FhL,
k'FhLsf] ;|f]t :j–k'FhL dfq
C0f cg'bfg cg'bfg / C0f
ls;fgsf] ;+Vof 11 13 0 0
k|ltzt 45.8 54.2 0 0
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
o; lhNnfsf s'n @$ hgf gd'gf lsjL ls;fgx?dWo] !# hgf ls;fgn] shf{ lnP/ Joj;fo u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . shf{ lnPsf ls;fgx?dWo] ^ hgf -$^=! k|ltzt_ ls;fgn] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf jf cGo ;+ul7t
;+:yfaf6 jflif{s cf};t !@ k|ltzt Jofhb/df shf{ lnPsf] b]lvG5 eg] & hgf -%#=( k|ltzt_ ls;fgn] ;fyLefO{,
cfkmGt, ;fx'dxfhg nufotsf cgf}krfl/s If]qaf6 jflif{s cf};t @$ k|ltzt Jofhb/df shf{ lnPsf] kfOPsf]
5.
rf6{ $=*M shf{sf] ;|f]t / Jofhb/sf] ljZn]if0f
12 30
11
10 25
24.0
8 7 20
6
Aofhb/ -k|ltzt_
s[ifssf] ;+Vof

6 15
12.0
4 10

2 5
0.0
0 0
;+ul7t ;+:yf cgf}krfl/s If]q shf{ glng]
ls;fg Aofhb/
;+Vof -k|ltzt_
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(

$=@=( lsjL Joj;fodf ;+nUgtfsf] cfwf/df gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] ljt/0fM

Tfflnsf adf]lhd o; lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf a9L !% hgf ls;fgx? %–!) jif{{;Dd lsjL Joj;fodf ;+nUg /x]sf]
kfOof] eg] !% jif{{eGbf a9L lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg s'g} klg ls;fgx? /x]sf] kfOg .

31
 tflnsf $=@!M lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg cjlwsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
;+nUg cjlw -jif{{_ % eGbf sd %–!) !)–!% hDdf
ls;fg ;+Vof 8 15 1 24
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
$=@=!) lsjL v]tL ul/Psf] If]qkmnsf cfwf/df gd'gf ls;fgsf] ljt/0fM
Tfflnsf adf]lhd ;a}eGbf w]/} ls;fgx? % /f]kgL eGbf sd If]qkmndf lsjLsf] Jofj;flos v]tLdf ;+nUg /x]sf]
kfOof] . ;a}eGbf sd ls;fgx? !% /f]kgL jf ;f] eGbf a9L If]qkmndf v]tLdf ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOof] eg] !)–!%
/f]kgL] If]qkmndf v]tL ug{] s'g} klg ls;fgx? kfOPg .
tflnsf $=@@M lsjL v]tLsf] If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
If]qkmn -/f]kgL_ % eGbf sd %–!) !)–!% !% eGbf a9L hDdf
ls;fg ;+Vof 14 8 0 2 24
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(

$=@=!! lsjLsf] k|hftLo pkl:yltM

gd'gfdf k/]sf s'n @$ ls;fgx?dWo] &% k|ltzt ls;fgx?sf] cfsif{0f x]jf8{ lsjL v]tLdf b]lvof] . cGo k|hftL
eGbf a9L kmn lbg], ;fk]If ?kdf cGo k|hftLsf] eGbf kmn 7"nf]] nfUg] / :jfbsf lx;fjn] of] ld7f] x'g] ePsfn]
x]jf8{ k|hftL /f]lkPsf] hfgsf/L ls;fgx?af6 k|fKt eof] . To;}u/L Pln;g, /]8, df]G6L / a|'gf] nufotsf k|hftLx?
klg o; lhNnfdf v]tL ul/Psf]] b]lvof] .
rf6{ $=(M lsjLsf] k|hftLo pkl:ylt
80.0
70.0
60.0
s'n s[ifsdf k|ltzt

50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
x]jf8{ Pln;g df]G6L /]8 a|'gf] uf]N8]g u|Lg
lsjLsf] k|hftL
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(

$=$=!@ lsjL kmnsf] d'Vo qm]tfsf cfwf/df ls;fgsf] ljt/0f

cflwsf+z ls;fgx?n] cfˆgf] pTkfbg :yfgLo dWo:tstf{nfO{ ljt/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 tyfkL !@ k|ltzt ls;fgx?n]
cfˆgf] pTkfbg wgs'6fdf :yfkgf ePsf] dfpG6 Pe/]:6 jfOg/L k|f=ln=nfO{ s]xL ;do cufl8 ;Dd laqmL ug{{]
u/]sf] atfP . To;}u/L s]xL ls;fgx?n] :yfgLo ahf/df nuL clGtd pkef]QmfnfO{ ;f]em} laqmL u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;sf cltl/Qm t/fO{sf 7"nf] zx/x? h:t} w/fg, O6x/L, ljtf{df]8, bds cflbdf nuL l8kf{6d]G6÷;'k/ dfs{]6nfO{
laqmL ljt/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

32
 tflnsf $=@#M lsjLsf] d'Vo qm]tfsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
ljj/0f ls;fg ;+Vof k|ltzt
clGtd pkef]Qmf 2 8.3

dWo:tstf{ 18 75

l8kf{6d]G6 :6f]/ 1 4.2

pBf]u÷snsf/vfgf 3 12.5

hDdf 24 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
wgs'6fdf :yfkgf ePsf] dfpG6 Pe/]:6 jfOg/L k|f=ln=n] s]xL ;do cuf8L ;Dd wgs'6fsf ls;fgx?sf] lsjL
vl/b ug{] u/]sf] eP tfklg xfn of] pBf]u aGb cj:yfdf /x]sf sf/0f vl/b u/]sf] kfOPg .
$=@=!# lnËsf cfwf/df /f]huf/Lsf] ljt/0fM
gd'gf ;j]{]If0fdf k/]sf @$ j6f lsjL v]tL Joj;fon] s'n *) hgfnfO{ cf+lzs tyf k"0f{ /f]huf/L k|bfg u/]sf]
5 . s'n /f]huf/ >dzlQmdWo] ^) k|ltzt k'?if / $) k|ltzt dlxnf /x]sf 5g\ eg] cGo lnË ;d"xsf dflg;
o; lhNnfdf lsjL v]tLdf /f]huf/ /x]sf] kfOPg .
tflnsf $=@$M n}lËs cfwf/df /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf
lnË /f]huf/L ;+Vof k|ltzt
k'?if 48 60
dlxnf 32 40
cGo 0 0
s'n /f]huf/L ;[hgf 80 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j{]If0f @)&(

$=@=!$ Joj;fosf] ;Gt'li6sf cfwf/df ls;fgx?sf] juL{s/0fM

wgs'6f lhNnfsf s'n @$ gd'gf ls;fgx?dWo] !& hgf ls;fgx? cyf{t\ &)=* k|ltzt o; Joj;fok|lt ;Gt'i6
/x]sf] kfOof] eg] & hgf ls;fg dfq c;Gt'i6 /x]sf] kfOof] .
tflnsf $=@%M Joj;fok|lt ;Gt'li6sf] cj:yf
;Gt'li6sf] :t/ ;Gt'i6 c;Gt'i6 hDdf
ls;fgx?sf] ;+Vof 17 7 24
k|ltzt 70.8 29.2 100
;|f]t :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
$=@=!% pTkfbg ljZn]if0fM
lj=;+=@)&( ;fndf gd'gfdf k/]sf @$ s[ifsx?af6 !)& /f]kgL If]qkmndf lsjL v]tL ul/Psf] 5 . v]tL ul/Psf]
If]qkmndf kmn nfu]sf] af]6 ;+Vof ^^& /x]sf 5g\ eg] s'n pTkfbg !%,^)* s]=hL= /x]sf] 5 . tYofÍnfO{ ljZn]if0f
ubf{ k|lt /f]kgL pTkfbsTj !$%=( s]=hL= tyf k|ltaf]6 pTkfbsTj @#=$ s]=hL= /x]sf] b]lvG5 . @)&& ;fndf
gd'gf s[ifsx?af6 s'n %,%(* s]=hL= lsjL pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5 . @)&* ;fndf lsjLsf] pTkfbg $)=#
k|ltztn] sdL eO{ #,#$) s]=hL= k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . To; jif{ lsjLsf] kmn nfUg] ;dodf cl;gf kfgL cfP/ Iflt
k'¥ofPsf sf/0f clwsf+z gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] pTkfbg 36\g k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L @)&( ;fndf cfOk'Ubf pTkfbg
#^&=# k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ !%,^)* s]=hL= k'u]sf] 5 . ;do qmd;Fu} ls;fgx?df cg'ejhGo 1fg, ;Lksf] ljsf;
x'Fb}uPsf], # jif{ kl5 sl/j !) jif{;DDf pTkfbgdf qmdzM j[l4 x'Fb}hfg] lsjL af]6sf] k|j[lQ, ls;fgx?sf] lsjL
;DaGwL tflnd, uf]i7L cflbdf ;xeflutf, k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgfaf6 pknAw ljleGg lsl;dsf
cg'bfg cflbsf sf/0f lsjL v]tL ul/Psf] If]qkmn / pTkfbg qmdzM a9\b} uPsf] kfOof] .

33
 rf6{ $=!)M gd'gf s[ifssf] ljut # jif{sf] pTkfbg ljZn]if0f
18
16

pTkfbg -xhf/ s]=hL df_

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2077 2078 2079
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
$=@=!%=! Wfgs'6f lhNnfsf] ljut # jif{sf] pTkfbg k|j[lQM
wgs'6f lhNnfdf lsjL v]tLsf] s'n If]qkmn cf=j=@)&%÷&^ df #=@ x]S6/ /x]sf]df cf=j=@)&&÷&* df cfOk'Ubf
tLj| ?kdf j[l4 eO{ @! x]S6/ k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L pTkfbgzLn If]qkmn klg @=% x]S6/af6 a9]/ * x]S6/ k'u]sf]
5 eg] k|ltkmn !=( d]=6g÷x]=af6 j[l4eO{ @=(* d]=6g÷x]= x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
tflnsf $=@^M wgs'6f lhNnfsf] tLg jif{sf] pTkfbg k|j[lt
s'n If]qkmn pTkfbgzLn If]q pTkfbg k|ltkmn
cfly{s jif{
-x]S6/_ -x]S6/_ -d]l6«s 6g_ -d]l6«s 6g÷x]S6/_
@)&%÷&^ 3.2 2.5 4.7 1.9
@)&^÷&& 20 8 24 3
@)&&÷&* 21 8 24 2.98
;|f]tM Statistical Information On Nepalse Agriculture

$=@=!%=@ k|ltaf]6 pTkfbg Ifdtfsf cfwf/df ls;fgx?sf] ljt/0fM

:ynut ;j]{]If0faf6 k|fKt tYofÍx?af6 k|ltaf]6 lsjLsf] pTkfbg Ifdtf lgsfnL pTkfbgsf # >]0fLx?sf] lgdf{0f
u/L ls;fgx?sf] ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
rf6{ $=!! M k|ltaf]6 lsjLsf] pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f

9 8
8 7
7
6 5
ls;fg ;+Vof

5
4
3 2 2
2
1
0
5-15 15-25 25-35 35-45 45-55
k|ltaf]6 cf};t pTkfbg
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
Rff6{adf]lhd Pp6f lsjLsf] af]6af6 cf};t $% b]lv %% s]=hL= pTkfbg ug{] ls;fgx? & hgf /x]sf 5g\ eg] %–
!% s]=hL=k|ltaf]6 pTkfbg ug{] ls;fgx? % hgf /x]sf b]lvG5g\ .

34
$=@=!%=# k|lt af]6 cf};t pTkfbg / ljrngsf] u0fgf
adf]lhd k|ltls;fg k|ltaf]6 cf};t pTkfbg -Mean, X̅_ #!=& s]=hL /xg uPsf] 5 eg] Go"gtd / clwstd
k|ltaf]6 lsjLsf] pTkfbg ljrng (Range) %) s]=hL /xg uPsf] 5 .
$=@=!^ pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?sf] ljZn]if0fM
ls;fgx?n] pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ?kdf k|fs[lts k|sf]k / h+unL hgfj/sf] cfqmd0f /x]sf] atfPsf
5g\ . km"nkm'Ng] / kmn nfUg] ;dodf xfjfx'/L, kfgL / cl;gf jif{{g] sf/0f lsjLsf] pTkfbg tLj| ?kdf 36\g], nf]vs]{],
ˆofp/f], afFb/ nufotsf h+uNfL hgfj/n] kfs]sf] kmn gi6 ul/lbg] sf/0f o; lhNnfdf of] k|d'v ;d:ofsf ?kdf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
rf6{ $=!@M pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f
25 90
83.3
80
20 70
60
15
50
ls;fg ;+Vof

ef/fÍ
40
10
20.8 30
20
5 4.2 20
4.2
5 10
1 1
0 0
Dff};dL k|lts"ntf / /f]uJofwLsf] ;d:of k|fljlws ;Lk, 1fg / dnvfb, pGgt
h+unL hgfj/sf] bIftfsf] sdL aLp÷a]gf{ / cGo
cfqmd0f pTkfbg ;fdu|Lsf]
ls;fg ;+Vof ef/fÍ cefj
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
$=@=!& ahf/Ls/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?sf] ljZn]if0fM
gd'gfdf k/]sf @$ hgf lsjL s[ifsx?dWo] !* hgf s[ifsx?n] lsjLsf] plrt d"No gkfPsf], ;dYf{g d"Nosf]
cefjsf sf/0f d"Nodf cToflws ptf/–r9fj cfpg] u/]sf] / ljrf}lnof4f/f lgwf{l/t d"Nodf cfˆgf] pTkfbg
a]Rg'kg{] ;d:of /x]sf] kfOof] . lsjLnfO{ sRRff k4fy{{sf] ?kdf pkof]u u/L hfd, h';, a|f08L, jfOg cflb j:t'
pTkfbg ug{] pBf]usf] :yfkgf / ljsf; gePsf] sf/0f lsjLsf] :yfoL ahf/sf] l;h{gf x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}+g .
tflnsf $=@&M ahf/Ls/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f
;d:ofsf] k|s[lt pQ/bftf ef/fÍ ;d:ofsf] uxgtf
;+Vof
d"No, :yfoL ahf/ / ;"rgf;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of 18 75 k|yd
e08f/0f u[xsf] cefj 7 29.2 låtLo
;8s k"jf{wf/ / 9'jfgL ;]jf 2 8.3 t[tLo
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
ahf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgfx? h:t}M lsjLsf] ljleGg ahf/sf] d"No, pkef]Qmfsf] ?rL, cfd pkef]Qmfx?df lsjL
;]jg ug{'sf kmfObf h:tf ;"rgfx? ;j{;'ne ?kdf ;Dk|]if0f x'g g;s]sf sf/0f klg o;sf] ahf/sf] bfo/f lj:tf/
x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . To;}u/L e08f/0f u[xsf] cefj x'Fbf pTkflbt lsjL pTkfbg ePs} ;dodf Go"gtd d"Nodf
laqmL ug{'kg{] afWotf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . zLt e08f/0fsf nflu 7"nf] :t/sf] nufgL cfjZos kg{] t/ clwsf+z lsjL
s[ifsx?;Fu 7"nf] :t/sf] nufgL ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf] cefj /x]sf] sf/0f lghL, ;fd'bflos / ;/sf/L :t/af6 zLt
e08f/0fsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug{'kg{] b]lvG5 .

35
$=@=!* ljQLo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?sf] ljZn]if0fM
gd'gfdf k/]sf @$ ls;fgx?dWo] %) k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 l56f], 5l/tf] / ;j{;'ne ?kdf
shf{ pknAw x'g g;s]sf] u'gf;f] JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . kl/of]hgf lwtf] k|0ffnL] gLltut Joj:yf eP klg sfof{Gjog
gx'g' , nfdf] sfuhL k|lqmof, efiffut ;d:of, 3/hUUff lwtf] k|0ffnLsf sf/0f ls;fgx?n] a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfaf6
shf{sf] pkof]u ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvPg . clwsf+z ls;fgx?n] cfˆgf] Joj;fonfO{ btf{ gug{', ls;fgx?df ;x'lnotk"0f{
shf{sf] pknAwtfsf] af/]df ;"rgfsf] cefj, kx'Frjfnf pBf]uklt, Jofkf/L cflbn] s[lqd kmd{ :yfkgfu/L
;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf] pkof]u ug{' ;fy} a}+s ljQLo ;+:yf klg jf:tljs ls;fgx?sf] klxrfg u/L C0f k|jfx ug{
pbfl;g b]lvg'n] ;x'lnotk"0f{{ shf{sf] k|efjsfl/tfdf sdL cfPsf] b]lvG5 .

tflnsf $=@*M ljQLo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f

;d:ofsf] k|s[lt pQ/bftf ;+Vof ef/fÍ
C0fsf] ;xh pknAwtf 12 50
;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf] pkof]u 2 8.3
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(

$=@=!( nfutsf] ljZn]if0fM

gd'gfdf k/]sf @$ hgf lsjL s[ifsx?n] lsjL Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{] l;nl;nfdf l:y/ nfutdf s'n nfutsf]
$*=$ k|ltzt vr{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . s'n l:y/ nfutsf] ;Dk"0f{ lx:;f Jofh vr{n] cf]u6]sf] 5 . gd'gfdf k/]sf
ls;fgx?dWo] !# hgf ls;fgx?n] C0f k'FhLsf] pkof]u u/]sf 5g\ h;dWo] & hgf ls;fgx?n] cgf}krfl/s If]qaf6
dxFuf] Jofhb/df C0f lnPsf sf/0f Jofh vr{ pRr /xg uPsf] 5 . To;}u/L kl/jt{gzLn nfutdf s'n nfutsf]
%!=^ k|ltzt vr{ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
tflnsf $=@(M wgs'6f lhNnfsf] lsjL v]tLsf] nfut ljj/0f
s'n nfutdf
ljj/0f /sd -?=_ c+z
-k|ltzt_
kl/jt{gzLn nfut
aLpljhg vr{ 2,93,830 21.2
dhb'/ vr{ 1,37,200 9.9
dnvfb tyf ljiffbL vr{ 1,38,500 10.0
l;FrfO vr{ 1,04,800 7.6
e08f/0f vr{ 3,417 0.2
9'jfgL vr{ 24,376 1.8
Kofs]=hL=Ë vr{ 0.0 0.0
;~rf/ vr{ 12,200 0.9
cGo vr{ 0.0 0.0
s'n kl/jt{gzLn nfut -s_ 7,14,323 51.6
cf};t kl/jt{gzLn nfut-k|lt s]=hL_ 45.8
l:y/ nfut
e"ldsf] nufg 0.0 0.0

cGo d]l;g ,;fwg, pks/0fsf] vl/b 0.0 0.0

Jofh vr{ 6,70,000 48.4
s'n l:y/ nfut -v_ 6,70,000 48.4
s'n nfut -s + v_ 13,84,323 100
k|lt s]=hL pTkfbg nfut -?=_ 88.7
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(

36
clwsf+z ls;fgx?n] cfˆg}} hldgdf lsjL Joj;fo ;~rfng ug'{, k/Dk/fut v]tL k|0ffnLsf sf/0f d]l;g cf}hf/
pks/0f cflbsf] k|of]u gug'{', ls;fgx?n] C0f k'FhLeGbf :jk'FhLaf6 Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{' h:tf sf/0fn] s'n
nfutdf l:y/ nfutsf] c+z Go"g /xg uPsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L kl/jt{gzLn nfutnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;a}eGbf a9L
c+z aLpljhg, dnvfb tyf ljiffbL / dhb'/ vr{sf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf sf/0f ufFp3/df >dzlQmsf]
cefj x'g', a9\b}uPsf] Go"gtd kfl/>lds b/, ;8s k"jf{wf/sf] /fd|f] ljsf; gePsf sf/0f lsjLsf a]gf{ 9'jfgL
nfut a9\g', ;/sf/4f/f cg'bfg k|fKt la?jfsf] kof{Kt cfk"lt{{ gx'g', lsjLsf] a]gf{df efn] / kf]yL 5'6\ofpg ;Sg]
bIf hgzlQm gx'Fbf a]gf{ vl/bdf bf]xf]/f] vr{x'g' cflbh:tf sf/0fx? kl/jt{gzLn nfutsf] lx:;f pRr x'g'df k|d'v
lhDd]jf/ /x]sf 5g\ .
$=@=@) cfDbfgLsf] ljZn]if0fM
gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] s'n cfDbfgLdf cg'bfgsf] c+z $%=! k|ltzt /xg uPsf] 5 . cg'bfg afx]s ls;fgx?sf] s'n
cfDbfgLdf lsjL laqmL cfosf] lx:;f *&=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cGo cfo cGtu{t ls;fgx?n] aLpljhg /
a]gf{sf] laqmL tyf k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{{af6 gu0o dfq cfDbfgL k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L ls;fgx?sf] ;/b/
k|lt/f]kgL jflif{s ;fnfvfnf cfo -cg'bfg afx]s_ ?=18,315.9 /xg uPsf] 5 eg] k|lt s]=hL= ;/b/ cfo -cg'bfg
afx]s_ ?=!@%.^ /xg uO{ ;/b/ k|lt s]=hL d'gfkmf ?=#^.( /x]sf] 5 .
tflnsf $=#)M wgs'6f lhNnfsf] lsjL v]tLsf] cfDbfgL ljj/0f
s'n
cfDbfgLsf] zLif{s /sd ?= cfDbfgLdf
c+z
s'n laqmL cfo -s_ 17,09,800 47.9
cGo cfo -v_M– 18,63,000 52.1
a]gf{af6 k|fKt cfo 2,50,000 7.0
cg'bfgaf6 k|fKt cfo -gub dfq_ 1,613,000 45.1
k/fdz{ tflnd ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{{af6 k|fKt cfo 0 0.0
cGo 0 0.0
s'n cfo -s+v_ 35,72,800 100.0
s'n cfo -s+v_ -cg'bfg afx]s_ 19,59,800 54.9
;/b/ k|lt /f]kgL cfo -cg'bfg afx]s_ 18,315.9
;/b/ k|lt s]=hL= cfo -cg'bfg afx]s_ 125.6 -
;/b/ k|lt s]=hL= d'gfkmf -cg'bfg afx]s_ 36.9
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
$=!=@! Joj;fosf] gfkmfof]Uotfsf] k/LIf0fM
gd'gfdf k/]sf wgs'6f lhNNffsf @$ hgf lsjL ls;fgx?af6 :ynut ;j]{If0fsf cltl/Qm cgf}krfl/s 5nkmnsf
dfWodaf6 ;+sng ul/Psf] cfDbfgL / vr{;DaGwL hfgsf/L÷tYofÍsf] cfwf/df ljleGg ljQLo ljZn]if0fsf
cf}hf/x?sf] k|of]u u/L lsjL v]tLsf] gfkmfof]Uotf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ k|lt s]=hL= cf};t nfut / kl/jt{gzLn nfutM
gd'gfdf k/]sf ls;fgx?af6 ;+sng ul/Psf] nfut ;DaGwL tYofÍsf cfwf/df ;Dk"0f{ vr{x?nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{
k|lt s]=hL lsjLsf] cf};t nfut ?=**.& / kl/jt{gzLn nfut ?=$%=* /x]sf] b]lvof] . df};dL k|lts'ntf / h+unL
hgfj/sf] cfqmd0fsf sf/0f s'n pTkfbg sdL cfpg' , lhNnfdf gd'gfdf k/]sf cfwf h;f] ls;fgx?n] C0f nufgL
ug{' tyf C0f nufgL ug{] dWo] sl/j cfwf ls;fgx?n] cgf}krfl/s If]qaf6 C0fsf] cfk"lt{{ ug{'n] Jofh vr{ a9L
eO{ k|lt OsfO{ cf};t nfut a9\g uPsf] b]lvG5 . o; lhNnfsf ls;fgx?n] k|lt s]=hL= ?=$%=* eGbf sd d"Nodf
lsjL laqmL ljt/0f ug{'k/]sf] kl/l:yltdf lsjL Joj;fonfO{ bL3{sfnLg ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ g;Sg]
b]lvG5 .
-v_ k|lt s]=hL= cf};t cfDbfgL / d'gfkmfM
gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] cg'bfg afx]ssf] k|lt s]=hL lsjLsf] cf};t cfDbfgL ?=!@%=^ / cg'bfgnfO{ cfDbfgLdf ;dfj]z
gubf{ cf};t d'gfkmf ?=#^=( /xg uPsf] 5 . lsjL Joj;fo o; lhNnfdf ;'?jftL cj:yfdf x'g'n] ls;fgx?sf]

37
cf};t pTkfbg 36g uO{ nfutdf j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] lsjLsf] d"No k|To]s jif{ 36bf] qmddf /x]sf sf/0f cf};t
cfDbfgLdf sdL cfO{ cf};t d'gfkmf ;fk]lIfs ?kdf o; lhNnfdf sd /xg uPsf] kfOG5 .
-u_ kl/jt{gzLn nfut cg'kft (Variable Cost ratio)
o; lhNnfsf] lsjL v]tLsf] s'n laqmL cfodf kl/jt{gzLn nfutsf] c+z (Variable cost ratio: V/C ratio) $!=*
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . l:y/ nfutsf] d'Vo lx:;fsf] ?kdf ls;fgx?n] lnPsf] shf{sf] Jofh /x]sf] 5 .
-3_ s'n cfDbfgL / laqmL cfDbfgLdf v'b d'gfkmf b/ (Profit Margin On Total Revenue)
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z lsjL s[ifsx?n] lsjL kmn laqmL u/L k|fKt u/]sf] /sdsf cltl/Qm a]gf{ laqmL, k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg
u/]jfkt k|fKt /sd, cg'bfg / cGo cfDbfgL ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] s'n cfDbfgL / lsjLsf] laqmL cfDbfgLdf jflif{s
d'gfkmfsf] b/ qmdzM ^!=# k|ltzt / !@* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
-ª_ d'gfkmf kl/df0f cg'kft (Profit Volume –P/V Ratio)
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ePsf lsjL ls;fgx?sf] tYofÍnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL wgs'6f lhNnfsf lsjL ls;fgx?sf] Profit
Volume –P/V Ratio u0fgf u/L d'gfkmf cfh{g ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf] cfFsng ul/Psf] 5 . pQm lhNnfsf] P/V
Ratio )=%*@ -%*=@%_ /x]sf] 5 o;n] laqmL cfDbfgLaf6 s'n kl/jt{gzLn nfut s§f ubf{ %*=@ k|ltzt a/fa/
dflh{g xfFl;n x'g] b]vfpFb5 .
-r_ kf/ljGb' ljZn]if0f (Break Even Point -BEP Analysis)
lsjL ls;fgx?sf] ljqmL cfDbfgL / s'n nfut a/fa/ x'g] l:ylt jf ls;fgx?n] ;fdfGo gfkmf -normal profit_
cfh{g ug{ slt dfqfdf lsjLkmn ljqmL ug'{kb{5 eGg] hfgsf/Lsf nflu Break Even Point (BEP) u0fgf
ul/Psf] 5 . gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ePsf ls;fgx?sf] ;dli6ut ?kdf u0fgf ubf{ BEP ?=!!,%),&&).( -!),%)$.(
s]=hL_ / k|lt /f]kgL BEP (*=@ s]=hL b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ tL ls;fgx?n] !),%)$.( s]=hL lsjL jf
?=!!,%),&&).( /sd a/fa/sf] lsjL ljqmL ubf{ ;fdfGo gfkmfsf] cj:yf /xg] b]lvG5 . lsjL Joj;fonfO{ lbuf]
?kdf ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu gd'gf ls;fgx?n] jflif{s ;fnfvfnf s'n !),%)$.( s]=hL jf ;f]eGbf dflysf]
kl/df0fdf lsjLkmn ljqmL ug{ ;Sg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
-5_ nufgLdf k|ltkmnb/ (Return On Investment-ROI)
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ePsf ls;fgx?n] lbPsf] tYofÍsf cfwf/df s'n nufgL / jflif{s d'gfkmfaLrsf] ;DaGw cWoog
ul/Psf] 5 . h;cg';f/ wgs'6f lhNnfsf gd'gf lsjL s[ifssf] s'n nufgLdf jflif{s cf};t !*=! k|ltzt a/fa/
d'gfkmf k|fKtx'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .
-h_ nufgL e'QmfgL cjlw (Payback Period)
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ePsf lsjL s[ifsx?sf] ;dli6ut ?kdf tYofË ljZn]if0f u/L lsjL v]tLdf pgLx?n] u/]sf] s'n
nufgL lkmtf{ x'g nfUg] cjlwsf] ?kdf Payback Period u0fgf ubf{ lsjLsf] af]6af6 cfDbfgL k|fKt x'g yfn]
kZrft cf};t %=% jif{df lsjL v]tLdf ul/Psf] nufgL c;'n x'g] b]lvG5 .
-em_ nfe nfut cg'kft (Benefit Cost ratio)
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z lsjL s[ifsx?sf] s'n nfutdf d'gfkmfsf] c+z lgsfNg o; cg'kftsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
cg'bfgnfO{ cfosf] ?kdf u0fgf gubf{ wgs'6f lhNnfsf gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] cf};t B/C ratio )=$M! b]lvPsf]
5 . h;cg';f/ gd'gf ls;fgx?n] lsjL v]tL Joj;fodf ?=! nufgL ubf{ ?=)=$ a/fj/sf] gfkmf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]
b]lvG5 .

$=# Onfd lhNnf

kxf8sL /fgL gub]afnLsL vfgL pkgfdn] lrlgg] o; lhNnfdf a;f]af; ug{] dflg;x?sf] k|d'v k]zfsf] ?kdf
Jofj;flos s[lif /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lsjLkmn / ufO{sf] hf]g tyf t/sf/L / ufO{sf Ansx? ;~rfngdf /x]sf] o;
lhNnfdf d'Vo u/]/ lrof, cn}rL, cb'jf, cfn' pTkfbgsf cltl/Qm jt{dfg ;dodf slkm / Pef]sf8f] v]tLdf klg
oxfFsf ls;fgx?sf] /fd|f] cfs{if0f /x]sf] b]lvG5 . $ j6f gu/kflnsf / ^ j6f ufpFkflnsf /x]sf o; lhNnfdf
/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* cg';f/ ()=#$ k|ltzt hg;+Vof s[lif Joj;fodf cfwfl/t /x]sf 5g\ .

38
 tflnsf $=#!M k|b]z / lhNnfut kl/;"rs
;fIf/tf s[lif of]Uo hldgsf] s[lifdf cfl>t
hg;+Vof j[l4b/
;d"x hg;+Vof b/ pknAwtf hg;+Vof
-k|ltzt_
-k|ltzt_ -x]S6/_ -k|ltzt_
sf]zL k|b]z 49,61,412 0.86 79.7 8,26,646 62.7
Onfd lhNnf 2,80,565 -0.33 83.4 70,334 90.34
;|f]tM /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* / sf]zL k|b]z ;/sf/sf] cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&(÷*)
$=#=! lnËsf cfwf/df gd'gf s[ifssf] ljt/0fM
s[lif 1fg s]Gb|n] pknAw u/fPsf] lsjL s[ifsx?sf] gfdfjnLsf cfwf/df o; lhNnfdf cGo lhNnfsf
t'ngfdf ;a}eGbf w]/} lsjL s[ifsx? /x]sf] sf/0f Onfd gu/kflnsf / ;Gbsk'/ ufpFkflnsf u/L b'O{ Ansdf
ljefhg u/]/ Ps Ansdf #) j6f gd'gfsf b/n] s'Nf ^) hgf gd'gf s[ifsx?sf] 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5, h;dWo]
clwsf+z lsjL Joj;fosf] ;~rfns k'?if /x]sf 5g\ . ;DklQ tyf l:y/ hfoh]yfdf k'?ifsf] :jfldTj, cfly{s
ultljlw tyf pBdzLntfdf dlxnfsf] Go"g ;xeflutf, k'?if 3/d'nL x'g] kl/kf6L cflbsf sf/0f lsjLsf] Jofj;flos
v]tLdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf cToGt Go"g /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
tflnsf $=#@M lnËsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
s[ifssf] lnË k'?if dlxnf hDdf
s[ifs ;+Vof 52 8 60
k|ltzt 86.6 13.4 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
$=#=@ z}lIfs of]Uotfsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM
k|fKt tYofÍnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ o; lhNnfdf %) k|ltzt ls;fgx? ;fIf/ dfq, #^=& k|ltzt ls;fgx?n]
P;=Pn=;L=;Ddsf] cWoog u/]sf] kfOof] eg] P;=Pn=;L=eGbf dflysf] z}lIfs of]Uotf xfFl;n u/]sf !#=# k|ltzt
dfq gd'gf s[ifs /x]sf] kfOof] .
tflnsf $=##M z}lIfs of]Uotfsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
z}lIfs :t/ ;fIf/ P;=Pn=;L= P;=Pn=;L=eGbf dfly hDdf
s[ifs ;+Vof 30 22 8 60
k|ltzt 50 36.7 13.3 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
o'jf / pRr z}lIfs pkflw xfFl;n u/]sf hgzlQm 3/ufpFFdf ga:g', lgjf{xd'vL v]tL k|0ffnL, ljrf}lnoftGqsf] xfjL,
s[lif k]zfnfO{ ;Ddfghgs k]zfsf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{ g;Sg' cflb sf/0fn] lsjLsf] Jofj;flos v]tLk|lt o;
lhNnfdf P;=Pn=;L eGbf dflysf] z}lIfs pkflw xf+l;n u/]sf u'0f:t/Lo hgzlQmsf] rf;f] / ;+nUgtf Go"g /x]sf]
kfOof] .
$=#=# lsjL v]tL btf{sf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM
o; lhNnfaf6 ;+sng ul/Psf gd'gfx?nfO{ Jofj;flos btf{sf tflnsf $=#$M Joj;fo btf{sf] cfwf/df
cfwf/df ljt/0f ubf{ ^) k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] lsjL v]tLnfO{ gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
;DalGwt lgsfodf btf{ u/L Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg Joj;fosf] k|sf/ ls;fg ;+Vof k|ltzt
/x]sf] kfOof] eg] afFsL $) k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] lsjL v]tLnfO{ btf{jfnf kmd{ 36 60
btf{ gu/L kf/Dkl/s v]tLdf ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOof] . 24 40
btf{ gePsf] v]tL
hDdf 60 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(

39
$=#=$ v]tL ul/Psf] df6f] kl/If0f ul/Psf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM
gd'gfdf k/]sf ls;fgx?dWo] s]jn @*=# k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] dfq tflnsf $=#%M df6f] kl/If0fsf] cfwf/df
lsjL v]tL ug{' k"j{ xfjfkfgL, df6f]sf] pko'Qmtf hfFr ug{ df6f] gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
k/LIf0f u/]sf] b]lvof] . clwsf+z ls;fgx?n] s'g}klg pko'Qmtfsf] ls;fg
k/LIf0f gu/L o; Joj;fodf ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOof] . ls;fgx?df Dff6f]sf] cj:yf k|ltzt
;+Vof
v]tL ug{' k'j{ afnLsf] pko'Qmtfsf] hf+r ug{'k5{ eGg] 1fgsf] sdL kl/If0f ul/Psf] 17 28.3
x'g', df6f] k/LIf0f ug{] ;DalGwt lgsfodf /x]sf] k|fljlws ;|f]t kl/If0f gul/Psf] 43 71.7
;fwg, hgzlQmsf] cflbsf] ;Lldttfsf sf/0f jf:tljs ;dodf hDdf 60 100
k/LIf0fsf] glthf lbg g;Sg'sf] sf/0f ls;fgx? df6f] k/LIf0f ;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
u/fpg] sfo{df pbf;Lg /x]sf] kfOof] .
$=#=% tflnd, ;]ldgf/df ;+nUgtfsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM
gd'gf ls;fgx?nfO{ tflnd k|fKt / tflndaf6 jl~rt u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|sf/ lsjL v]tL
ug{k' "j{ / v]tL ug{] l;nl;nfdf s'g} ;+ul7t ;/sf/L jf lghL ;+3 ;+:yfaf6 tflnd lnPsf ls;fgx? *!=& k|ltzt
/x]sf b]lvof] eg] gu0o ls;fgx?n] dfq s'g} tflnd jf cGo k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] pkof]u u/]sf] b]lvPg . s[lif 1fg
s]Gb|, :yfgLo tx tyf cGo ;+ul7t ;+:Yff cflbaf6 pknAw u/fPsf tflnd / ;]ldgf/sf sf/0f w]/}h;f] gd'gf
ls;fgx?n] tflnd lnOPsf] b]lvof] .
tflnsf $=#^M tflndsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
ljj/0f tflnd k|fKt Tfflndaf6 jl~rt hDdf
s[ifs ;+Vof 49 11 60
k|ltzt 81.7 18.3 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
$=#=^ s[lif ;DaGwL ;/sf/L cg'bfg k|fKt u/]sf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM
o; lhNnfsf ^) hgf gd'gf ls;fgx?dWo] w]/} h;f] ls;fgx?n] s'g}g s'g} k|sf/sf] s[lif ;DalGw cg'bfgsf]
pkof]u u/]sf] kfOof] . ;/sf/L cg'bfg pkef]u ug{] s'n $) hgf ls;fgx?dWo] w]/}h;f] ls;fgx?n] ;fdu|L,
pks/0f tyf cf}hf/ ;DaGwL cg'bfg k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvof] .
tflnsf $=#&M cg'bfgsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
ljj/0f ls;fg ;+Vof Eff/fÍ k|ltzt
cg'bfgaf6 jl~rt 20 33.3
cg'bfgaf6 nfeflGjt 40 66.7
hDdf 60 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
$=#=& s[lif ;DaGwL ;x'lnotk"0f{{ shf{ pknAwtfsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM
gd'gfdf k/]sf ^) hgf lsjL ls;fgx? dWo] s]jn k/]sf & hgf -!!=& k|ltzt_ ls;fgx?n] s[lif ;DaGwL
;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf] pkof]u u/]sf] b]lvof] eg] afFsL %# hgf -**=# k|ltzt_ ls;fgx?n] ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf]
pkof]u u/]sf] kfOPg . ljQLo lzIffsf] sdL, ljQLo kx'Frsf] cefj, clwsf+z ls;fgx?df ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{
;DaGwL ;"rgfsf] cefj, ;]jfsf] pkof]u ug{ emGeml6nf] k|zf;lgs k|lqmof cflbsf sf/0f o; lhNnfdf s[lif
;DaGwL ;x'lnotk"0f{{ shf{sf] k|efjsfl/tf sd /x]sf] b]lvof] .

40
 rf6{ $=!#M ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ pkef]usf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f

11.7%

88.3%

;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ pkef]u ug]{ ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ pkef]u gug]{

;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
$=#=* nufgLsf] ;|f]tsf cfwf/df gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] ljt/0fM
o; lhNnfsf ^*=# k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] lsjL Joj;fo cfˆg}} k'FhL / g]kfn ;/sf/4f/f pknAw u/fO{Psf] cg'bfgaf6
:yfkgf u/]sf] b]lvof] eg] :jk'FhL, cg'bfg / C0faf6 Joj;fosf] :yfkgf ug{] ls;fgx? @^=^ k|ltzt /x]sf]
b]lvof] . ;a}eGbf sd !!=& k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] dfq :jk'FhL / a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 pknAw u/fOg] C0f k'FhLaf6
Joj;fosf] z'?jft u/]sf] b]lvof] .
tflnsf $=#*M k'FhLsf] ;|f]tsf] cfwf/df gd'gf ls;fgsf] ljt/0f
:j–k'FhL,
:j–k'FhL / :j–k'FhL /
k'FhLsf] ;|f]t :j–k'FhL dfq cg'bfg /
C0f cg'bfg
C0f
ls;fgsf] ;+Vof 13 7 41 16
k|ltzt 21.7 11.7 68.3 26.6
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
s[lif 1fg s]Gb|4f/f pknAw u/fOPsf, lsjL hf]g cGt{utsf / :yfgLo ;/sf/4f/f k|bQ ljleGg k|sf/sf ljQLo
tyf u}/ ljQLo cg'bfg cflbsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf sf/0f o; lhNnfdf cg'bfgaf6 nfeflGjt ls;fgx?sf] ;+Vof
pNn]Vo /xg uof] . oBlk cg'bfg ljt/0f sfo{qmd j}1flgs / lgikIf x'g g;s]sf] u'gf;f] ls;fgx?;Fu /x]sf]
kfOPsf] 5 . To;}u/L ;Dk"0f{{ jfl0fHo a}+sx?sf] zfvf ;~hfnx?sf] ;3g pkl:ylt x'Fbf x'Fb} klg o; lhNnfdf lsjL
v]tL Joj;fodf a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f nufgL lg/f;fhgs /x]sf] kfOof] .

shf{sf] ;|f]t / Jofhb/sf] ljZn]if0fM

gd'gfdf k/]sf s'n ^) hgf lsjL s[ifsx?dWo] s]jn @@ hgfn] dfq} C0f k'FhLsf] pkof]u u/]sf 5g\ . C0f lng]
ls;fgx?dWo] sl/j &@=& k|ltzt ls;fgn] cf};t !!=( k|ltzt Jofhb/df cf}krfl/s If]qaf6 C0f lnPsf b]lvG5g\
eg] sl/j @&=# k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] cgf}krfl/s If]qaf6 cf};t @$ k|ltzt Jofhb/df C0fsf] pkof]u u/]sf
5g\ .

41
 rf6{ $=!$M shf{sf] ;|f]t / Jofhb/sf] ljZn]if0f
40 30
38
35
25
24.0
30
20
25

Aofhb/ -k|ltzt_
s[ifssf] ;+Vof

20 15
16
15 11.9
10
10
6
5
5
0.0
0 0
;+ul7t ;+:yf cgf}krfl/s If]q shf{ glng]
ls;fg Aofhb/
;+Vof -k|ltzt_

;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(

$=#=( lsjL Joj;fodf ;+nUg cjlwsf cfwf/df gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] ljt/0fM
o; lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf a9L $) hgf ls;fgx? %–!) jif{{;Dd lsjL Joj;fodf ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOof] eg] % jif{{eGbf
sd lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg ls;fgx? ;a}eGbf sd /x]sf] kfOof] .
tflnsf $=#(M lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg cjlwsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
;+nUg cjlw -jif{{_ % eGbf sd %–!) !)–!% hDdf
ls;fg ;+Vof 3 40 17 60
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
g]kfndf Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLsf] z"?jft g} o; k|b]zdf Onfd lhNnfaf6 ePsf] sf/0f cg'ejL ls;fgx?sf]
pNn]Vo ;+Vof /xg uPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
$=#=!) lsjL v]tL ul/Psf] If]qkmnsf cfwf/df gd'gf ls;fgsf] ljt/0fM
o; lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf w]/} ls;fgx? % /f]kgL eGbf sd If]qkmndf lsjLsf] Jofj;flos v]tLdf ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOof]
eg] ;a}eGbf sd ls;fgx? !)–!% /f]kgL If]qkmndf v]tLdf ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOof] . !% /f]kgL] eGbf dflysf]
If]qkmndf v]tL ug{] 7"nf Jofj;flos ls;fgx? o; lhNnfdf sl/j Ps rf}yfO{ dfq /x]sf] kfOof] .
tflnsf $=$)M lsjL v]tLsf] If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
If]qkmn -/f]kgL_ % eGbf sd %–!) !)–!% !% eGbf a9L hDdf
ls;fg ;+Vof 29 10 6 15 60
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(

$=#=!! lsjLsf] k|hftLo pkl:yltM

:ynut ;j]{]If0fsf qmddf ^) ls;fgx?dWo] zt k|ltzt ls;fgx?sf] cfsif{0f x]jf8{ / Pln;g k|hfltsf lsjL
v]tLdf /x]sf] kfOof] . cGo k|hftL eGbf a9L kmn lbg], ;fk]If ?kdf cGo k|hftLsf] eGbf kmn 7"nf]] nfUg] / :jfbsf
lx;fjn] of] ld7f] x'g] ePsfn] x]jf8{ / Pln;g k|hftL /f]lkPsf] hfgsf/L ls;fgx?af6 k|fKt eof] . To;}u/L bf];|f]
tyf To; eGbf d'gLsf] qmddf qmdzM a|'gf], df]G6L, uf]N8]g / u|Lg nufotsf k|hftLx? klg o; lhNnfdf v]tL
ul/Psf]] b]lvof] .
42
 rf6{ $=!%M lsjLsf] k|hftLo pkl:ylt
lsjLsf] k|hftLo pkl:ylt
100.0

80.0

s'n s[ifsdf k|ltzt 60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0
x]jf8{ Pln;g df]G6L /]8 a|'gf] uf]N8]g u|Lg
lsjLsf] k|hftL

;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(

$=#=!@ lsjL kmnsf] d'Vo qm]tfsf cfwf/df ls;fgsf] ljt/0f
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ePsf w]/}h;f] ls;fgx?n] cfˆgf] pTkfbg :yfgLo dWo:tstf{nfO{ ljt/0f u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 eg]
sl/j @& k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] cfˆgf] pTkfbg :yfgLo ahf/df clGtd pkef]QmfnfO{ ;f]em} laqmL u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5
. o;sf cltl/Qm t/fO{sf 7"nf zx/x? h:t} w/fg, O6x/L, ljtf{df]8, bds cflbdf /x]sf l8kf{6d]G6÷;'k/ dfs{]6nfO{
laqmL ljt/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
tflnsf $=$!M lsjLsf] d'Vo qm]tfsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
ljj/0f ls;fg ;+Vof k|ltzt
clGtd pkef]Qmf 16 26.7

dWo:tstf{ 41 68.3

l8kf{6d]G6 :6f]/ 2 3.3

pBf]u÷snsf/vfgf 1 1.7

hDdf 60 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
wgs'6fdf :yfkgf ePsf] dfpG6 Pe/]:6 jfOg/L k|f=ln=n] s]xL ;do cuf8L ;Dd Onfdsf ls;fgx?sf] lsjL vl/b
ug{] u/]sf] ePtfklg xfn of] pBf]u aGb cj:yfdf /x]sf sf/0f vl/b gu/]sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
$=#=!# lnËsf cfwf/df /f]huf/Lsf] ljt/0fM
tflnsf adf]lhd Onfd lhNnfdf gd'gf ;j]{]If0fdf k/]sf ^) j6f lsjL v]tL Joj;fon] s'n !*& hgfnfO{ cf+lzs
tyf k"0f{f{ /f]huf/L k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . s'n /f]huf/ >dzlQmdWo] $@=* k|ltzt k'?if / %&=@ k|ltzt dlxnf /x]sf
5g\ eg] cGo lnË ;d"xsf dflg; o; lhNnfdf lsjL v]tLdf /f]huf/ /x]sf] kfOPg .
tflnsf $=$@M n}lËs cfwf/df /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf
lnË /f]huf/L ;+Vof k|ltzt
k'?if 80 42.8
dlxnf 107 57.2
cGo 0 0
s'n /f]huf/L ;[hgf 187 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j{]If0f @)&(

43
$=#=!$ Joj;fosf] ;Gt'li6sf cfwf/df ls;fgx?sf] juL{s/0fM
Onfd lhNnfsf s'n ^) gd'gf ls;fgx?dWo] %# hgf ls;fgx? o; Joj;fok|lt ;Gt'i6 /x]sf] kfOof] eg] & hgf
ls;fg dfq c;Gt'i6 /x]sf] kfOof] . cGo cGg afnL, kmnkm"n gnfUg] kfvf]af/Ldf ;d]t v]tL ug{;lsg], le/fnf]
hldgdf lsjL nufpFFbf e"–Ifo ;d]t /f]lsg], cGo afnLsf t'ngfdf a9L pTkfbg lbg], ;fk]If ?kdf a9L d"No
ePsf], cGo afnLsf t'ngfdf sd emGeml6nf], Go"g >dsf] cfjZostf, bL3{sfnLg cfo k|bfg ug{], /f]uJoflwsf]
cfqmd0f Go"g x''g], lsjL v]tL Joj;fosf] k|j4{g / ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 k|bfg ul/Psf ljleGg
;x'lnot, cg'lzIf0f, tflnd, gub tyf cGo cg'bfg cflbsf sf/0f o; Joj;foKf|lt cfd ls;fgx? ;sf/fTds
/x]sf] kfOof] .
tflnsf $=$# M Joj;fok|lt ;Gt'li6sf] cj:yf
;Gt'li6sf] :t/ ;Gt'i6 c;Gt'i6 hDdf
ls;fgx?sf] ;+Vof 53 7 60
k|ltzt 88.3 11.7 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
$=#=!% pTkfbg ljZn]if0fM
lj=;++=@)&( ;fndf gd'gfdf k/]sf ^) s[ifsx?af6 ^%% /f]kgL If]qkmndf lsjL v]tL ul/Psf]df kmn nfu]sf] af]6
;+Vof $%*$ /x]sf 5g\ eg] s'n pTkfbg #,!!,))) s]=hL= /x]sf] 5 .
rf6{ $=!^M gd'gf s[ifssf] ljut # jif{sf] pTkfbg ljZn]if0f
350
pTkfbg -xhf/ s]=hL df_

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2077 2078 2079
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
tYofÍnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|lt /f]kgL pTkfbsTj #&$=* s]=hL= tyf k|ltaf]6 pTkfbsTj ^&=* s]=hL= /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . lj=;+=@)&& ;fndf gd'gf s[ifsx?af6 s'n !,%#,!%% s]=hL= lsjL pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5 . @)&* ;fndf
lsjLsf] pTkfbg #$=% k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ @,)%,(^) s]=hL= k'u]sf] lyof] . To;}u/L @)&( ;fndf cfOk'Ubf pTkfbg
%! k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ #,!!,))) s]=hL= k'u]sf] 5 .
$=#=!%=!= Onfd lhNnfsf] ljut # jif{sf] pTkfbg k|j[lQM
Onfd lhNnfdf lsjL v]tLsf] s'n If]qkmn cf=j=@)&%÷&^ df !%@ x]S6/ /x]sf]df cf=j=@)&&÷&* df cfOk'Ubf|
pNn]vlgo ?kdf j[l4 eO{ ^&% x]S6/ k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgf cGtu{t lsjLsf]
hf]g o; lhNnfdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf] sf/0f lsjL v]tL ul/Psf] s'n If]qkmndf j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L
pTkfbgzLn If]qkmn klg !#% x]S6/af6 a9]/ ^$* x]S6/ k'u]sf] 5 eg] k|ltkmn ( d]=6g÷x]=af6 j[l4 eO{ (=@)
d]=6g÷x]= x'g k'u]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, cf=j= @)&&÷&* df s'n If]qkmndf s]xL j[l4 b]lvP klg pTkfbgzLn If]q tLj|
?kdf 36]/ @)) x]=df ;Lldt x'g k'u]sf] b]lvG5 eg] k|ltkmnsf] b/df s'g} kl/jt{g ePsf] kfOb}g .
tflnsf $=$$M Onfd lhNnfsf] tLg jif{sf] pTkfbg k|j[lt
s'n If]qkmn pTkfbgzLn If]q pTkfbg k|ltkmn
cfly{s jif{
-x]S6/_ -x]S6/_ -d]l6«s 6g_ -d]l6«s 6g÷x]S6/_
@)&%÷&^ 152 135 1,215 9.0
@)&^÷&& 675 648 5,962 9.2
@)&&÷&* 700 200 1,840 9.2
;|f]tM Statistical Information On Nepalese Agriculture

44
$=#=!%=@= k|ltaf]6 pTkfbg Ifdtfsf cfwf/df ls;fgx?sf] ljt/0fM
Pp6f lsjLsf] af]6af6 cf};t &) b]lv *) s]=hL= pTkfbg ug{] ls;fgx? o; lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf w]/} !( hgf /x]sf
5g\ eg] ()–!)) s]=hL= k|ltaf]6 pTkfbg ug{] ls;fgx? ;a}eGbf sd @ hgf /x]sf b]lvG5g\ .
rf6{ $=!& M k|ltaf]6 lsjLsf] pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f

20 19
18 16
16
14 13
12
ls;fg ;+Vof

10
8 7
6
4 3
2
2
0
40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
k|ltaf]6 cf};t pTkfbg

;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(

$=#=!%=# k|lt af]6 cf};t pTkfbg / ljrngsf] u0fgf
tflnsf adf]lhd k|ltls;fg k|ltaf]6 cf};t pTkfbg -Mean, X̅_ &!=# s]=hL / pTkfbg ljrng (Range) ^)
s]=hL /xg uPsf] 5 .
$=#=!^ pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?sf] ljZn]if0fM
o; lhNnfsf ls;fgx?n] pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt d'Vo ;d:ofsf] ?kdf df};dL k|lts'ntf / hËnL hgfj/sf]
cfqmd0f /x]sf] atfPsf 5g . km"nkm'Ng] / kmn nfUg] ;dodf xfjfx'/L, kfgL / cl;gf jif{{g] sf/0f lsjLsf] pTkfbg
tLj| ?kdf 36\g,] ljz]if u/L sfnf, nf]vs]{], ˆofp/f], afFb/ nufotsf h+uNfL hgfj/n] kfs]sf] kmn gi6 ul/lbg]
sf/0f o; lhNnfdf of] k|d'v ;d:ofsf ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
rf6{ $=!*M pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f
45 80
40 68.3
70
35 60
ls;fg ;+Vof

30
50
25
ef/fÍ

40
20
41 16.7 11.7 30
15 15.0
10 20

5 10 10
9 7
0 0
Dff};dL k|lts"ntf / /f]uJofwLsf] ;d:of k|fljlws ;Lk, 1fg dnvfb, pGgt
h+unL hgfj/sf] / bIftfsf] sdL aLp÷a]gf{ / cGo
cfqmd0f pTkfbg ;fdu|Lsf]
ls;fg ;+Vof ef/fÍ cefj
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
45
$=#=!& ahf/Ls/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?sf] ljZn]if0fM
:ynut ;j]{If0fsf qmddf gd'gfdf k/]sf ^) hgf lsjL s[ifsx?dWo] #* hgf s[ifsx?n] lsjLsf] plrt d"No
gkfPsf], ;dYf{g d"Nosf] cefjsf sf/0f d"Nodf cToflws ptf/–r9fj cfpg] u/]sf] / ljrf}lnof4f/f lgwf{l/t
d"Nodf cfˆgf] pTkfbg a]Rg'kg{] ;d:of /x]sf] atfP . lsjLnfO{ sRRff k4fy{{sf] ?kdf pkof]u u/L hfd, h';, a|f08L,
jfOg cflb j:t' pTkfbg ug{] pBf]usf] :yfkgf / ljsf; gePsf] sf/0f lsjLsf] :yfoL ahf/sf] l;h{gf x'g ;s]sf]
b]lvb}+g .
tflnsf $=$%M ahf/Ls/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f
;d:ofsf] k|s[lt pQ/bftf ;+Vof ef/fÍ ;d:ofsf] uxgtf
d"No, :yfoL ahf/ / 38 63.3 k|yd
;"rgf;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of
e08f/0f u[xsf] cefj 9 15 låtLo
;8s k"jf{wf/ / 9'jfgL ;]jf 3 5 t[tLo
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
tflnsf adf]lhd ahf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgfx? h:t}M lsjLsf] ljleGg ahf/sf] d"No, pkef]Qmfsf] ?rL, cfd
pkef]Qmfx?df lsjL ;]jg ug{'sf kmfObf h:tf ;"rgfx? ;j{;'ne ?kdf ;Dk|]if0f x'g g;s]sf sf/0f klg o;sf]
ahf/sf] bfo/f lj:tf/ x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g eg] e08f/0f u[xsf] cefj x'Fbf pTkflbt lsjL pTkfbg ePs} ;dodf
Go"gtd d"Nodf laqmL ug{'kg{] afWotf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
$=#=!* ljQLo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?sf] ljZn]if0fM
gd'gfdf k/]sf ^) hgf ls;fgx?dWo] !^ hgf ls;fgx?n] a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 l56f], 5l/tf] / ;j{;'ne ?kdf
shf{ pknAw x'g g;s]sf] u'gf;f] JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . afnL aLdf ug{] gLltut Joj:yf ePtfklg aLdf sDkgLx?
lsjL v]tLsf] aLdf ug{ pbf;Lg b]lvg', kl/of]hgf lwtf] k|0ffnL gLltut Joj:yf ePklg sfof{Gjog gx'g', nfdf]
sfuhL k|lqmof, efiffut ;d:of, 3/hUUff lwtf] k|0ffnLsf sf/0f ls;fgx?n] a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 shf{sf] pkof]u
ug{;s]sf] b]lvPg .
tflnsf $=$^M ljQLo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f
;d:ofsf] k|s[lt pQ/bftf ;+Vof ef/fÍ ;d:ofsf]
uxgtf
;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf] pkof]u 16 26.7 k|y{d
C0fsf] ;xh pknAwtf 14 23.3 låtLo
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
$=#=!( nfutsf] ljZn]if0fM
Onfd lhNnfdf gd'gfdf k/]sf ^) hgf lsjL s[ifsx?n] lsjL Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{] l;nl;nfdf l:y/ nfutdf
s'n nfutsf] $!=@ k|ltzt vr{ u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . s'n l:y/ nfutsf] ;a}h;f] lx:;f Jofh vr{n] cf]u6]sf] 5 .
gd'gfdf k/]sf ls;fgx?dWo] @@ hgf ls;fgx?n] C0f k'FhLsf] pkof]u u/]sf 5g\ h;dWo] sl/j #) k|ltzt
ls;fgx?n] cgf}krfl/s If]qaf6 ;os8f @ Jofhb/df C0f lnPsf sf/0f Jofh vr{ pRr /xg uPsf] 5 . To;}u/L
kl/jt{gzLn nfutdf s'n nfutsf] %*=* k|ltzt a/fa/ vr{ ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

46
 tflnsf $=$&M Onfd lhNnfsf] lsjL v]tLsf] nfut ljj/0f
s'n nfutdf
ljj/0f /sd -?=_ c+z
-k|ltzt_
kl/jt{gzLn nfut
aLpljhg vr{ 1,007,200 9.9
dhb'/ vr{ 1,974,000 19.5
dnvfb tyf ljiffbL vr{ 1,128,000 11.1
l;FrfO vr{ 4,69,300 4.6
e08f/0f vr{ 395,000 3.9
9'jfgL vr{ 563,000 5.6
Kofs]=hL=Ë vr{ 50,000 0.5
;~rf/ vr{ 40,500 0.4
cGo vr{ 333,000 3.3
s'n kl/jt{gzLn nfut -s_ 5,960,000 58.8
cf};t kl/jt{gzLn nfut 19.2
-k|lt s]=hL_
l:y/ nfut
0.6
e"ldsf] nufg 60000

cGo d]l;g ,;fwg, pks/0fsf] vl/b 0 0.0

Jofh vr{ 41,09,700 40.6
s'n l:y/ nfut -v_ 41,69,700 41.2
s'n nfut -s + v_ 1,01,29700 100
k|lt s]=hL cf};t pTkfbg nfut -?=_ 32.57 -
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
$=#=@) cfDbfgLsf] ljZn]if0fM
gd'gfdf k/]sf ls;fgx?sf] s'n cfDbfgLdf cg'bfgsf] c+z @*=& k|ltzt /xg uPsf] 5 . cg'bfg afx]ssf] s'n
cfDbfgLdf lsjL laqmL cfosf] lx:;f *(=( k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cGo cfo cGtu{t ls;fgx?n] aLpljhg /
a]gf{sf] laqmL tyf k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{{af6 gu0o dfq cfDbfgL k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L ls;fgx?sf] ;/b/
k|lt/f]kgL jflif{s ;fnfvfnf cfo -cg'bfg afx]s_ ?=60,251/–, k|lt s]=hL= ;/b/ cfo -cg'bfg afx]s_ ?=!@^=(
/ k|lt s]=hL d'gfkmf -cg'bfg afx]s_ ?=($=# /x]sf] 5 .
tflnsf $=$*M Onfd lhNnfsf] lsjL v]tLsf] cfDbfgL ljj/0f
cfDbfgLsf] zLif{s /sd ?= s'n cfDbfgLdf
c+z
s'n laqmL cfo -s_ 3,54,69,900 64.1
cGo cfo -v_M– 1,98,83,500 35.9
a]gf{af6 k|fKt cfo 36,82,500 6.7
cg'bfgaf6 k|fKt cfo -gub dfq_ 1,58,89,000 28.7
k/fdz{ tflnd ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{{af6 k|fKt cfo 290000 0.5
cGo 22,000 0.04
s'n cfo -s+v_ 5,53,53,400 100.0
s'n cfo -s+v_ -cg'bfg afx]s_ 3,94,64,400 71.3
;/b/ k|lt /f]kgL cfo -cg'bfg afx]s_ 60,251 -
;/b/ k|lt s]=hL=cfo -cg'bfg afx]s_ 126.9 -
;/b/ k|lt s]=hL= d'gfkmf -cg'bfg afx]s_ 94.3 -
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
47
$=#=@! Joj;fosf] gfkmfof]Uotfsf] k/LIf0fM
gd'gfdf k/]sf Onfd lhNNffsf ^) hgf lsjL ls;fgx?af6 :ynut ;j]{If0fsf cltl/Qm cgf}krfl/s 5nkmnsf
dfWodaf6 ;+sng ul/Psf] cfDbfgL / vr{;DaGwL hfgsf/L÷tYofÍsf] cfwf/df ljleGg ljQLo ljZn]if0fsf
cf}hf/x?sf] k|of]u u/L lsjL v]tLsf] gfkmfof]Uotf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ k|lt s]=hL= cf};t nfut / kl/jt{gzLn nfutM
gd'gfdf k/]sf ls;fgx?af6 ;+sng ul/Psf] nfut ;DaGwL tYofÍsf cfwf/df ;Dk"0f{ vr{x?nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{
k|lt s]=hL lsjLsf] cf};t nfut ?=#@=^ / kl/jt{gzLn nfut k|lt s]=hL= ?=!(=@ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; lhNnfdf
/x]sf gd'gf ls;fgx?n] cGo s'/fx? oyfjt /x]sf] cj:yfdf cfˆgf] lsjL k|lt s]=hL= ?=!(=@ eGbf sd d"Nodf
a]Rg' k/]sf] l:yltdf o; Joj;fodf lbuf] ?kdf nflu/xg g;Sg] b]lvG5 .
-v_ k|lt s]=hL= cf};t cfDbfgL / d'gfkmfM
gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] cg'bfg afx]s k|lt s]=hL lsjLsf] cf};t cfDbfgL ?=!@^=( / cf};t d'gfkmf k|lt s]=hL= ?=($=#
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . lsjLsf] laqmL d"Nosf cltl/Qm a]gf{ laqmL / k/fdz{ ;]jfaf6 ;d]t ls;fgx?sf] dgUu} cfDbfgL
b]lvPsfn] cf};t k|lt s]=hL= cfDbfgL pRr /xg uPsf] xf] .
-u_ kl/jt{gzLn nfut cg'kft (Variable Cost ratio)
gd'gfdf k/]sf ls;fgx?af6 k|fKt cfFs8fx?sf cfwf/df lhNnfsf] lsjL v]tLsf] s'n laqmL cfodf kl/jt{gzLn
nfutsf] c+z (Variable cost ratio: V/C ratio) !^=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
-3_ s'n cfDbfgL / laqmL cfDbfgLdf v'b d'gfkmf b/ (Profit Margin On Total Revenue)
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z lsjL s[ifsx?n] lsjL kmn laqmL u/L k|fKt u/]sf] /sdsf cltl/Qm a]gf{ laqmL, k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg
u/]jfkt k|fKt /sd, cg'bfg / cGo cfDbfgL ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] s'n cfDbfgLdf jflif{s d'gfkmfsf] b/ *!=&
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] lsjLsf] laqmL cfDbfgLdf pQm b/ !@&=% k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
-ª_ d'gfkmf kl/df0f cg'kft (Profit Volume –P/V Ratio)
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ePsf lsjL ls;fgx?sf] tYofÍnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL lhNnfsf lsjL ls;fgx?sf] Profit Volume –
P/V Ratio u0fgf u/L d'gfkmf cfh{g ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf] cfFsng ul/Psf] 5 . pQm lhNnfsf] P/V Ratio )=*#@ -
*#=@%_ /x]sf] 5 o;n] laqmL cfDbfgLaf6 s'n kl/jt{gzLn nfut s§f ubf{ *# k|ltzt a/fa/ dflh{g xfFl;n
x'g] b]vfpFb5 .
-r_ kf/ljGb' ljZn]if0f (Break Even Point -BEP Analysis)
lsjL ls;fgx?sf] ljqmL cfDbfgL / s'n nfut a/fa/ x'g] l:ylt jf ls;fgx?n] ;fdfGo gfkmf -normal profit_
cfh{g ug{ slt dfqfdf lsjLkmn ljqmL ug'{kb{5 eGg] hfgsf/Lsf nflu Break Even Point (BEP) u0fgf
ul/Psf] 5 . gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ePsf ls;fgx?sf] ;dli6ut ?kdf u0fgf ubf{ BEP ?=%),!!,*#*.! -$#,($#.*
s]=hL_ / k|lt /f]kgL BEP ^& s]=hL b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ tL ls;fgx?n] $#,($#.* s]=hL lsjL jf ?=
%),!!,*#*.! /sd a/fa/sf] lsjL laqmL ubf{ ;fdfGo gfkmfsf] cj:yf /xg] b]lvG5 . lsjL Joj;fonfO{ lbuf] ?kdf
;~rfng ug{sf] nflu gd'gf ls;fgx?n] jflif{s ;fnfvfnf s'n %),!!,*#*.! s]=hL jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] kl/df0fdf
lsjLkmn ljqmL ug{ ;Sg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
-5_ nufgLdf k|ltkmnb/ (Return On Investment-ROI)
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ePsf ls;fgx?n] lbPsf] tYofÍsf cfwf/df s'n nufgL / jflif{s d'gfkmfaLrsf] ;DaGw cWoog
ul/Psf] 5 . h;cg';f/ wgs'6f lhNnfsf gd'gf lsjL s[ifssf] s'n nufgLdf jflif{s cf};t $&=^ k|ltkmn a/fa/
d'gfkmf k|fKtx'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .
-h_ nufgL e'QmfgL cjlw (Payback Period)
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ePsf lsjL s[ifsx?sf] ;dli6ut ?kdf tYofË ljZn]if0f u/L lsjL v]tLdf pgLx?n] u/]sf] s'n
nufgL lkmtf{ x'g nfUg] cjlwsf] ?kdf Payback Period u0fgf ubf{ lsjLsf] af]6af6 cfDbfgL k|fKtx'g ;'?ePkZrft
cf};t @=! jif{df lsjL v]tLdf ul/Psf] nufgL c;'n x'g] b]lvG5 .
-em_ nfe nfut cg'kft (Benefit Cost-B/C ratio)

48
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z lsjL s[ifsx?sf] cg'bfgnfO{ cfosf] ?kdf u0fgf gubf{ gd'gf ls;fgsf] B/C ratio @=(M! /x]sf]
5 . cyf{t gd'gf ls;fgx?n] lsjL v]tL Joj;fodf ?=! nufgL ubf{ ?=@=( a/fj/sf] gfkmf k|fKt ug{;Sg]
b]lvG5 . clwsf+z gd'gf ls;fgx?n] cfˆg} hldgdf v]tL u/]sf]n] e"ldsf] nufgdf Go"g vr{ ePsf], lsjL v]tLsf]
cfw'lgsLs/0f gePsf sf/0f d]l;g, pks/0f, dnvfb, pGgt aLpljhgdf vr{ sd /x]sf], w]/} ls;fgx?n]
pTkfbg:ynaf6} lsjLsf] ljqmL ljt/0f ug]{ u/]sf]n] 9'jfgL, Kofs]hLË, ;~rf/ nufotsf vr{x? sd ePsf], kxf8L
e]udf v]tL ul/g] kmn ePsf]n] l;FrfOdf Go"g dfqfdf vr{ ePsf] cflb h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ lsjL v]tLsf] s'n nfut
Go"g x'guO{ d'gfkmf k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 .

$=$ ;f]n'v'Dj' lhNnf

;d'Gb| ;txaf6 sl/j ^)) ld6/b]lv *,*$*=*^ ld6/;Ddsf] prfO{df cjl:yt o; lhNnfdf ;+;f/s} ;jf]{Rr
lzv/ ;u/dfyf -*,*$*=*^ ld6/_ /x]sf] 5 . ;+;f/sf ljleGg b]zx?af6 ko{6sx? labf dgfpg tyf
kj{tf/f]x0fsf nflu o; lhNnfdf cfpg] ub{5g\ . o; lhNnfdf ! gu/kflnsf / & j6f ufpFFkflnsf /x]sf 5g\ .
o; lhNnfsf &$ k|ltzt hg;+Vof s[lif k]zfdf cfj4 /x]sf 5g\ eg] xfjfkfgLsf] ljifdtf /x]sf] sf/0f s[lifhGo
pTkfbgdf ljljwtf /x]sf] kfOG5 . lsjL, :ofp÷cf]v/ sf] hf]g tyf cfn', :ofp÷cf]v/ / 6«fp8 6«fp6 df5fsf
Ansx? ;~rfngdf /x]sf] o; lhNnfdf d'Vo u/]/ ;'Gtnf, cb'jf, a];f/, cfn', :ofp pTkfbgsf cltl/Qm
jt{dfg ;dodf lsjL v]tLdf klg oxfFsf ls;fgx?sf] /fd|f] cfs{if0f /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

tflnsf $=$(M k|b]z / lhNnfut kl/;"rs

hg;+Vof ;fIf/tf b/ s[lif of]Uo hldgsf] s[lifdf cfl>t
;d"x hg;+Vof j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ pknAwtf -x]S6/_ hg;+ Vof
-k|ltzt_ -k|ltzt_
sf]zL k|b]z 49,61,412 0.86 79.7 8,26,646 62.7
;f]n'v'Dj' lhNnf 1,04,851 -0.09 76.9 45,374 74.0
;|f]tM /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* / sf]zL k|b]zsf] cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&(÷*)
$=$=! lnËsf cfwf/df gd'gf s[ifssf] ljt/0fM
o; lhNnfaf6 gd'gfsf] ?kdf s'Nf #) hgf lsjL s[ifsx?sf] 5gf}6 ul/Psf]df clwsf+z lsjL Joj;fosf] ;~rfns
k'?if /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
tflnsf $=%)M lnËsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
s[ifssf] lnË k'?if dlxnf hDdf
s[ifs ;+Vof 28 2 30
k|ltzt 93.3 6.7 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(

$=$=@ z}lIfs of]Uotfsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM

gd'gf ls;fgx?af6 k|fKt tYofÍnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ %^=& k|ltzt ls;fgx? ;fwf/0f n]vk9 ug{;Sg] ;fIf/, @^=&
k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] P;=Pn=l;=;Ddsf] cWoog u/]sf] kfOof] eg] P;=Pn=;L=eGbf dflysf] z}lIfs of]Uotf xfFl;n
u/]sf !^=^ k|ltzt dfq gd'gf s[ifs /x]sf] kfOof] .
tflnsf $=%!M z}lIfs of]Uotfsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
z}lIfs :t/ ;fIf/ P;=Pn=;L= P;=Pn=;L=eGbfdfly hDdf
s[ifs ;+Vof 17 8 5 30

k|ltzt 56.7 26.7 16.6 100

;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(

49
$=$=# lsjL v]tL btf{sf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM tflnsf $=%@M Joj;fo btf{sf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf]
o; lhNnfdf () k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] lsjL v]tLnfO{ ljt/0f
;DalGwt lgsfodf btf{ u/L Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLdf Joj;fosf] k|sf/ ls;fg ;+Vof k|ltzt
;+nUg /x]sf] kfOof] eg] afFsL !) k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] btf{jfnf kmd{ 27 90
lsjL v]tLnfO{ btf{ gu/L kf/Dkl/s v]tLdf ;+nUg /x]sf] btf{ gePsf] v]tL 3 10
kfOof] . hDdf 30 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(

$=$=$ v]tL ul/Psf df6f] kl/If0f ul/Psf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM

gd'gfdf k/]sf ls;fgx?dWo] ^#=# k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] lsjL v]tL ug{' k"j{ xfjfkfgL, df6f]sf] pko'Qmtf hfFr ug{
df6f] k/LIf0f u/]sf] b]lvof] eg] #^=& k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] df6f] kl/If0f gu/L lsjL v]tL u/]sf] b]lvof] .

tflnsf $=%#M df6f] kl/If0fsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f

Dff6f]sf] cj:yf ls;fg ;+Vof k|ltzt
kl/If0f ul/Psf 19 63.3
kl/If0f gul/Psf 11 36.7
hDdf 30 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(

$=$=% tflnd, ;]ldgf/df ;+nUgtfsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM tflnsf $=%$M tflndsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf]
lsjL v]tL ug{'k"j{ / v]tL ug{] l;nl;nfdf s'g} ;+ul7t ;/sf/L ljt/0f
jf lghL ;+3 ;+:yfaf6 tflnd lnPsf ls;fgx? o; lhNnfdf ls;fgsf] k|sf/ ls;fg ;+Vof k|ltzt
&^=& k|ltzt /x]sf b]lvof] eg] @#=# k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] s'g}klg tflnd k|fKt 23 76.7
tflnd glnPsf] b]lvof] . s[lif 1fg s]Gb|, :yfgLo tx tyf cGo Tfflndaf6 jl~rt 7 23.3
;+ul7t ;+:Yff cflbaf6 pknAw u/fPsf tflnd / ;]ldgf/sf hDdf 100
sf/0f ax';+Vos gd'gf ls;fgx?n] tflnd lnPsf] b]lvof] . ;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(

$=$=^ s[lif ;DaGwL ;/sf/L cg'bfg k|fKt u/]sf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM
o; lhNnfsf #) hgf gd'gf ls;fgx?dWo] &#=# k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] s'g}g s'g} k|sf/sf] s[lif ;DaGwL cg'bfgsf]
pkof]u u/]sf] kfOof] eg] @^=& k|ltztn] s'g}klg cg'bfg glnPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
tflnsf $=%%M cg'bfgsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
ljj/0f ls;fg ;+Vof Eff/fÍ k|ltzt
cg'bfgaf6 nfeflGjt 22 73.3
cg'bfgaf6 jl~rt 8 26.7
hDdf 30 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
$=$=& s[lif ;DaGwL ;x'lnotk"0f{{ shf{ pknAwtfsf cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0fM
gd'gfdf k/]sf !) k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] s[lif ;DaGwL ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf] pkof]u u/]sf] b]lvof] eg] () k|ltzt
ls;fgx?n] ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf] pkof]u u/]sf] b]lvPg . ljQLo lzIffsf] sdL, ljQLo kx'Frsf] cefj, clwsf+z
ls;fgx?df ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ ;DaGwL ;"rgfsf] cefj, ;]jfsf] pkof]u ug{ emGeml6nf] k|zf;lgs k|lqmof cflbsf
sf/0f o; lhNnfdf s[lif ;DaGwL ;x'lnotk"0f{{ shf{sf] k|efjsfl/tf sd /x]sf] b]lvof] .

50
 rf6{ $=!(M ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ pkef]usf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
30 27

25

20
ls;fg ;+Vof
15

10

5 3

0
1
;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ pkef]u ug]{ ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ pkef]u gug]{
;|f]tM:ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
$=$=* nufgLsf] ;|f]tsf cfwf/df gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] ljt/0fM
o; lhNnfsf @) k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] Joj;fo cfˆg}} k'FhLaf6 :yfkgf u/]sf] b]lvof] eg] :jk'FhL / C0faf6
Joj;fosf] :yfkgf ug{] ls;fgx? ^=& k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvof] . To:t} :jk'FhL / cg'bfgaf6 lsjL v]tL ug]{ ls;fgx?
$^=& k|ltzt tyf :j–k'FhL, cg'bfg / C0faf6 Joj;fo :yfkgf ug{] lsjL s[ifsx? @^=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvof]] .
tflnsf $=%^M k'FhLsf] ;|f]tsf] cfwf/df gd'gf ls;fgsf] ljt/0f
:j–k'FhL / :j–k'FhL / :j–k'FhL,
k'FhLsf] ;|f]t :j–k'FhL dfq C0f cg'bfg cg'bfg /
C0f
ls;fgsf] ;+Vof 6 2 14 8
k|ltzt 20 6.7 46.7 26.6
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
gd'gf lsjL ls;fgx?dWo] @) hgf ls;fgn] s'g}klg shf{ nlnO{ :jMk'FhLaf6 lsjL Joj;fo u/]sf] b]lvG5 . shf{
lnPsf ls;fgx?dWo] * hgf -*) k|ltzt_ ls;fgn] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf jf cGo ;+ul7t ;+:yfaf6 jflif{s
cf};t !@ k|ltzt Jofhb/df shf{ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ! hgf -!) k|ltzt_ ls;fgn] ;fyLefO{, cfkmGt, ;fx'dxfhg
nufotsf cgf}krfl/s If]qaf6 jflif{s cf};t @$ k|ltzt Jofhb/df shf{ lnPsf] b]lvG5 eg] ! hgf -!) k|ltzt_
ls;fgn] ;+ul7t / cgf}krf/Ls b'j} If]qaf6 shf{ lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
rf6{ $=@)M shf{sf] ;|f]t / Jofhb/sf] ljZn]if0f
25 30.0

20
25.0
20 24.0
20.0
Aofhb/ -k|ltzt_
s[ifssf] ;+Vof

15 18.0
15.0
10 12.0
8 10.0

5 5.0
1 1 0.0
0 0.0
;+ul7t ;+:yf cgf}krfl/s If]q ;+u7Lt / shf{ glng]
cgf}krfl/s b'j} If]q

;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(

51
$=$=( lsjL Joj;fodf ;+nUg cjlwsf cfwf/df gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] ljt/0fM
o; lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf a9L ls;fgx? %–!) jif{b]lv lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOof] eg] !% jif{eGbf a9L
cjlwb]lv o; Joj;fodf ;+nUg ls;fgx? kfOPg .
tflnsf $=%&M lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg cjlwsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
;+nUg cjlw -jif{{_ % eGbf sd %–!) !)–!% hDdf
ls;fg ;+Vof 13 16 1 30
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
$=$=!) lsjL v]tL ul/Psf] If]qkmnsf cfwf/df gd'gf ls;fgsf] ljt/0fM
o; lhNnfsf ;j]eGbf w]/} ls;fgx? !% /f]kgL eGbf a9L If]qkmndf lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg /x]sf]
kfOof] eg] %–!) /f]kgL If]qkmndf o; v]tL ug]{ ls;fgsf] ;+Vof ;a}eGbf sd /x]sf] kfOof] .

tflnsf $=%*M lsjL v]tLsf] If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f

If]qkmn -/f]kgL_ % eGbf sd %–!) !)–!% !% eGbf a9L hDdf
ls;fg ;+Vof 5 4 7 14 30
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(

$=$=!! lsjLsf] k|hftLo pkl:yltM

gd'gfdf k/]sf s'n #) ls;fgx?dWo] zt k|ltzt ls;fgx?sf] cfsif{0f x]jf8{ k|hfltsf lsjL v]tLdf /x]sf]
kfOof] . To;}u/L Pln;g, df]G6L, a|'gf], /]8 / uf]N8]g k|hftLsf lsjL v]tL ug]{ ls;fgsf] ef/fÍ qmdzM (), ^^=&,
^=&, ^=& / #=# k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOof] .
rf6{ $=@!M lsjLsf] k|hftLo pkl:ylt
100
90
80
70
s'n s[ifsdf k|ltzt

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
x]jf8{ Pln;g df]G6L /]8 a|'gf] uf]N8]g u|Lg

;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(

$=$=!@ lsjL kmnsf] d'Vo qm]tfsf cfwf/df ls;fgsf] ljt/0f
o; lhNnfsf sl/j %& k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] cfˆgf] pTkfbg :yfgLo ahf/;Dd nu]/ :jo+ clGtd pkef]Qmfx?nfO{
g} laqmL ljt/0f u/]sf] b]lvof] eg] Ps ltxfO{ ls;fgx?n] cfˆgf] pTkfbg :yfgLo ahf/sf cltl/Qm t/fO{sf 7"nf]
zx/x? h:t} w/fg, O6x/L, ljtf{df]8, bds cflbdf nuL l8kf{6d]G6÷;'k/ dfs{]6nfO{ laqmL ljt/0f u/]sf] b]lvPsf]
5.

52
 tflnsf $=%(M lsjLsf] d'Vo qm]tfsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
ljj/0f ls;fg ;+Vof k|ltzt
clGtd pkef]Qmf 17 56.7

dWo:tstf{ 9 30

l8kf{6d]G6 :6f]/ 4 13.3

pBf]u÷snsf/vfgf – –

hDdf 30 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
$=$=!# lnËsf cfwf/df /f]huf/Lsf] ljt/0fM
o; lhNnfdf gd'gf ;j]{]If0fdf k/]sf #) hgf lsjL v]tL Joj;foLn] s'n *$ hgfnfO{ cf+lzs tyf k"0f{ /f]huf/L
k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . s'n /f]huf/ >dzlQmdWo] ^)=& k|ltzt k'?if / #(=# k|ltzt dlxnf /x]sf 5g\ .
tflnsf $=^)M n}lËs cfwf/df /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf
lnË /f]huf/L ;+Vof k|ltzt
k'?if 51 60.7
dlxnf 33 39.3
cGo 0 0
s'n /f]huf/L l;h{gf 84 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j{]If0f @)&(

$=$=!$ Joj;fosf] ;Gt'li6sf cfwf/df ls;fgx?sf] juL{s/0fM

;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf gd'gf ls;fgx?dWo] (#=# k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] o; Joj;fok|lt ;Gt'i6 /x]sf]
atfPsf 5g\ .
tflnsf $=^!M Joj;fok|lt ;Gt'li6sf] cj:yf
;Gt'li6sf] :t/ ;Gt'i6 c;Gt'i6 hDdf
ls;fgx?sf] ;+Vof 28 2 30
k|ltzt 93.3 6.7 100
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
$=$=!% pTkfbg ljZn]if0fM
lj=;+=@)&( ;fndf gd'gfdf k/]sf #) s[ifsx?af6 ^)( /f]kgL If]qkmndf lsjL v]tL ul/Psf] 5 . v]tL ul/Psf]
If]qkmndf kmn nfu]sf] af]6 ;+Vof #,$$& /x]sf 5g\ eg] s'n pTkfbg !,($,^!% s]=hL= /x]sf] 5 . tYofÍnfO{
ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|lt /f]kgL pTkfbsTj #!(=^ s]=hL= tyf k|ltaf]6 pTkfbsTj %^=% s]=hL= /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

53
 rf6{ $=@@M gd'gf s[ifssf] ljut # jif{sf] pTkfbg ljZn]if0f
250

200

pTkfbg -xhf/ s]=hL df_

150

100

50

0
2077 2078 2079

;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(

@)&& ;fndf gd'gf s[ifsx?af6 s'n (),&%) s]=hL= lsjL pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5 . @)&* ;fndf lsjLsf]
pTkfbg ^# k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ !,$&,(%) s]=hL= k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L @)&( ;fndf cfOk'Ubf pTkfbg #!=%
k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ !,($,^!% s]=hL= k'u]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
$=$=!%=! ;f]n'v'Dj' lhNnfsf] ljut # jif{sf] pTkfbg k|j[lQM
;f]n'v'Dj' lhNnfdf lsjL v]tLsf] s'n If]qkmn cf=j=@)&%÷&^ df @@! x]S6/ /x]sf]df cf=j=@)&&÷&* df cfOk'Ubf
s]xL 36\g uO{ !!% x]S6/ k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L pTkfbgzLn If]qkmn klg #) x]S6/af6 36]/ !! x]S6/ k'u]sf]
5 eg] k|ltkmn %=( d]=6g÷x]=af6 j[l4eO{ ^=! d]=6g÷x]= x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
tflnsf $=^@M ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] tLg jif{sf] pTkfbg k|j[lt
s'n If]qkmn pTkfbgzLn If]q pTkfbg k|ltkmn
cfly{s jif{
-x]S6/_ -x]S6/_ -d]l6«s 6g_ -d]l6«s 6g÷x]S6/_
@)&%÷&^ 221 30 176 5.9
@)&^÷&& 115 10 65 6.5
@)&&÷&* 115 11 68 6.1
;|f]tM Statistical Information On Nepalese Agriculture
$=$=!%=@ k|ltaf]6 pTkfbg Ifdtfsf cfwf/df ls;fgx?sf] ljt/0fM
:ynut ;j]{]If0faf6 k|fKt tYofÍx?af6 k|ltaf]6 lsjLsf] pTkfbg Ifdtf lgsfnL pTkfbgsf % >]0fLx?sf] lgdf{0f
u/L ls;fgx?sf] ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
rf6{ $=@# M k|ltaf]6 lsjLsf] pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df gd'gfsf] ljt/0f
14 13
12
10
ls;fg ;+Vof

8 7
6 5
4 3
2
2
0
0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-90
k|ltaf]6 cf};t pTkfbg
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(

54
rf6{ adf]lhd Pp6f lsjLsf] af]6af6 cf};t $) b]lv ^) s]=hL= pTkfbg ug{] ls;fgx? ;a}eGbf w]/} !# hgf /x]sf
5g\ eg] *) b]lv () s]=hL= k|ltaf]6 pTkfbg ug{] ls;fgx? @ hgf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
$=$=!%=# k|lt af]6 cf};t pTkfbg / ljrngsf] u0fgf
tflnsf adf]lhd k|ltls;fg k|ltaf]6 cf};t pTkfbg -Mean, X̅_ $(=& s]=hL / pTkfbg ljrng (Range) ()
s]=hL /xg uPsf] 5 .
$=$=!^ pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?sf] ljZn]if0fM
lhNnfsf ls;fgx?n] pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ?kdf k|fs[lts k|sf]k / h+unL hgfj/sf] cfqmd0f
tyf dnvfb, pGgt aLp÷a]gf{ / cGo pTkfbg ;fdu|Lsf] cefj k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] atfPsf
5g\ .
rf6{ $=@$M pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f

9 26.7 30
26.7
8
25
7 8
16.7
6 13.3 20
ls;fg ;+Vof

5 5

ef/fÍ
15
4 4
8
3 10
2
5
1
0 0
Dff};dL k|lts"ntf / h+unL dnvfb, pGgt aLp÷a]gf{ k|fljlws ;Lk, 1fg / /f]uJofwLsf] ;d:of
hgfj/sf] cfqmd0f / cGo pTkfbg ;fdu|Lsf] bIftfsf] sdL
cefj
ls;fg ;+Vof ef/fÍ
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(

$=$=!& ahf/Ls/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?sf] ljZn]if0fM

gd'gfdf k/]sf #) hgf lsjL s[ifsx?dWo] @% hgf s[ifsx?n] lsjLsf] plrt d"No gkfPsf], ;dYf{g d"Nosf]
cefjsf sf/0f d"Nodf cToflws ptf/–r9fj cfpg] u/]sf] / ljrf}lnofåf/f lgwf{l/t d"Nodf cfˆgf] pTkfbg a]Rg'kg{]
;d:of /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . lsjLnfO{ sRRff k4fy{{sf] ?kdf pkof]u u/L hfd, h';, a|f08L, jfOg cflb j:t'
pTkfbg ug{] pBf]usf] :yfkgf / ljsf; gePsf] sf/0f lsjLsf] :yfoL ahf/sf] l;h{gf x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .
tflnsf $=^#M ahf/Ls/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f
;d:ofsf] k|s[lt pQ/bftf ;+Vof ef/fÍ ;d:ofsf] uxgtf
d"No, :yfoL ahf/ / ;"rgf;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of 25 83.3 k|yd
;8s k"jf{wf/ / 9'jfgL ;]jf 8 26.7 låtLo
e08f/0f u[xsf] cefj 6 20 t[tLo
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
$=$=!* ljQLo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?sf] ljZn]if0fM
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ls;fgx?dWo] ^) k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 l56f], 5l/tf] / ;j{;'ne ?kdf
shf{ pknAw x'g g;s]sf] u'gf;f] JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . a}+lsª shf{ pkof]usf] nflu afnL aLdf ug{ aLdf sDkgLn]
b]vfpg] u/]sf] clgR5f, kl/of]hgf lwtf] k|0ffnLsf]] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog gx'g', nfdf] sfuhL k|lqmof, efiffut
;d:of, 3/hUUff lwtf] k|0ffnLsf sf/0f ls;fgx?n] a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 shf{sf] pkof]u ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvPg .

55
 tflnsf $=^$M ljQLo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f
;d:ofsf] k|s[lt pQ/bftf ;+Vof ef/fÍ
C0fsf] ;xh pknAwtf 18 60
;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf] pkof]u 2 6.7
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
clwsf+z ls;fgx?n] cfˆgf] Joj;fonfO{ btf{ gug{', ljQLo lzIffsf] sdL, ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf] nlIft ju{;Dd
kx'Fr gk'Ug' ;fy} a}+s ljQLo ;+:yf klg jf:tljs ls;fgx?sf] klxrfg u/L C0f k|jfx ug{ pbfl;g b]lvg'n]
;x'lnotk"0f{{ shf{sf] k|efjsfl/tfdf sdL cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
$=$=!( nfutsf] ljZn]if0fM
gd'gfdf k/]sf #) hgf lsjL s[ifsx?n] lsjL Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{] l;nl;nfdf l:y/ nfutdf s'n nfutsf]
!)=^ k|ltzt vr{ u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . s'n l:y/ nfutleq Jofh vr{n] clws lx:;f cf]u6]sf] 5 . s'n nfutsf]
*(=$ k|ltzt lx:;f kl/jt{gzLn nfutn] cf]u6]sf] 5 .
tflnsf $=^%M ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] lsjL v]tLsf] nfut ljj/0f
s'n nfutdf
ljj/0f /sd -?=_ c+z
-k|ltzt_
kl/jt{gzLn nfut
aLpljhg vr{ 11,44,700 20.9
dhb'/ vr{ 19,74,000 36.0
dnvfb tyf ljiffbL vr{ 9,89,800 18.1
l;FrfO vr{ 2,85,000 5.2
e08f/0f vr{ 82,000 1.5
9'jfgL vr{ 3,45,000 6.3
Kofs]=hL=Ë vr{ 73,000 1.3
;~rf/ vr{ 8,000 0.1
cGo vr{ 0 0.0
s'n kl/jt{gzLn nfut -s_ 49,01,500 89.4
k|lt s]=lh=cf};t kl/jt{gzLn nfut 25.2
l:y/ nfut
e"ldsf] nufg 1,05,000 1.9
cGo d]l;g ,;fwg, pks/0fsf] vl/b 0 0
Jofh vr{ 4,76,500 8.7
s'n l:y/ nfut -v_ 5,81,500 10.6
s'n nfut -s + v_ 54,83,000 100.0
k|lt s]=hL=cf};t pTkfbg nfut -?=_ 28.2 -
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
clwsf+z ls;fgx?n] cfˆg}} hldgdf lsjL Joj;fo ;~rfng ug'{, k/Dk/fut v]tL k|0ffnLsf sf/0f d]l;g cf}hf/
pks/0f cflbsf] k|of]u gug'{', ls;fgx?n] C0f k'FhLeGbf :jk'FhLaf6 Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{' h:tf sf/0fn] s'n
nfutdf l:y/ nfutsf] c+z Go"g /xg uPsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L kl/jt{gzLn nfutnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;a}eGbf a9L
c+z dhb'/sf] Hofnf, aLpljhg, dnvfb tyf ljiffbL vr{sf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf sf/0f ufFp3/df
>dzlQmsf] cefj x'g', a9\b}uPsf] Go"gtd kfl/>lds b/, ;8s k"jf{wf/sf] /fd|f] ljsf; gePsf sf/0f lsjLsf
a]gf{ 9'jfgL nfut a9\g', ;/sf/4f/f cg'bfg k|fKt la?jfsf] kof{Kt cfk"lt{{ gx'Fg', lsjLsf] a]gf{df efn] / kf]yL
5'6\ofpg ;Sg] bIf hgzlQm gx'Fbf a]gf{ vl/bdf bf]xf]/f] vr{ x'g' cflbh:tf sf/0fx? kl/jt{gzLn nfutsf] lx:;f
pRr x'g'df k|d'v lhDd]jf/ /x]sf 5g\ .

56
$=$=@) cfDbfgLsf] ljZn]if0fM
gd'gfdf k/]sf ls;fgx?sf] s'n cfDbfgLdf lsjL laqmL u/L k|fKt cfDbfgLsf] c+z &%=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . s'n
cfDbfgLdf cg'bfgsf] c+z @@ k|ltzt, a]gf{ laqmLaf6 x'g] cfosf] c+z @=# k|ltzt / k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg jfktsf]
cfo )=! k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cg'bfgnfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z gubf{ ls;fgx?sf] ;/b/ k|lt/f]kgL jflif{s ;fnfvfnf
cfo ?=$^,!!&=! /x]sf] 5 eg] k|lt s]=hL= ;/b/ cfo ?=!$$=# / k|lt s]=hL cf};t d'gfkmf ?=!!^=!$ /x]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5 .
tflnsf $=^^M ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] lsjL v]tLsf] cfDbfgL ljj/0f
s'n
cfDbfgLsf] zLif{s /sd ?= cfDbfgLdf
c+z
s'n laqmL cfo -s_ 2,72,35,300 75.6
cGo cfo -v_M– 87,56,500 24.4
a]gf{af6 k|fKt cfo 8,30,000 2.3
cg'bfgaf6 k|fKt cfo -gub dfq_ 79,06,500 22.0
k/fdz{ tflnd ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{{af6 k|fKt cfo 20,000 0.1
cGo 0 0.0
s'n cfo -s+v_ 3,59,91,800 100.0
s'n cfo -s+v_ -cg'bfg afx]s_ 2,80,85,300 64.4
;/b/ k|lt /f]kgL cfo -cg'bfg afx]s_ 46,117.1
;/b/ k|lt s]=hL= cfo -cg'bfg afx]s_ 144.3 -
;/b/ k|lt s]=hL= d'gfkmf -cg'bfg afx]s_ 116.14
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{]If0f @)&(
$=$=@! Joj;fosf] gfkmfof]Uotfsf] k/LIf0fM
gd'gfdf k/]sf ;f]n'v'Da' lhNNffsf lsjL ls;fgx?af6 :ynut ;j]{If0fsf cltl/Qm cgf}krfl/s 5nkmnsf
dfWodaf6 ;+sng ul/Psf cfDbfgL / vr{;DaGwL hfgsf/L÷tYofÍsf] cfwf/df ljleGg ljQLo ljZn]if0fsf
cf}hf/x?sf] k|of]u u/L lsjL v]tLsf] gfkmfof]Uotf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ k|lt s]=hL= cf};t nfut / kl/jt{gzLn nfutM
gd'gfdf k/]sf ls;fgx?af6 ;+sng ul/Psf nfut ;DaGwL tYofÍsf cfwf/df ;Dk"0f{ vr{x?nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{
k|lt s]=hL lsjLsf] cf};t nfut ?=@*=@ / cf};t kl/jt{gzLn nfut ?=@%=@ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ls;fgx?n] cfˆg}
hUufdf v]tL ugf{n] nufgdf vr{ gx'g', C0f k'FhLsf] pkef]u ug]{ ls;fgsf] ;+Vof Go"g ePsf]n] Jofh vr{ Go"g
/xg', d]l;g cf}hf/ tyf pks/0fsf] vl/bdf vr{ gx'g', vr{sf] Jojl:yt n]vf /fVg] kl/kf6Lsf] cefjn] ubf{ l:y/
nfutdf sdL cfO{ k|lt OsfO{ cf};t nfut 36\g uPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o; lhNnfsf gd'gf ls;fgx?n] cGo s'/fx?
oyfjt /x]sf] cj:yfdf cfˆgf] lsjL k|lt s]=hL= ?=@%=@ eGbf sd d"Nodf a]Rg' k/]sf] l:yltdf o; Joj;fodf
lbuf] ?kdf nflu/xg g;Sg] b]lvG5 .
-v_ k|lt s]=hL= cf};t cfDbfgL / d'gfkmfM
gd'gf ls;fgx?af6 ;+sng ul/Psf tYofÍnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{{ cg'bfg afx]ssf] k|lt s]=hL lsjLsf] cf};t cfDbfgL
?=!$$=# / cf};t d'gfkmf ?=!!^=!$ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
-u_ kl/jt{gzLn nfut cg'kft (Variable Cost ratio)
gd'gfdf k/]sf ls;fgx?af6 k|fKt ljj/0fx?sf cfwf/df lhNnfsf] lsjL v]tLsf] s'n laqmL cfodf kl/jt{gzLn
nfutsf] c+z (Variable cost ratio: V/C ratio) !* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
-3_ s'n cfDbfgL / laqmL cfDbfgLdf v'b d'gfkmf b/ (Profit Margin On Total Revenue & Sales Revenue)
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z lsjL s[ifsx?n] lsjL kmn laqmL u/L k|fKt u/]sf] /sdsf cltl/Qm a]gf{ laqmL, k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg
u/]jfkt k|fKt /sd, cg'bfg / cGo cfDbfgL ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] s'n cfDbfgLdf jflif{s d'gfkmfsf] b/ *$=*

57
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] lsjLsf] laqmL cfDbfgLdf d'gfkmfsf] b/ !!@ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ls;fgx?n] k|fKt u/]sf]
cg'bfgn] ubf{ d'gfkmfdf j[l4 x'guPsf]n] o:tf] b/ pRr b]lvPsf] xf] .
-ª_ d'gfkmf kl/df0f cg'kft (Profit Volume –P/V Ratio)
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ePsf lsjL ls;fgx?sf] tYofÍnfO{ cfwf/ lhNnfsf lsjL ls;fgx?sf] Profit Volume –P/V
Ratio u0fgf u/L d'gfkmf cfh{g ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf] cfFsng ul/Psf 5 . pQm lhNnfsf] P/V Ratio )=*@ -*@%_
/x]sf] 5 o;n] laqmL cfDbfgLaf6 s'n kl/jt{gzLn nfut s§f ubf{ *@ k|ltzt a/fa/ dflh{g xfFl;n x'g]
b]vfpFb5 .
-r_ kf/ljGb' ljZn]if0f (Break Even Point -BEP Analysis)
lsjL ls;fgx?sf] ljqmL cfDbfgL / s'n nfut a/fa/ x'g] l:ylt jf ls;fgx?n] ;fdfGo gfkmf -Normal profit_
cfh{g ug{ slt dfqfdf lsjLkmn ljqmL ug'{kb{5 eGg] hfgsf/Lsf nflu Break Even Point (BEP) u0fgful/Psf]
5 . gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ePsf ls;fgx?sf] ;dli6ut ?kdf u0fgf ubf{ BEP ?=&,)(,!!(.@# -%,)^&=! s]=hL_ /
k|lt /f]kgL BEP *=#@ s]=hL b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ tL ls;fgx?n] %,)^&=! s]=hL lsjL jf ?=&,)(,!!(.@#
/sd a/fa/sf] lsjL ljqmL ubf{ ;fdfGo gfkmfsf] cj:yf /xg] b]lvG5 . lsjL Joj;fonfO{ lbuf] ?kdf ;~rfng
ug{sf] nflu gd'gf ls;fgx?n] jflif{s ;fnfvfnf s'n %,)^&=! s]=hL s]=hL jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] kl/df0fdf lsjLkmn
ljqmL ug{ ;Sg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
-5_ nufgLdf k|ltkmnb/ (Return On Investment-ROI)
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ePsf ls;fgx?n] lbPsf] tYofÍsf cfwf/df s'n nufgL / jflif{s d'gfkmfaLrsf] ;DaGw cWoog
ul/Psf 5 . h;cg';f/ ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf gd'gf lsjL s[ifssf] s'n nufgLdf jflif{s cf};t &(=* k|ltzt a/fa/
k|ltkmn k|fKtx'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .
-h_ nufgL e'QmfgL cjlw (Payback Period)
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ePsf lsjL s[ifsx?sf] ;dli6ut ?kdf tYofË ljZn]if0f u/L lsjL v]tLdf pgLx?n] u/]sf] s'n
nufgL lkmtf{ x'g nfUg] cjlwsf] ?kdf Payback Period u0fgf ubf{ lsjLsf] af]6af6 cfDbfgL k|fKtx'g ;'?ePkl5
cf};t !=# jif{df lsjL v]tLdf ul/Psf nufgL c;'n x'g] b]lvG5 .
-em_ nfe nfut cg'kft (Benefit Cost-B/C ratio)
cg'bfgnfO{ cfosf] ?kdf u0fgf gubf{ ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] cf};t B/C ratio $=!M! b]lvPsf]
5 . h;cg';f/ gd'gf ls;fgx?n] lsjL v]tL Joj;fodf ?=! nufgL ubf{ ?=$=! a/fj/sf] k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]
b]lvG5 . clwsf+z gd'gf ls;fgx?n] cfˆg} hldgdf v]tL u/]sf]n] e"ldsf] nufgdf Go"g vr{ ePsf], lsjL v]tLsf]
cfw'lgsLs/0f gePsf sf/0f d]l;g, pks/0f, dnvfb, pGgt aLpljhgdf vr{ sd /x]sf], w]/} ls;fgx?n]
pTkfbg:ynaf6} lsjLsf] ljqmL ljt/0f ug]{ u/]sf]n] 9'jfgL, Kofs]hLË, ;~rf/ nufotsf vr{x? sd ePsf], kxf8L
e]udf v]tL u/Lg] kmn ePsf]n] l;FrfOdf Go"g dfqfdf vr{ ePsf], /f]uJofwsf] vf;} ;d:of gePsf]n] sL6gfzs
tyf ljiffbLdf vr{ Go"g /x]sf] cflb h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ lsjL v]tLsf] s'n nfut Go"g x'guO{ d'gfkmf k|fKt ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
$=% cWoog If]qsf] t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f
cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthfx?nfO{ cWoogdf ;dfj]z ljleGg lhNnfx?aLr t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f u/L lhNnfx?aLrdf
/x]sf ;fdflhs, cfly{s r/x?aLrsf] leGgtfnfO{ vf]hL ub}{ glthfnfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 lsjL
v]tL Joj;fodf sf]zL k|b]z cGtu{tsf gd'gf lhNnfx?sf] lhNnfut ;DefJotfx?sf] klxrfg x'g] / o; Joj;fodf
nufgL ug{rfFxg] pBdL Joj;foLnfO{ nufgL ;DaGwL lg0f{o ug{ ;xof]u k'uL pTkfbgsf ;fwgx?sf] pRrtd
k|ltkmno'Qm If]qdf ljt/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] b]lvG5 .
$=%=! lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg cjlwsf] ljZn]if0fM
gd'gfdf k/]sf s'n !$$ ls;fgx?dWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} sl/j %* k|ltzt ls;fgx? o; Joj;fodf %–!) jif{{;Ddsf]
cjlwb]lv Joj;fodf ;+nUg /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . ;f] ;d"xdf ;a}eGbf w]/} ls;fgx? Onfd lhNnfdf /x]sf 5g\ .
To;}u/L ;a}eGbf sd ls;fgx? !)–!% jif{ ;+nUg cjlwdf /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . lsjLkmn ax'jifL{o kmn ePsf] / of]
58
% jif{b]lv k"0f{{ kl/kSj eO{ sl/j !% jif{{;Dd pRrtd k|ltkmn lbg] cj:yfdf /xg] x'Fbf cfpbf lbgx?df lsjLsf]
pTkfbg qmlds ?kdf a9\g;Sg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
tflnsf $=^&M lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg cjlwsf] ljZn]if0f
;+nUg cjlw -jif{_
ls;fg ;+Vof
% eGbf sd % b]lv !) !) b]lv !% hDdf
kfFry/ 8 13 9 30

wgs'6f 8 15 1 24

Onfd 3 40 17 60

;f]n'v'Da' 13 16 1 30

hDdf ;+Vof 32 84 28 144

s'n gd'gfdf k|ltzt 22.2 58.3 19.5 100

;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(

$=%=@ lsjL v]tLsf] If]qkmn ljZn]if0fM
gd'gfdf k/]sf ls;fgx?nfO{ v]tL ul/Psf] If]qkmnsf cfwf/df hDdf $ efudf ljefhg u/L cWoog ul/Psf]
5.
tflnsf $=^* M lsjL v]tLsf] If]qkmn ljZn]if0f
v]tL ul/Psf] If]qkmn -/f]kgL_
ljj/0f % /f]kgL % b]lv !) !) b]lv !% !% /f]kgL hDdf
eGbf sd /f]kgL /f]kgL eGbf dfly
kfFry/ 13 9 5 3 30

wgs'6f 14 8 0 2 24

Onfd 29 10 6 15 60

;f]n'v'Da' 5 4 7 14 30

hDdf ;+Vof 61 31 18 34 144

s'n gd'gfdf k|ltzt 42.4 21.5 12.5 23.6 100

;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
Tfflnsf adf]lhd sl/j $@ k|ltzt gd'gf ls;fgx?n] cfˆgf] lsjL v]tL Joj;fonfO{ % /f]kgLeGbf sd hldgdf
;fgf] :t/df ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ . ls;fgx?;Fu hldg x'FbfxF'b} klg ;Dk"0f{{ hldgdf lsjL v]tL Joj;fo ;~rfng
u/]sf] b]lvFb}g\ . ls;fgx?;Fu afnL ;DaGwL axLvftf /fVg] kl/kf6L ljsf; gx'Fbf s'g kmn jf afnLaf6 t'ngfTds
nfe jf xfgL k|fKt x'g] xf] ;f]sf] hfgsf/L gx'Fbf lsjL Joj;fonfO{ lj:tf/ ug{] ls gug{] eGg] lg0f{o lng ;s]sf]
b]lvb}g .

59
$=%=# lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg ls;fgsf] z}lIfs cj:yf ljZn]if0fM
clwsf+z ;fwf/0f n]vk9 ug{;Sg] ls;fgx? dfq lsjL Joj;fodf ;+nUg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ufpF3/df z}lIfs u'0f:t/Lo
hgzlQmsf] cefj /xg', o'jf hgzlQm s[lif Joj;fok|lt pbf;Lg /xg' / lsjL v]tL Joj;fodf z'?jftL k'FhL
(start up) sf] ljQLo ;|f]t ;'lglZrtf gx'Fbf Joj;fo ug{ rfxfg] z}lIfs u'0f:t/Lo hgzlQm o; Joj;fok|lt
cfslif{t x'g;s]sf] b]lv+b}g .
tflnsf $=^( M lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg ls;fgsf] z}lIfs cj:yf ljZn]if0f

z}lIfs :t/
ls;fg ;+Vof
;fIf/ P;=Pn=;L P;=Pn=;L dfly hDdf
kfFry/ 18 8 4 30
wgs'6f 23 1 0 24

Onfd 30 22 8 60

;f]n'v'Da' 17 8 5 30

hDdf ;+Vof 88 39 17 144

s'n gd'gfdf k|ltzt 61.1 27.1 11.8 100

;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
$=%=$ lsjL v]tL Joj;fo btf{ / df6f] kl/If0f cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0Fm
o; cWoogdf ;dfj]z ePsf sl/j %^ k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] cfˆgf] Joj;fonfO{ btf{ u/L ;~rfng u/]sf] b]lvG5
eg] sl/j $$ k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] Joj;fosf] btf{ u/]sf] b]lv+b}g . To;}u/L lsjL v]tL ug'{k"j{ o;sf] ef}uf]lns
pko'Qmtf hfFr gug{] ls;fgx? sl/j b'O{ ltxfO{ /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

tflnsf $=&)M lsjL v]tLsf] Joj;fo btf{ / df6f] kl/If0f cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f
Joj;fo btf{sf] cj:yf df6f] kl/If0f cj:yf
ljj/0f kl/If0f
btf{ btf{ hDdf kl/If0f ug]{ hDdf
ePsf gePsf gug]{
kfFry/ 12 18 30 5 25 30
wgs'6f 6 18 24 2 22 24

Onfd 36 24 60 17 43 60

;f]n'v'Da' 27 3 30 19 11 30

hDdf ;+Vof 81 63 144 43 101 144

s'n gd'gfdf k|ltzt 56.3 43.7 100 29.9 70.1 100

;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(

60
$=%=% lsjL ;DaGwL tflnd tyf k|lzIf0fdf ;xeflutfsf] ljZn]if0fM
s'n gd'gf ls;fgx?dWo] sl/j ^( k|ltztn] ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yf4f/f k|bfg ul/Psf lsjL ;DaGwL tflnd ;]ldgf/
uf]i7L cflbdf ;xefuLtf hgfPsf] kfOof] eg] sl/j #! k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] s'g} lsl;dsf] tflnd, js{zk uf]i7L
cflbdf ;xefuLtf hgfPsf] kfOPg .
tflnsf $=&!M tflnd tyf k|lzIf0fsf] cj:yf ljZn]if0f
tflndsf] cj:yf
ls;fg ;+Vof
tflnd lnPsf tflndaf6 jl~rt hDdf
kfFry/ 14 16 30

wgs'6f 14 10 24

Onfd 49 11 60

;f]n'v'Da' 23 7 30

hDdf ;+Vof 100 44 144

s'n gd'gfdf k|ltzt 69.4 30.6 100

;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(

$=%=^ cg'bfg / ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ pkef]usf] ljZn]if0fM

cg'bfg / ;x'lnotk"0f{{ shf{sf] pknAwtfn] ls;fgx?sf] k'FhLsf] nfut 36fO{ Joj;fosf] nfebfostf a9fpg ;Sg]
ePsfn] gd'gf ls;fgx?nfO{ cg'bfg / ;x'lnotk"0f{{ shf{sf] pkof]u ug{] / gug{] u/L ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
rf6{ $=@%M cg'bfg pkef]usf] ljZn]if0f
kfFry/ wgs'6f Onfd ;f]n'v'Da' hDdf ;+Vof
100
90
26.7
80 33.3
45.8 45.1
;+Vof -k|ltztdf_

70
60 cg'bfg
86.7 gkfpg]
50
40
ls;fg

73.3
30 66.7
54.2 54.9
cg'bfg
20
kfpg]
10
13.3
0
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
Dfflysf] rf6{ adf]lhd clwsf+z lhNnfdf gd'gfdf k/]sf ls;fgx?n] gub cg'bfgsf] pkof]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 t/
kfFry/ lhNnfdf sl/j *& k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] cg'bfgsf] pkof]u gu/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

61
 rf6{ $=@^M ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ pkef]usf] ljZn]if0f
kfFry/ wgs'6f Onfd ;f]n'v'Da' hDdf ;+Vof
100
90
80 ;x'lnotk"0f{
70 shf{ glng]]
;+Vof -k|ltztdf_

60 80.0
91.7 88.3 90.0 87.5
50 ;x'lnotk"0f{
shf{ lng]]
40
ls;fg

30
20
10 20.0
8.3 11.7 10.0 12.5
0

;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(

Dfflysf] rf6{ adf]lhd clwsf+z gd'gf ls;fgx?n] ;x'lnotk"0f{{ shf{sf] pkof]u ug{ g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . tYofÍ
;Ísngsf qmddf ;x'lnotk"0f{{ shf{sf] dfu ubf{ub{} klg a}+s–ljQLo ;+:yfn] o;sf] cfk"lt{{ ug{ pbf;Lgtf b]vfPsf]
u'gf;f] clwsf+z ls;fgx?n] JoQm u/]sf 5g\ .
$=%=& ljQLo ;|f]tsf] ljZn]if0fM
cWoogdf ;d]l6Psf s'n !$$ ls;fgx?nfO{ C0fsf] pknAwtfsf cfwf/df ljleGg ju{df ljefhg u/L ljZn]if0f
ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf $=&@M ljQLo ;|f]tsf] ljZn]if0f
shf{sf] ;|f]tsf] cj:yf -shf{ lng]_
shf{
glng] ;+ul7t ;+:yf / s'n
;+ul7t ;+:yf cgf}krfl/s If]q
ljj/0f cgf}krfl/s b'j} ls;fg
ls;fg ;+Vof
;+Vof ls;fg cf};t ls;fg cf};t ls;fg cf};t
;+Vof Jofhb/ ;+Vof Jofhb/ ;+Vof Jofhb/
kfFry/ 19 6 10 5 36 0 - 30

wgs'6f 11 6 12 7 24 0 - 24

Onfd 38 16 11.9 6 24 0 - 60

;f]n'v'Da' 20 8 12 1 24 1 18 30

s'n ls;fg ;+Vof 88 36 - 19 - 1 - 144

s'n gd'gfdf k|ltzt 61.1 25.0 - 13.2 - 0.7 - 100.0

;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
Tfflnsf adf]lhd sl/j ^! k|ltzt gd'gf ls;fgx?n] shf{sf] pkof]u u/]sf] b]lv+b}g\ . Joj;fosf] :yfkgf / lj:tf/
ug{ k6s–k6s a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfdf shf{ dfu ub}u{ Ptf klg a}lsª hutdf ljBdfg lwtf] d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLsf
sf/0f shf{ k|fKt ug{ sl7gfO{ ePsf] u'gf;f] clwsf+z ls;fgx?n] u/]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L, a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfaf6

62
shf{sf] pkef]u ug{] ls;fgx? @% k|ltzt /x]sf b]lvG5g\ eg] sl/j !# k|ltzt gd'gf ls;fgx?n] cgf}krfl/s
If]qaf6 dxFuf] Jofhb/df k'FhLsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
$=%=* lsjL v]tLdf /f]huf/Lsf] ljZn]if0fM
lsjL v]tL Joj;fon] cfˆgf] 3/ kl/jf/sf >d ug{] kl/jf/sf ;b:o nufot Hofnfbf/Ldf nufOPsf >ldsx?nfO{
dlxnf, k'?if / cGo u/L ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
rf6{ $=@&M lsjL v]tLdf /f]huf/Lsf] n}lËs ljZn]if0f
70
60.0 60.7
60 57.1 57.2
52.3
47.7
50 42.9 42.8 k'?if
;+Vof -k|ltztdf_

40.0 39.3
40 dlxnf
30

20

10

0
kfFry/ wgs'6f Onfd ;f]n'v'Da' hDdf ;+Vof
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(

gd'gfdf k/]sf !$$ lsjL v]tL Joj;foLx?n] s'n $$@ hgf >ldsx?nfO{ cf+lzs tyf k"0f{{sfnLg /f]huf/L k|bfg
u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 h;dWo] sl/j %@ k|ltzt k'?if / $* k|ltzt dlxnf sfdbf/x? /x]sf 5g\ . lhNnfut ?kdf
ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;f]n'v'Dj', wgs'6f / kfFry/ lhNnfdf lsjL v]tL Joj;fodf >dsf] cfk"lt{{df k'?ifsf] pkl:ylt a9L
/x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 eg] Onfd lhNnfdf dlxnf >ldssf] ;xeflutf a9L /x]sf] kfOof] .
$=%=( lsjL Joj;fodf ls;fgx?sf] ;Gt'li6sf] cj:yf ljZn]if0fM
lsjL v]tL Joj;fodf ls;fgx?sf] bLuf]kgfsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ o; Joj;fok|lt pgLx?sf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ ;Gt'i6 /
c;Gt'i6 u/L ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf $=&#M tflnd tyf k|lzIf0fsf] cj:yf ljZn]if0f
ls;fg ;+Vof
ljj/0f
;Gt'i6 c;Gt'i6 hDdf
kfFry/ 29 1 30

wgs'6f 17 7 24

Onfd 53 7 60

;f]n'v'Da' 28 2 30

hDdf ;+Vof 127 17 144

s'n gd'gfdf k|ltzt 88.2 11.8 100.0

;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
Tfflnsf adf]lhd clwsf+z ls;fgx? o; Joj;fok|lt ;Gt'i6 /x]sf] kfOof] . s]jn !@ k|ltzt gd'gf ls;fgx?n]
dfq o; Joj;fok|lt c;Gt'li6 /x]sf] hgfPsf 5g\ . cGo afnLsf t'ngfdf sd emGeml6nf], ax'jifL{o afnL / pRr
pTkfbsTj ePsf] sf/0f ls;fgx? o; Joj;fok|lt lgs} ;Gt'i6 /x]sf] kfOof] .

63
$=%=!) lsjLsf] pTkfbg k|j[lQsf] t'ngfTds ljZn]if0fM
gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t eP/ lhNnfut ?kdf lj=;=@)&& b]lv @)&( ;fn;Ddsf] tLg jif{{sf]
pTkfbg k|j[lQnfO{ lgDg /]vflrqsf] ;xfotf4f/f k|:6 kfl/Psf 5 .
rf6{ $=@*M lsjLsf] # jif{sf] pTkfbg k|j[lt ljZn]if0f

600 564.1
550
500
450 kfFry/
380.6
pTkfbg -d]l6«s 6gdf_

400 wgs'6f
350 Onfd
300 266.2
;f]n'v'Da'
250
hDdf
200
150
100
50
0
2077 2078 2079
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(

k|:t't /]vflrq adf]lhd gd'gfdf k/]sf $ j6f lhNnfdWo] wgs'6f lhNnf afx]s cGo lhNnfsf] pTkfbg qmlds
?kdf a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . @)&* ;fndf ;a}eGbf w]/} pTkfbg j[l4 ;f]n'v'Dj' lhNnfdf ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] wgs'6f
lhNnfdf pTkfbg tLj| ultdf 36\g uPsf] 5 . @)&( ;fndf wgs'6f lhNnfsf] pTkfbg pRrb/df a9]sf] 5 eg]
;f]n'v'Dj' lhNnfsf] pTkfbg ;a}eGbf Go"gb/df a9]sf] 5 . ;du| gd'gfsf] pTkfbg eg] qmlds ?kdf a9\b} uO/x]sf]
b]lvG5 .

$=%=!! lsjL v]tLsf] nfut tyf cfDbfgLsf] t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f

cWoog If]qdf /x]sf gd'gf lsjL ls;fgx?sf] pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt nfut tyf lsjL Joj;foaf6 cflh{t cfDbfgL
/ d'gfkmfnfO{ t'ngfTds ?kdf tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf $=&$ cWoog If]qsf] nfut / cfDbfgLsf] ljZn]if0f
nfut -?=_ cfDbfgL -?=_
k|lt s]=hL=cf};t
lhNnf k|lt s]=hL k|lt s]=hL k|lt s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL d'gfkmf
kl/jt{gzLn pTkfbg cfDbfgL cfDbfgL -cg'bfg afx]s_
nfut nfut -cg'bfg afx]s_ -cg'bfg afx]s_
kfFry/ 42.3 52.9 !)@=% 16,381.5 $(=^
wgs'6f 45.8 88.7 125.6 18,315.9 36.9

Onfd 19.2 32.57 126.9 60,251.0 94.3

;f]n'v'Da' 25.2 28.2 144.3 46,117.1 116.14

hDdf gd'gf 23.9 34.2 131.0 45,088.3 96.9

;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(

64
tflnsf adf]lhd Onfd lhNnfsf] cf};t kl/jt{gzLn nfut cGo lhNnfsf t'ngfdf ;a}eGbf sd ?=!(=@ /x]sf]
5 eg] pQm nfut ;a}eGbf a9L wgs'6f lhNnfsf] ?=$%=* /x]sf] 5 . cGo lhNnfsf t'ngfdf Onfd lhNnfdf
nfdf] ;dob]lv lsjLsf] Jofj;flos v]tL xF'b} cfPsf]n] pTkfbg pRr /x]sf] xF'bf kl/jt{gzLn nfut Go"g /xg
uPsf] xf] .
To;}u/L cf};t pTkfbg nfut ;f]n'v'Dj' lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf sd ?=@*=@ /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf w]/} wgs'6f lhNnfdf
?=**=& /x]sf] 5 . ;f]n'v'Dj' lhNnfdf Jofh vr{df sdL cfPsf sf/0f cf};t nfut Go"g /xg uPsf] xf] .
To;}u/L ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] k|lt s]=hL= cfDbfgL / d'gfkmf ;a}eGbf w]/} qmdzM ? !$$=# / !!^=$ /x]sf] b]lvG5
eg] k|lt s]=hL= cfDbfgL kfFry/ lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf Go"g ?=!)@=% / k|lt s]=hL d'gfkmf wgs'6f lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf
Go"g ?=#^=( /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

$=%=!@ lsjL v]tLsf] t'ngfTds ljQLo ljZn]if0f

cWoog If]qdf Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] lsjL pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt nfut, cfDbfgL,
d'gfkmf h:tf cjojx?sf] u0fgf u/L lsjL v]tLsf] Joj;fo ;~rfng glthf, nfebfostf, nufgLsf] k|ltkmn
cj:yf / lb3{sfnLg ;DefJotf h:tf kIfx?sf] t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
cWoog If]qdWo] kl/jt{gzLn nfut cg'kft kfFry/ lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf w]/} $^=% k|ltzt / Onfd lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf
sd !^=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] ;du| gd'gfsf] pQm cg'kft !(=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf ls;fgx?n]
s'n cfDbfgLdf ;a}eGbf a9L *$=* k|ltzt d'gfkmf k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] wgs'6fsf ls;fgn] s'n cfDbfgLdf
;a}eGbf sd ^!=# k|ltzt d'gfkmf k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;du| gd'gfsf] cfDbfgLdf d'gfkmf b/ *)=( k|ltzt
/x]sf] 5 . lsjL Joj;fosf] s'n cfDbfgLdf k|fKt d'gfkmfsf] b/ wgs'6f lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf a9L !@* k|ltzt,
kfFry/ lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf sd (!=# k|ltzt / ;du| gd'gfdf pQm b/ !!(=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
tflnsf $=&% cWoog If]qsf] t'ngfTds ljQLo ljZn]if0f

nufgLdf k|ltkmnb/ (Return

Profit volume Ratio (P/V
Profit Margin on sales
-Variable Cost Ratio _ %
s'n cfDbfgLdf v'b 'gfkmf b/
(Profit Margin On Total
kl/jt{glzn nfut cg'kft

lsjL laqmL cfDbfgLdf v'b

Benefit Cost Ratio

(Grant Deducted)
nufgL e'QmfgL cjlw
(Payback Period)
On Investment)
revenue) %

Sales (Unit)
Break Even

Break Even
Sales (Rs)
Revenue)

d'gfkmf b/

Ratio)

(ROI)

PBP
%

lhNnf

kfFry/ 46.5 62.1 91.3 0.535 692,531.3 7,273.0 27.4 3.6 0.9:1
wgs'6f 41.8 61.3 128.0 0.582 1,150,770.9 10,504.9 18.1 5.5 0.4:1
Onfd 16.8 81.7 127.5 0.832 5,011,838.1 43,943.8 47.6 2.1 2.9:1
;f]n'v'Da' 18.0 84.8 112.0 0.820 709,119.2 5,067.1 79.8 1.3 4.1:1
s'n gd'g f 19.7 80.9 119.2 0.803 7,209,786.0 59,373.8 51.4 1.9 2.8:1
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
laqmL cfoaf6 kl/jt{gzLn nfut s6fP/ cfpg] of]ubfg dflh{gsf] cg'kft Onfd lhNnfsf gd'gf ls;fgsf]
;a}eGbf a9L )=*#@ / kfFry/ lhNnfsf gd'gf ls;fgsf] ;a}eGbf sd )=%#% /x]sf] 5 eg] ;du| gd'gfdf ;f]
cg'kft )=*)# /x]sf] 5 . gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ls;fgx?n] ;du|df gfkmf gf]S;fgsf] cj:yf geO{ ;Gt'ngdf /xg
jflif{s s'n ?=&@,)(,&*^ jf %(,#&#=* s]=hL a/fa/sf] lsjL laqmL ug'{kg]{ / k|lt /f]kgL pQm laqmL kl/df0f #^=@
s]=hL b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ls;fgx?sf] s'n laqmL kl/df0f ;f] eGbf w]/} /x]sf]n] ;du|df d'gfkmfsf]
cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
lsjL v]tL Joj;fodf u/]sf] s'n nufgLdf ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf ls;fgx?n] ;a}eGbf a9L jflif{s cf};t &(=*
k|ltzt k|ltkmn k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] wgs'6f lhNnfsf ls;fgsf] pQm k|ltkmn b/ ;a}eGbf sd !*=!
k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;du| gd'gfdf To:tf] k|ltkmn b/ %!=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . lsjL Joj;fodf ul/Psf]
65
nufgL lkmtf{ x'g wgs'6f lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf a9L %=% jif{ nfUg] / ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf sd !=# jif{df
nufgL lkmtf{ k|fKt x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] ;du|df !=( jif{df lsjL v]tLsf] nufgL lkmtf{ x'g] tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0faf6
b]lvPsf] 5 . Joj;foaf6 k|fKt nfe / s'n nfut aLrsf] cg'kft ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf a9L $=!M! /
;a}eGbf sd wgs'6f lhNnfdf )=$M! /x]sf] 5 eg] ;du| gd'gf ls;fgx?sf] pQm cg'kft @=*M! /x]sf] 5 . cWoog
If]qsf] cGo lhNnfx?sf] t'ngfdf ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfdf lsjLsf] laqmL d"No / pTkfbgsf] :t/ t'ngfTds ?kdf a9L
ePsf], Jofh vr{ Go"g /x]sf] sf/0f nfe–nfut cg'kft pRr /xg uPsf] b]lvG5 .
$=%=!# lsjL pTkfbssf] laqmL d"No ljZn]if0f
gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ePsf cWoog If]qsf lsjL ls;fgx?n] lj=;++=@)&( ;fnsf] cjlwdf pTkfbg u/]sf] lsjL kmnnfO{
laqmL ubf{sf] clwstd / Go"gtd laqmL d"Nosf] tYofÍsf cfwf/df of] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
rf6{ $=@( MlsjL ls;fgsf] clwstd / Go"gtd laqmL d"No -lj=;+=@)&(_
300 300 300

clwstd d"No
250 Go"gtd d"No
clwstd / Go"gtd d"No

200
200
-?= k|lt s]=hL=_

150
150
100
100
50 50
35
50

0
kfFry/ wgs'6f Onfd ;f]n'v'Da'
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(
dflysf] /]vflrqn] lj=;+=@)&( ;fndf gd'gf 5gf}6df k/]sf $ j6f lhNnfx?df /x]sf lsjL ls;fgx?n]
lsjLkmnnfO{ laqmL ubf{ d"Nodf ;fdgf ug{'k/]sf] ptf/ r9fjnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . d"Nodf 5f]6f] ;dodf cfpg]
c;fdfGo ptf/ r9fjn] lsjL s[ifsx?sf] Jofj;flos jftfj/0fdf clglZrttf k}bf eO{ Jofj;flos bLuf]kgfsf]
;'lglZrttf / nufgL a9fpg] of]hgfnfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
$=^ lsjL / lxpFb] kmnkm'n aLrsf] t'ngfTds pTkfbsTj ljZn]if0fM
s[lif tyf kz'kG5L ljsf; dGqfnon] k|sfzg u/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ lsjLkmn / cGo lxpFb] kmnkm'nsf]
pTkfbsTj lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf $=&^M lsjL / lxpFb] kmnkm'n aLrsf] t'ngfTds pTkfbsTj ljZn]if0fM
lsjLkmn lxpFb] kmnkm'n
cfly{s jif{ s'n If]qkmn pTkfbg pTkfbsTj pTkfbsTj
-x]=_ -d]=6=_ -d]=6=÷x]=_ -d]=6=÷x]=_
@)&%÷&^ 494 1,579 7.8 7.18
@)&^÷&& 1,169 2,064 2.31 6
@)&&÷&* 1,266 3,239 8.12 7.14
;|f]tM Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture_(2075/76-2077/78)
Tfflnsf adf]lhd lsjLkmnsf] pTkfbsTj cf=j=@)&^÷&& afx]s cGo jif{ pRr /x]sf] b]lvG5 . kxf8L e]usf kfvf
af/Ldf nufpg ldNg] of] ax'jifL{o kmn cGo afnLsf t'ngfdf a9L d"Nojfg kmn ePsfn] o; k|b]zsf ljleGg
kxf8L lhNnfx?df lsjLsf] Jofj;flos v]tL tLj| ?kdf a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 .

66
$=& ljut # jif{{sf] lsjLsf] cfoft lgof{t cj:yfM
g]kfn ;/sf/ pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{{ dGqfno4f/f k|sflzt k|ltj]bg cg'?k g]kfnsf] ljut # jif{{sf] lsjLsf]
cfoft lgof{t cj:yf lgDg adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .

tflnsf $=&&M ljut # jif{sf] lsjLsf] cfoft lgof{t cj:yf

lgof{t cfoft
cfly{s jif{ b]z kl/df0f /sd kl/df0f /sd
-d]=6g_ -?= xhf/df_ -d]=6g_ -?=bz nfvdf_
ef/t 110.8 46.1
@)&&÷&* rLg 63.0 7.7
hDDff 173.8 53.8
ef/t 81.0 35.7
o'=P=O{= 89.5 9.7
rLg 51.9 6.7
@)&*÷&( u|L; 45.6 4.2
O{6fnL 45.6 4.2
O{/fg 22.8 2.1
hDDff 336.4 62.6
ef/t 0.8 85.5 57.6 25.6
rLg 155.4 18.6
@)&(÷*) lrnL 40.0 5.1
o'=P=O{= 21.6 2.2
hDDff 0.8 85.5 274.6 51.5
;|f]tM Trade and Export Promotion Centre, pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{{ dGqfno
Tfflnsf adf]lhd cf=j=@)&(÷*) afx]s cGo jif{{df g]kfnaf6 lsjLsf] lgof{t ePsf] b]lvFb}g eg] cf=j=@)&&÷&*
df ?=% s/f]8 #* nfv a/fa/sf] lsjL cfoft ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L cf=j=@)&*÷&( df ?=^ s/f]8 @^ nfv
a/fa/sf] lsjLkmn cfoft ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] cf=j=@)&(÷*) df ?=% s/f]8 !% nfv a/fa/sf] lsjL ljleGg
b]zx?af6 cfoft ePsf] / ef/ttkm{ ?=*% xhf/ a/fa/sf] )=* d]l6«s 6g -*)) s]=hL=_ lsjL lgof{t ePsf]
b]lvG5 . :jb]zL lsjLaf6 cfofltt lsjLnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ub}{ ljleGg b]zx?df lsjLkmnnfO{ lgof{t ug{ ;lsg]
k|z:t ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

$=^=cg';Gwfg kl/sNkgfsf] k/LIf0fM

o; cWoogsf] kl/sNkgfnfO{ k/LIf0f ug{] p2]Zon] cWoogsf] ;du| gd'gfnfO{ k|ltaf]6 pTkfbsTjsf cfwf/df
ljleGg pTkfbg >]0fLdf ljefhg ub}{ ls;fgx?nfO{ cg'bfg k|fKt ug{] / gug{] b'O{ ;d"xdf ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ cfl>t r/ (Dependent variable)M o; kl/sNkgfdf ls;fgx?sf] k|ltaf]6 pTkfbsTjnfO{ cfl>t r/sf]
?kdf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
-v_ :jtGq r/ (Independent variable)M o; kl/sNkgfdf ;/sf/L :t/af6 k|bfg ul/Psf] cg'bfgnfO{ :jtGq
r/sf] ?kdf lnO{Psf] 5 . cg'bfgsf] Ps OsfO{ kl/jt{gn] ls;fgx?sf] pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 u/L k|ltaf]6 pTkfbsTjdf
j[l4 ub{5 eGg] kl/sNkgfsf] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 .
-u_ tYofÍzf:qLo cf}hf/sf] rogM kl/sNkgfn] b'O{ r/x?aLrsf] ;DjGw ljZn]if0f ug{ vf]h]sf], cWoogsf] nflu
lnOPsf] gd'gf ;+Vof kof{Kt /x]sf] -!$$_, k/LIf0f ljlwn] gd'gf lnO{Psf] hg;+Vofsf] ljt/0f ;DaGwdf s'g} klg
dfGotf :yflkt gu/]sf], u0fgf ug{ ;lhnf] / a'em\g ;/n /x]sf] sf/0f Chi Square (χ2) Test tYofÍzf:qLo
cf}hf/sf] rog ul/Psf] 5 .

67
-3_ Level Of Significance: o; kl/sNkgfsf] k/LIf0fsf nflu level of significance 5% /flvPsf] 5 . t;y{
kl/sNkgfsf] k/LIf0fsf nflu rog ul/Psf] tYofÍzf:qLo cf}hf/af6 k|fKt lgisif{nfO{ ;Dk"0f{{ hg;+Vofdf
;fdfGoLs/0f ubf{ (% k|ltzt ;xL (level of confidence) / % k|ltzt gd'gf 5gf}6 ug{] qmddf ePsf dfgjLo
q'6Lsf sf/0f unt x'g ;S5g\ .
-ª_ u0fgf / glthfM
h0: cg'bfg k|fKt ug{] lsjL s[ifs / cg'bfgaf6 jl~rt lsjL s[ifsx?aLr pTkfbsTjdf leGgtf
5}g\ .
h1: cg'bfg k|fKt ug{] lsjL s[ifs / cg'bfgaf6 jl~rt lsjL s[ifsx?aLr pTkfbsTjdf leGgtf
5.
tflnsf $=&*M cg';Gwfg kl/sNkgfsf] kl/If0f
Status Of Grant Utilization
Production Per Vine
(Kg) No of farmers No of farmers not taken Row Total
Taken Grant Grant (RT)
0-20 5 9 14
20-40 11 12 23
40-60 21 20 41
60-80 29 19 48
80-100 13 5 18
Grand Total
Column Total (CT) 79 65
(GT) = 144

Using Chi Square test for above distribution:

Observed Value Expected Value

(O-E) (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E
(O) E = (RT*CT)/GT
5 7.68 -2.68 7.19 0.94
9 6.32 2.68 7.19 1.14
11 12.62 -1.62 2.62 0.21
12 10.38 1.62 2.62 0.25
21 22.49 -1.49 2.23 0.10
20 18.51 1.49 2.23 0.12
29 26.33 2.67 7.11 0.27
19 21.67 -2.67 7.11 0.33
13 9.88 3.13 9.77 0.99
5 8.13 -3.13 9.77 1.20
Total 57.82 5.5409

Chi Statistics (χ2) = Σ(O-E)2/E 5.5409

At 5 % level of significance ,
(R-1)*(C-1) =
4
Degree of freedom (DF) (5-1)*(2-1)
Tabulated Chi statistics at 5% level of confidence at
9.488
above DF
Here , Calculated Chi statistics is less than critical chi statistics.
Hence, We accept null hypothesis(h0)
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(

68
k|fKt glthf adf]lhd cg'bfg /sd / lsjL s[ifsx?sf] pTkfbsTjaLr s'g} ;DaGw gePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . cg'bfg
k|fKt ls;fg / cg'bfgaf6 jl~rt ls;fgx?aLr pTkfbsTjdf s'g} leGgtf b]lvPg .
gd'gf ;+sngsf qmddf clwsf+z ls;fgx?n] ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 ljt/0f ug{] cg'bfg kf/bzL{, oyfy{k/s gePsf],
cg'bfg ljt/0f k|0ffnL cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t eGbf ljt/0fd'vL dfq ePsf], jf:tljs lsjL ls;fgx?n] cg'bfgsf]
pkof]u ug{ gkfPsf] u'gf;f] u/]sf lyP . cg'bfg ljt/0f kZrft o;sf] pkof]u ;DjGwdf txut cg'udg ug{]
;+oGqsf] cefj /x]sf], cg'bfgnfO{ pTkfbg;Fu cfj4 u/]/ ljt/0f ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0f cg'bfgn] lsjL s[ifsx?nfO{
pTkfbg a9fpg ;sf/fTds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . cWoog If]qdf :ynut ;j]{If0fsf qmddf cg'bfg
lng] / cg'bfg glng] ls;fgx?sf] Joj;fo ug{] tf}/tl/sf, tflnd, ;Lk 1fgsf] :t/, pGgt aLpljhg, cf}hf/
pks/0fsf] pkof]u, ahf/Ls/0f ug{] sf}zntf, Joj;fosf] lj:tf/ ug{] of]hgf h:tf cfwf/e't tTjx?df vf;}
leGgtf /x]sf] kfOPg .
$=& lsjL v]tLsf] d"No >[+vnf ljZn]if0f
Ps hgf Jofj;flos lsjL ls;fgn] pTkfbg u/]sf] lsjL kmn pTkfbg :ynaf6 ljleGg >+[vnf jf r/0fx? kf/
ub}{ clGtd pkef]Qmf;Dd k'u]sf] x'G5 . tL ljleGg ljt/0fsf >+[vnfx?df ;xefuL x'g] Ph]G6x?n] d"No clej[l4
u/L lsjL kmn csf]{ Ph]G6nfO{ laqmL ul//x]sf x'G5g\ h;nfO{ lgDg rf6{af6 b]vfOPsf] 5 .
tnsf] rf6{ adf]lhd lsjL s[ifsn] pTkfbg u/]sf] lsjL kmn dWo:ystf{, yf]s Jofkf/L, v'b|f Jofkf/L x'Fb} clGtd
pkef]Qmf;Dd k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . ls;fgn] k|lt s]=hL cf};t ?=#$=@ nfut nufP/ pTkfbg u/]sf] lsjL rf/ r/0fsf]
ljt/0f >[+vnf kf/ub}{ clGtd pkef]Qmf;Dd k'Ubf pkef]Qmfn] k|lt s]=hL cf};t ?=#)) df lsjL vl/b u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . o; qmddf ls;fgn] k|lt s]=hL ?=*&=@ d"No clej[l4 k|fKt ubf{ ;a}eGbf a9L d"No clej[l4 v'b|f laqm]tfn]
k|lt s]=hL ?=(*=# k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

69
 rf6{ $=#)M lsjL kmnsf] d"No >[+vnf

k|lt s]=hL nfut

?=#$=@ ls;fg k|yd r/0f

k|lt s]=hL=d"No clej[l4 laqmL d"No k|lt s]=hL ?=!@!=$

?=*&=@

dWo:ystf{ bf];|f] r/0f

k|lt s]=hL=d"No clej[l4
?=$%=%
laqmL d"No k|lt s]=hL ?=!^^=(

yf]s laqm]tf t];|f] r/0f

k|lt s]=hL=d"No clej[l4
?=#$=*
laqmL d"No k|lt s]=hL ?=@)!=&

v'b|f laqm]tf rf}yf] r/0f

k|lt s]=hL=d"No clej[l4
?=(*=#
laqmL d"No k|lt s]=hL ?=#))

clGtd pkef]Qmf
;|f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&(

70
 kl/R5]b %M lgisif{ tyf ;'emfj

%=! cWoogsf] lgisif{ M

:ynut ;j]{If0faf6 ;+sng ul/Psf k|fylds tYofÍx?sf] ljZn]if0f tyf ljleGg lgsfox?af6 k|sflzt lsjLkmn;Fu
;DalGwt låtLo tYofÍx?sf] ;d]t pkof]uaf6 cWoogsf] p2]Zo;Fu d]nvfg] lgDglnlvt lgisif{ lgsflnPsf]
5.
sf]zL k|b]zdf Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLsf] pTkfbgsf] k|j[lQ / o;sf] ahf/ cj:yfaf/] M
o; k|b]zdf Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLsf] cg'ej Tolt nfdf] /x]sf] 5}g\ . Onfd lhNNff afx]s cGo lhNnfdf of] Joj;fo
z'?jftL cj:yfd} /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] sl/j %* k|ltzt ls;fgx? %–!) jif{b]lv Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg
/x]sf 5g\ .
 sf]zL k|b]zdf lsjL v]tL Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{] sl/j ^! k|ltzt ls;fgx? ;fwf/0f n]vk9 ug{;Sg]
;fIf/ /x]sf] kfOof] eg] sl/j %^ k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] cfˆgf] Joj;fo btf{ u/]sf / &) k|ltzt ls;fgx?n]
o; Joj;fo;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} g s'g} lsl;dsf tflnd, k|lzIf0f, k/fdz{ ;]jf lnPsf b]lvG5g\ . lzlIft
u'0f:t/Lo o'jf hgzlQmsf] lsjL v]tL Joj;fodf cfs{if0f /x]sf] b]lvb}g .
 lsjL v]tL Joj;fo o; k|b]zsf kxf8L lhNnfx?df kfOg] xfjfkfgL cg's'n /x]sf], cGo lxpFb] kmnkm'nsf
t'ngfdf k|lt x]S6/ pTkfbsTj pRr /x]sf], ax'jifL{o kmn Pjd\ cGo afnLsf t'ngfdf sd emGeml6nf]
afnL ePsf sf/0f ls;fgx?sf] o; afnLk|lt cfs{if0f /x]sf], sl/j &) k|ltzt ls;fgx?n] tflnd,
k|lzIf0f / k/fdz{ ;]jf pkof]u u/]sf, sl/j ** k|ltzt lsjL s[ifsx? cfˆgf] Joj;fok|lt ;Gt'i6 /x]sf
sf/0f o; k|b]zdf lsjLsf] Jofj;flos v]tL ul/Psf] e"–If]qkmn, s'n pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj qmdzM a9\b}
hfg] k|j[lQdf /x]sf] 5 .
 o; Joj;fosf] pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?sf] ef/fÍ lhNn} lkR5] km/s km/s /x]sf] 5 . Onfd,
;f]n'v'Dj' / wgs'6f lhNnfsf]] k|d'v ;d:of df};dL k|lts"ntf / h+unL hgfj/sf] cfqmd0f /x]sf] 5 eg]
kfFry/ lhNnfdf dnvfb, pGgt aLp÷a]gf{ / cGo pTkfbg ;fdu|Lsf] cefj k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
5.
 cfd hgdfg;df a9\b} uPsf] :jf:Yo hgr]tgfsf sf/0f pkef]Qmfx?df lsjLkmn k|ltsf] rf;f] / pkef]u
qmdzM a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 . ahf/df lsjL kmnsf] dfu kmnkm'nhGo j:t'sf ?kdf clGtd pkef]Qmfn] dfq
ul//x]sf t/ lsjLkmnnfO{ sRrf k4fYf{sf] ?kdf pkof]u ug{] cGo pBf]u snsf/vfgfsf] :yfkgf / ljsf;
gx'Fbf bL3{sfnLg ahf/sf] cefj x'guO{ d"Nodf c;fdfGo ptf/–r9fj x'g]u/]sf] cj:yf /x]sf]
5.
 lsjLkmnsf] d"No lgwf{/0f k|lqmofdf ahf/ tTjx? (Market Forces) eGbf Hofbf :yfgLo ljrf}lnofx?sf]
e"ldsf a9L ePsf] sf/0f ahf/df qm]tflwsf/ (Monopsony Power) sfod /x]sf] . ;do, tf}n, :yfg,
k|hftL cg';f/ lsjLkmnsf] d"Nodf ljljwtf /x]sf] tyf pTkfbsn] laqmL ug{] d"No / clGtd pkef]Qmfn]
ltg{] d"No aLrsf] cGt/ clws b]lvPsf] 5 .
 o; Joj;fosf] ahf/Ls/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of lhNnf cg';f/ km/s–km/s /x]sf] 5 . kfFry/ lhNnfdf
d'Vo u/]/ e08f/0f u[xsf] cefj k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /xg uPsf] 5 eg] Onfd, wgs'6f / ;f]n'v'Dj'
lhNnfdf d"No, :yfoL ahf/ / ;"rgf;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx? k|d'v /x]sf 5g\ .

71
Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLdf ljQLo ;|f]t kl/rfngsf] cj:yf / cfly{s kmfObfaf/]
 o; k|b]zdf /x]sf sl/j ^! k|ltzt lsjL ls;fgx?sf] Jofj;flos k'FhLsf] d'Vo ;|f]t :jk'FhL /x]sf] tyf
lsjL v]tL Joj;fodf a}+s–ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f nufgL s]jn @% k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
 ljQLo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ?kdf ;f]n'v'Dj' / wgs'6f lhNnfdf a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 C0fsf] ;xh
pknAwtf x'g g;Sg' k|d'v ?kdf /x]sf] 5 eg] kfFry/ / Onfd lhNnfdf ;x'lnotk"0f{{ shf{sf] ;xh
pknAwtf x'g g;Sg' k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /xsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
 o; k|b]zdf pTkflbt lsjLsf] nfut lgwf{/0fdf cf};t kl/jt{gzLn nfutsf] dxTjk"0f{{ lx:;f /x]sf] 5
eg] lsjL s[ifsx?sf] d"No ;xgzLntf (Price Tolerance Limit)# ;Ldf ?=@#=( k|lt s]=hL= /x]sf]
5.
 o; k|b]zdf lsjLkmn Joj;fo cfly{s ?kn] nfebfos / ;DefJo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; k|b]zdf pTkflbt
lsjLsf] k|lt s]=hL= cf};t cfDbfgL ?=!#! ?kF}of / k|lt s]=hL= cf};t d'gfkmf ?=(^=( /x]sf] 5 .
 To;}u/L, o; Joj;fodf nufgL e'QmfgL cjlw @=# jif{{ / nfe nfut cg'kft @=!M! /x]sf] 5 eg] k|lt
ls;fg kf/laGb' laqmL (Break Even Sales Volume) %%)=$@ s]=hL= /x]sf] 5 .
 o; cWoogsf] cg'bfg k|fKt ug{] lsjL ls;fg / cg'bfg glnO{ lslj v]tL ug{] lsjL s[ifssf] k|ltaf]6
pTkfbsTjdf leGgtf 5}g\ eGg] (Null Hypothesis) kl/sNkgf k/LIf0fsf qmddf :jLs[t ePsf] 5 .
t;y{ Joj;fosf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu ;/sf/4f/f ljtl/t cg'bfgn] ls;fgsf] k'FhLsf] cfjZostfnfO{
s]xL xb;Dd k"lt{{ u/]tfklg o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf Go"g /x]sf] ;fy} pTkfbg j[l4 ug{ ;sf/fTds e"ldsf
gv]n]sf] sf/0f cg'bfg lng] / glng] ls;fgx?aLr k|ltaf]6 pTkfbsTjdf tflTjs cGt/ b]lvPsf] 5}g\ .
%=!=# Jofj;flos lsjL v]tLsf] ;Defjgf tyf r'gf}tLx?
klxrfg ul/Psf ;Defjgfx?M
 o; k|b]zsf kxf8L lhNnfx?df ljBdfg ;dlztf]i0f Gofgf] xfjfkfgL / dlnnf] kfFuf] df6f]sf] sf/0f lsjL
v]tL Joj;fosf nflu t'ngfTds nfe (comparative advantages) k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
 cGo lxpFb] kmnkm'n (winter fruits) sf t'ngfdf k|lt x]S6/ pTkfbg (yield) a9L /x]sf], sd emGeml6nf],
cf+lzs >dsf] k"lt{af6 ;d]t ug{;lsg], /f]uJoflwsf] k|sf]k Go"g /x]sf] tyf ax'jifL{o kmn ePsf] x'Fbf cGo
afnLnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug{;lsg] .
 o; k|b]zsf clwsf+z :yfgx?df a}+s–ljQLo ;+:yf aLdf sDkgLx?sf] ;3g pkl:ylt /x]sf], ;Dk"0f{{
lhNnfsf ;b/d'sfdx? t/fO{;Fusf] ;8s ;~hfn;Fu hf]l8Psf sf/0f lsjL v]tLnfO{ cfjZos kg{] k'FhLsf]
;xh cfk"lt{{, afnL aLdf, 9'jfgL nufotsf cGo k"jf{wf/ vr{df sdL cfO{ d"Nosf lx;fjn] o; If]qdf
pTkflbt lsjL k|lt:kwf{Tds x'g;Sg] b]lvG5 .
 u'0f:t/Lo d"No k|lt:kwL{ lsjLsf] pTkfbg ug{;s] ef/t, rLg nufot cGo d'n'sdf lgof{t ug{;Sg] k|z:t
;Defjgf /xg'sf cltl/Qm g]kfn lelqg] cfofltt lsjLnfO{ ;d]t k|lt:yfkg ug{;Sg] k|z:t ;Defjgf
/x]sf] 5 .
 o; k|b]zdf /x]sf cf}Bf]lus If]q, cf}Bf]lus kfs{ nufotdf lsjLnfO{ sRrf k4fy{{sf] ?kdf pkof]u ug{]
hfd, a|f08L, jfOg, h';, rsn]6 cflb pBf]ux?sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'g;s] lsjLsf] bL3{sfnLg ahf/
l;h{gf eO{ o; If]qsf] lsjL pTkfbg a9\g;Sg] k|z:t ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
 o; k|b]zsf jif{]gL ljb]lzg] xhf/f+} hgzlQmnfO{ k'FhL, k|ljlw / ;Lk pknAw u/fO{ lsjL v]tL Joj;fodf
;+nUg u/fpg;s] cfsfl;Fbf] Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug{ ;lsG5 eg] :yfgLo :t/df /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g;Sg]
;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
#
ls;fgsf] nflu lsjLsf] Tof] Go'gtd d"No hf] cNksfnLg kl/jt{gzLn nfut;+u a/fa/ x'g cfp5 . of] d"no eGbf tn s'g} klg s[ifsn] lsjL
ljs|L ug{' k/] Joj;fo aGb ug{'kg{] x'g hfG5 .

72
r'gf}tLx?M
 d"No / u'0f:t/sf lx;fjn] t];|f] d'n'saf6 cfofltt lsjL;Fu o; k|b]zdf :yflkt lsjLn] k|lt:kwf{ ug{
;Sg] jftfj/0f agfO{ cGo pBf]u Joj;fo;Fu cu| / k[i7 ;DaGw :yfkgf u/fpg' .
 lsjL kmnsf] bLuf] ahf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ub{} o; Joj;fodf 7"nf nufgLstf{sf] k|j]z u/fpg' .
%=@ ;'emfjx?M
o; cWoogaf6 k|fKt lgisif{, ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fusf] 5nkmn ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ ub{} lgDg lnlvt ;'emfjx? k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ a}+s–ljQLo ;+:yfsf nfluM
 lsjL s[ifsx?n] Joj;fo :yfkgf / lj:tf/ ug{] k|of]hgsf nflu dfu ug{] z'?jftL k'FhL kl/of]hgf lwtf]
/fvL ;/n / ;xh ?kdf pkNfAw u/fpg'kg{] .
 lsjL kmnsf] z"Go k|ltkmn cjlw (Gestation Period) nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ lsjL v]tLdf ul/Psf] C0f
nufgLsf] ;fFjf–Jofh e'QmfgL cjlwnfO{ ldnfg ug{'kg{] .
 a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfn] lsjL s[ifsx?nfO{ k|bfg ug{] shf{sf] k|lqmofut ;/nLs/0f, g]kfnL efiffsf] k|of]u,
aLdf sDkgL;Fusf] ;dGjodf afnL aLdf ;]jf ;d]t Ps4f/ k|0ffnLdfkm{t pknAw u/fpg' kg{] .
 ls;fgx?af6 C0fsf] dfu cgnfOgaf6 ;d]t ug{ ;lsg] (Smart Crediting) Joj:yf ldnfO{ lgj]bg
k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] a9Ldf !% lbgleq C0f pknAw u/fO{lbg] jf lbg g;lsg] cj:yf /x] lgj]bsnfO{
;"rgf lbg] Joj:yf ug{'kg{] .
 a}+s–ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] o; Joj;fodf C0f nufgL ul/;s]kl5 lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug'{kg{], a}+s /
ls;fgx?aLrsf] ;DjGwnfO{ ;'dw'/ / ;fldKo agfpg ls;fgx?;Fu a}+s h:tf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng u/L
art ug{] afgLsf] ljsf;, k/fdz{ ;]jfx?, ahf/sf] cj:yf, gofF / pGgt k|ljlw cfTd;ft ug{
ls;fgx?nfO{ pT;flxt ub}{ ljQLo lzIffsf] k|;f/ ug{k' g{] .
 o; k|b]zdf /x]sf] lgodgsf/L lgsfo g]kfn /fi6« a+}sn] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 k|bfg ul/Psf] s[lif
;DaGwL shf{nfO{ ;"Id ?kdf lg/LIf0f u/L jf:tljs ls;fgx?;fd' ;x'lnotk"0f{{ shf{, s[lif shf{ k'Ug
;s]sf] jf g;s]sf] olsg ug'{kg{] .
-v_ :yfgLo tx÷k|b]z ;/sf/sf nfluM
 :yfgLo ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] e"–If]qleq ;DefJo /x]sf s[lifafnLx?sf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg u/L t'ngfTds nfe
xfFl;n ug{;lsg] afnLx?sf] klxrfg ug{] / o; ljifodf :yfgLo ls;fgx?;Fu 5nkmn u/L To:tf afnLx?
nufpFg ls;fgx?nfO{ pT;flxt ug{] .
 yf]/} If]qkmndf klg w]/} pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg], d"Nojfg kmnkm'n, h8La'6L, k'ik v]tL cflb h:tf
(Horticulture) Joj;fonfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ ;/sf/L tyf ;fd'bflos ljBfnox?df lglZrt kf7\oqmdsf]
ljsf; u/L k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] pTkfbg ug{'kg{] .
 :yfgLo lgsfon] cfˆgf] e"–If]qdf s[lif Joj;fosf nflu ljlzi6Ls[t :yfgsf] klxrfg u/L To:tf If]qx?nfO{
ljz]if s[lif If]q 3f]if0ff ug{] / tL If]qx?df ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x? af6f], aQL, 6]lnkmf]g, l;FrfO{ cflbsf]
pknAwtfsf] olsg u/L kof{ko{6gsf] ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg'kg{], lsjLsf] Go"gtd ;dy{g d"No tf]lslbg],
e08f/0f u[xsf] Joj:yf ug{], tyf 9'jfgLsf nflu lrlnË Eofgsf] Joj:yf ug{] .
 :yfgLo :t/af6 pknAw x'g] cg'bfg, ;x'lnot cflbnfO{ kf/bzL{, cfjZostf / pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t agfO{
nlIft ls;fg;Dd sfo{qmdx? k'u]–gk'u]sf] olsg u/L cfjlws ?kdf cg'udg ug{] .
 larf}lnofsf] >[Înf tf]8\g af6f] tyf oftfoft nufot k"jf{wf/sf] lj:tf/ u/L l;w} ahf/;DDf s[ifssf] kx"Fr
;"lgZrt ug]{ .

73
-u_ ;/sf/L lgsfo÷;+3Lo ;/sf/sf nfluM
 :yfgLo lsjLkmnnfO{ sRrf k4fy{sf] ?kdf pkof]u u/L d"No clej[l4 ug{] ljleGg jfOg, hfd, a|f08L
h:tf pBf]u:yfkgf, ;~rfng / Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ ljleGg lsl;dsf ;x'lnot, 5'6, k|f]T;fxgsf] Joj:yf
ub}{ gLltut / sfg'gL hl6ntfx?sf] ;dfwfg ug{] .
 o; k|b]zdf pTkflbt lsjLnfO{ a|f08LË u/L l5d]sL d'n's nufot cGo d'n'sx?df x'g] Jofkf/ ;Dd]ng,
d]nf cflbdf k|rf/k|;f/ ug{] .
 o; k|b]zdf pTkflbt lsjLsf] ahf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ eG;f/ / u}/–eG;f/ cj/f]w (Tariff and Non
Tariff Barrier) sf] dfWodaf6 cfofltt lsjLnfO{ lg?T;fxg ub}{ :yfgLo lsjLnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{'kg{] .
 s[lif 1fg s]Gb|, k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgf h:tf lgsfox?nfO{ pRr ;|f]t ;fwgo'Qm agfO{
kof{Kt hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf ug{] .
 xbaGbL, c+za08f cflbsf sf/0f 7"nf] :t/df hUuf Lease df lnP/ v]lt ug{ cfpg] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
ug{ cfjZos e' pkof]u gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{] .
-3_ cGo lgsfoM
 cWoogaf6 k|fKt tYofÍx?nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ o; k|b]zdf lsjL v]tL Joj;fodf 7"nf nufgLstf{x?sf]
kof{Kt cfsif{0f /x]sf] kfO{b}g . k/Dk/fut s[lif Joj;fo ub}{ cfPsf ;fgf ls;fgx?n] g} o; Joj;fosf]
z'?jft u/]sf] b]lvG5 . kF'hLsf] cefjdf Joj;fonfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f u/L 7"nf]] :t/df ;~rfng ug{] Ifdtf
/x]sf] 5}g . o; kl/k|]Iodf g]kfnsf 7"nf nufgLstf{x?n] cfly{s ?kn] cToGt ;DefJo /x]sf] lsjL v]tL
Joj;fodf nufgL ub}{ o;nfO{ k|zf]wg / pkof]u ug{] cGo snsf/vfgfdf nufgL a9fpg cfjZos
b]lvG5 .
 o; k|b]zdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf aLdf sDkgLx?n] lsjL v]tL Joj;fosf] aLdf ug{ lxlRsrfx6 ul//x]sf]
;Gbe{df ;DalGwt lgodgsf/L lgsfox?n] cg'udg u/L aLdfsf sfo{qmdx? k"0f{{?kdf ;~rfng ug{
;lqmotf b]vfpg'kg{] .
 lsjL s[ifsx?n] cg'bfg pkef]u ug{] p2]Zosf ;fy dfq of] Joj;fosf] ;~rfng gu/L cfˆgf] pTkfbgnfO{
kl/df0fdf dfq Wofg lbg] kl/kf6LnfO{ x6fpFb} u'0f:t/df ;d]t kof{Kt Wofg lbP/ cfofltt lsjL;Fu d"No
/ u'0f:t/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg'kg{] b]lvG5 .
 o; k|b]zdf /x]sf lsjL pkef]Qmfx?n] :jb]zL lsjL pkef]udf k|fyldstf lbO{ o; If]qdf :yfkgf /
;~rfng eO{/x]sf lsjL v]tL Joj;fonfO{ bLuf] agfO{/fVg ;xof]u ug{'kg{] cfjZstf /x]sf] 5 .

;dfKt

74
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FARMERS IN ILAM MUNICIPALITY AND SANDAKPUR RURAL MUNICIPALITY
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Kuhlmann, K., Zhou, Y., & Hou1, N. (2019). China Kiwi Case Study. syngenta foundation for
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S.P.Ghos. (2012). Carrying Capacity Of Indian Horticulture. Current Science Association.

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Tiwari, A., & Bhandari, T. (2020). Study on Capital Investment and Marketing of Kiwi Fruit in
Ilam. ACTA SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURE, 4(6 June 2020).

Tyagi, S. (2015). Kiwifruit: Health Benefits And Medicinal Importance. Research Gate.
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75
 g]kfn /fi6« a}+s
lj/f6gu/ sfof{no
a}+lsª ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg OsfO{
(Email: [email protected])
ljz]if cWoogM æk|b]z g+= ! df Joj;flos lsjL v]tLsf] cj:yf, ;Defjgf tyf r'Gff}ltx?Æ
cg';r
" L – !=!
lsjL pTkfbs ls;fgx?sf] nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] :ynut ;j]{If0f k|ZGffjnL–@)&(
o; k|ZgfjnL cGtu{t ;f]lwPsf JolQmut ljj/0fx? ætYofÍ P]g @)!%Æ cg';f/ uf]Ko /flvg]5g\ . oL
ljj/0fx? tYofÍLo k|of]hgsf nflu dfq k|of]u ul/g]5g\ .
slt jif{b]lv Joj;flos lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg x'g'x'G5 <
1. slt jif{b]lv Joj;flos lsjL v]tLdf ;+nUg x'g'x'G5 <
!= % jif{ eGbf sd @= %–!) jif{ #= !)–!% jif{ $= !% jif{ eGbf a9L
2. lsjL v]tL ug{' eGbf cufl8 s'g k]zf÷Joj;fodf ;+nUg x'g'x'GYof] <
!= j}b]lzs /f]huf/L @= gf]s/L #= s[lif $= Jokf/
3. lsjL Joj;fo afx]s kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgLsf] cGo ;|f]t s] s] 5 <
!= j}b]lzs /f]huf/L @= gf]s/L #= s[lif $= :jpBd
4. slt If]qkmndf lsjL v]tL ug{' ePsf] 5 <
======================-/f]kgL ÷ x]=_ kmn nfu]sf] af]6 ;+Vof================== kmn gnfu]sf] af]6 ;+Vof==================
5. lsjLsf a]gf{÷lapm sxfFaf6 k|fKt ug{'x'G5 <
!= cfˆg} pTkfbg ug]{ @= cGo g;{/Laf6 vl/b ug]{ #= ;/sf/L cg'bfg $= ljb]zaf6 cfoft
6. tkfO{n] lsjLsf s'g–sg k|hftLx? /f]Kg' ePsf] 5 <
!================================@==================== ============#=================================$====================%=======
7. lsjL v]ltsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L sxfFaf6 Nofpg] ug'{ ePsf] 5 <
!= 3/fo;L lgdf{0f @= :yfgLo ahf/af6 vl/b #= ;/sf/L cg'bfg $= cGo dfWodaf6
8. lsjLsf] Pp6f af]6af6 jflif{s ;/b/ slt pTkfbg k|fKt x'g] u/]sf] 5 <
=============s]= lh=
9. Pp6f lsjLsf] lj?jfaf6 pTkfbg kfpg ;/b/ slt jif{ nfU5 < / o;sf] ;/b/ cfo' slt jif{sf] x'G5 <
!= pTkfbg z'? x'g nfUg] jif{============== @= ;/b/ cfo' M =====jif{
10. of] Joj;fodf xfn;Dd slt C0f tyf nufgL ug{' ePsf] 5 <
-s_ s'n nufgL ?======================
c_ :jk"FhL ?===============
cf_ C0f ?=================
O{_ cg'bfg ?==================

76
11. C0fsf] /sd sxfFsxfF af6 h'6fpg' eof] < tyf ;f]sf] nfut slt k/of] <
a+}s–ljQLo ;+:yf Aofhb/==========% ;fx' dxfhg ?====================== Aofhb/==========%
?=============
;xsf/L Aofhb/==========% ;fyLefO{÷gft]bf/;Fu ;fk6L Aofhb/==========%
?========================== ?========
s[ifs ;d'x Aofhb/==========% cGo;Fu=================?================ Aofhb/==========%
?=====================

12. ljutsf jif{x?df k|lt s]hL lsjLsf] clwstd / Go"gtd ljqmL d"No slt k|fKt ug'{ ePsf] 5 <
!= clwstd d"No ?===========;fn======================@= Go"gtd d"No ?=================;fn===================
13. lsjLsf] Joj;flos v]tL u/]b]lv ePsf] pTkfbg / cf}ift ljqmL d"No M
jif{ pTkfbg k|lt s]hL ljqmL d"No -?=_
2078/79
2077/78
2076/77

14. o; Joj;foaf6 jflif{s ;fnfvfnf slt cfo -s'n ljqmL cfo _ x'g] u/]sf] 5 <
?==================================
lsjL;Fu ;DalGwt vr{ tyf cfDbfgL -jflif{s ;fnfvfnf_
cfDbfgL OsfO{ vr{ OsfO{
a]Gff{af6 cfDbfgL ?====================== l;FrfO vr{ ?============
cg'bfg k|fKt ?=========================== ljiffbL vr{ ?==============
k/fdz{ ;]jf ?============================ lsjL e08f/0f vr{ ? ===========
cGo cfo ?============================ 9'jfgL vr{ ? ====================
vr{ Kofs]lhª vr{===================
hUufsf] ef8f afktsf] vr{ ?=========== ;~rf/ ;DaGwL vr{============
ljp ljhg vr{ ?======================= cGo vr{======================== ====
dhb'/ vr{ ?===========
dnvfb vr{ ?=========

15. tkfOF cfˆgf] pTkfbg sxfFaf6 laqmL ug{'x'G5 <

!= pTkfbg :ynaf6} @= :yfgLo ahf/;Dd k'¥ofP/
16. tkfOFn] cfˆgf] pTkfbg s;nfO{ laqmL ug{'x'g5 <
!= clGtd pkef]Qmf @= dWo:ystf{ #= pBf]u $= :6f]/÷ l8kf6{d]G6 :6f]/ %= cGo
17. o; Joj;fodf slt hgf ;+nUg x'g'x'G5 <
!= kfl/jfl/s >d ug{] ;b:o ;+Vof============ @= tnj÷Hofnfsf >d ;+Vof ========= dlxnf========k'?if =========
18. lsjLkmnnfO{ ahf/;Dd n}hfg s:tf] ;jf/L ;fwg k|of]u ug{'x'G5 <
!=cfˆg} ;jf/L ;fwg @= ef8fsf] ;fwg #= el/of $= cGo========
19. lsjL Joj;fo kmd{ jf sDkgLsf] ?kdf btf{ ug'{ ePsf] 5 != 5 @= 5}g

77
20. lsjLsf a]gf{ pTkfbg u/L a]Rg] ug{' ePsf] 5 < != 5 @= 5}g
- 5 eg] g]kfn leq k|lt lj?jf ?========= g]kfn aflx/ ?===========k|lt lj?jf_
21. lsjL v]tL ug{' cl3 df6f]÷df};d cg's'ntfsf] k/LIf0f ug{' ePsf] lyof] < != lyof] @= lyPg
22. ;/sf/af6 s[lif ;DaGwL s'g} cg'bfg k|fKt ug{' ePsf] 5 < != 5 @= 5}g
- 5 eg] s'g k|sf/ M != gub @= k|ljlw, k/fdz{ #= ljpljhg $= pks/0f _
23. lsjL e08f/0fsf nflu s'g} sf]N8:6f]/ sf] k|of]u ug'ePsf] 5 < != 5 @= 5}g
24. pTkfbg ePsf] lsjL ;a} lalqm x'g] u/]sf] 5 < != 5 @= 5}g
25. lsjL v]tL ul/Psf] hldgdf lsjL;Fu} cGo afnL klg nufpg] ul/Psf] 5 < != 5 @= 5}g
26. s[lif ;DaGwL ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ pkof]u ug{' ePsf] 5 < != 5= @= 5}g
27. lsjLkmn af]6af6 l6lk ;s]kl5 o;nfO{ u|]l8ª ug'{x'G5 < != u5'{ @= ulb{g
28. s'g} ;+:yfaf6 lsjL;Fu ;DalGwt tflnd jf k/fdz{ ;]jf lng' ePsf] 5 < != 5 @= 5}g
-tflnd lnPsf] 5 eg] s:tf] ;F:yf !=;/sf/L ;+:yf @ = lghL ;+:yf #= u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf $= cGo=====_
29. tkfOF lsjL v]tLk|lt ;Gt'i6÷c;Gt'i6 s] x'g'x'G5 <
!= ;Gt'i6 @= c;Gt'i6
;Gt'i6 x'g'sf sf/0fx?=======================================================================================
c;Gt'i6 x'g'sf sf/0fx?=======================================================================================

30. tkfOFsf] ljrf/df lsjL v]tLsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu s'g–s'g lgsfon] s] s] sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 <
!= a}s ljlQo ;+:yf
===========================================================================================================================
@= ;/sf/L lgsfo
==========================================================================================================================
==========================================================================================================================
#= :yfgLo lgsfo
==========================================================================================================================
===========================================================================================================================
$=cGo lgsfo
==========================================================================================================================
31. lsjL Joj;fo ubf{ ef]Ug' k/]sf k|d'v ;d:ofx? s] s] x'g\ <

!=pTkfbg;Fu ;DjlGwt
===========================================================================================================================
@= ahf/Ls/0f;Fu ;DjlGwt
=========================================================================================================================

78
 #= ljlQo If]q;Fu ;DjlGwt
============================================================================================================================
============================================================================================================================
$=cGo If]q;Fu ;DjlGwt
========================================================================================================================== ===================
==============================================================================================================================
==============================================================================================================================
==============================================================================================================================
=========================================================================================================================

kmd{÷JolQmut ljj/0f
kmd{÷JolQmsf] gfd÷y/ M=========================================================== 7]ufgf M =========================
pd]/==================================== lnË -M/F/O_ M ================ z}lIfs of]Uotf M ==================
Psf3/ kl/jf/ ;+Vof M ==========================dfl;s kfl/jfl/s s'n vr{ ?==============================
;Dks{ gDj/=================================================gd"gf s[ifssf] x:tfIf/==============================
tYofÍ ;+snssf] gfd M ============================ x:tfIf/ M ========================== ldlt======================

79
 g]kfn /fi6« a}+s
lj/f6gu/ sfof{no
a}+lsª ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg OsfO{
(Email: [email protected])
ljz]if cWoogM æsf]zL k|b]zdf Joj;flos lsjL v]tLsf] cj:yf, ;Defjgf tyf r'Gff}ltx?Æ
cg';r
" L – !=@
l8kf{6d]G:6 :6f]/÷df6{sf] nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] :ynut ;j]{If0f k|ZGffjnL–@)&(
o; k|ZgfjnL cGtu{t ;f]lwPsf JolQmut ljj/0fx? ætYofÍ P]g @)!%Æ cg';f/ uf]Ko /flvg]5g\ . oL
ljj/0fx? tYofÍLo k|of]hgsf nflu dfq k|of]u ul/g]5g\ .
32. o; l8kf{6d]G6 :6f]/n] vl/b ug{] lsjLkmnsf] k|d'v cfk"lt{stf{ sf] x'g'x'G5 <

1. o; l8kf{6d]G6 :6f]/n] vl/b ug{] lsjLkmnsf] k|d'v cfk"lt{stf{ sf] x'g'x'G5 <
!= lslj s[ifs @= dWo:ystf{ #= cGo b]z
2. tkfFOn] o; jif{ clwstd / Go'gtd k|lts]lh slt slt d'Nodf lsljkmn vl/b ug{'eof] <
!= clwstd d'No k|lts]lh ?============= @= Go'gtd d'No k|lts]lh ? =============
3. vl/b ul/Psf] ;a} kl/df0f ljs|L ljt/0f x'g] cj:yf 5 <
!= 5 @= 5}g eg] ;fnfvfnf dfl;s slt k|ltzt gfz eP/ hfG5 ===========
4. ljs|L x'g g;s]sf] lsljnfO{ sRrfkbf{ysf] ?kdf pkof]u ug{] s'g} Joj:yf 5 <
! 5 ======================@ 5}g ==================
5. d"Nosf] b[li6sf]0faf6 :jb]zL / cfofltt lsjLaLr s] –s:tf] leGgtf /x]sf] kfpg' ePsf] 5 <
!= :jb]zL lsjL cfoftLt eGbf dxFuf]
@= :jb]zL lsjL cfoftLt eGbf ;:tf]
6. tkfFOsf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df cfd pkef]Qmfsf] :jb]zL / cfoftLt lsjLkmn k|ltsf] ?rL s:tf] /x]sf] kfpg'
eof] <
! :jb]zLsf t'ngfdf cfoftLt a9L ?rfOPsf]
@= cfoftLtsf t'ngfdf :jb]zL a9L ?rfOPsf]
7. tkfFOn] o; lsjLkmnsf] ljs|L ljt/0f ubf{ ef]Ug' k/]sf d'Vo ;d:ofx? s]–s] x'g <
!= ===========================================================================================
@= ===========================================================================================
#= ============================================================================================
$= ===========================================================================================

80
8. ljut ^ dlxgfsf] lslj ljs|L kl/df0f / d"Nosf] >+vnf

Dlxgf d'No k|lts]lh ? kl/df0f s]lh

c;f]h
sflQs
d+l;/
k';
Dff3
kmfu'g

kmd{÷JolQmut ljj/0f
l8kf{6d]G:6:6f]/÷df6{sf]gfd÷M======================================================7]ufgf==================================

;Dks{ gDj/=============================================tYofÍbftfsf] x:tfIf/===========================================

tYofÍ ;+snssf] gfd M ======================================= x:tfIf/ M =================== ldlt==============

81
 cg';"rL — @
tYof+s ;+sngsf] qmddf Onfd, ;f]n'v'Da', kfFry/ / wgs'6f lhNnfdf lvlrPsf tl:j/x?

82
83
84
Onfd lhNnfdf lsjL s[ifsx?, :yflgo lgsfosf k|ltlglw, a}+s tyf ljlQo ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw /
cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?sf] ;xeflutfdf ;DkGg Focussed Group Discussion sfo{j|md

85