ee J OBJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED To find the number of subsets of a Paper, different coloured pencils. given set and verify that if a set has n number of elements, then the total number of subsets is 2". MEtHop oF ConstRUCTION 1. Take the empty set (say) A, which has no element. 2. Take a set (say) A, which has one element (say) a,. 3. Take a set (say) A, which has two elements (say) a, and a,. 4. Take a set (say) A, which has three elements (say) a,, a, and a,. DEMONSTRATION — 1. Represent A, as in Fig. 1.1 Fig. 1. Here the possible subsets of A, is A, itself aa only, represented symbolically by $. The number of subsets of A, is | = 2°. —a, 2, Represent A, as in Fig. 1.2. Here the subsets of A, are @, {a,}. The number of subsets of A, is2=2! Fig. 1.2 3. Represent A, as in Fig. 1.3 Ee Here the subsets of A, are 9, {a,}, {a}, {a,, a,}. The number of subsets of J}<——, A, is 422. Fig. 13 24/0484, Represent A, as in Fig, 1.4 Here the subsets of A, are 9, {a,}, {a}. (a,),f4,, a}, (a), a,) fa, a) and {a,, a,, a,}. The number of subsets of A, is 8 = 2°. wn . Continuing this way, the number of subsets of set A containing n elements a,, 4, ..., 4, is 2". OBSERVATION G 1. The number of subsets of A, is = a 2. The number of subsets of A, is a2: Oo 3. The number of subsets of A, is = DO 4. The number of subsets of A, is > S. The number of subsets of A,,, is = as 6. The number of subsets of A, is = 2 APPLICATION The activity can be used for calculating the number of subsets of a given set. i Laboratory Manual 24/048ee 2 OsJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED To verify that for two sets A and B, Paper, different coloured pencils. n (AxB) = pg and the total number of relations from A to B is 2”, where n(A) = p and n(B) = q- MetHop oF ConstRUCTION 1, Take a set A, which has one element (say) a,, and take another set B,, which has one element (say) b,. 2. Take a set A, which has two elements (say) a, and a, and take another set B,, which has three elements (say) b, , b, and b,. 3. Take a set A, which has three elements (say) q,,@, and a, and take another set B,, which has four elements (say) b,. b,. band b,. DEMONSTRATION 1. Represent all the possible correspondences of the elements of set A, to the elements of set B, visually as shown in Fig. <—A B- Fig. 2.1 24/0482. Represent all the possible correspondences of the elements of set A, to the elements of set B, visually as shown in Fig. 2.2. 3. Represent all the possible correspondences of the elements of set A, to the elements of set B, visually as shown in Fig. 2.3. 4. Similar visual representations can be shown between the elements of any two given sets A and B. we Laboratory Manual 24/048OBSERVATION The number of arrows, i.e., the number of elements in cartesian product (A, x B,) of the sets A, and B, is _ x _ and the number of relations is 2 The number of arrows, i.e., the number of elements in cartesian product (A, x B,) of the sets A, and B, is _ x _ and number of relations is 2 . The number of arrows, i.e., the number of elements in cartesian product (A, x B,) of the sets A, and B, is _ x _ and the number of relations is 2 The result can be verified by taking other sets A,, A,,....A,, which have elements 4, 5,.u P, Fespectively, and the sets B,,B, . ..., B, which have elements 5, 6...., 4. respectively. More precisely we arrive at the conclusion that in case of given set A containing p elements and the set B containing g elements, the total number of relations from A to B is 2", where n(AxB) = n(A) n(B) = pq. ‘Mathematics 24/048Sctivity 3 OBJECTIVE Materia REQUIRED To represent set theoretic operations Hardboard, white thick sheets of using Venn diagrams. paper, pencils, colours, scissors, adhesive. METHOD OF ConsSTRUCTION 1. Cut rectangular strips from a sheet of paper and paste them on a hardboard. Write the symbol U in the left/right top corner of each rectangle. 2. Draw circles A and B inside cach of the rectangular strips and shade/colour different portions as shown in Fig, 3.1 to Fig. 3.10. DEMONSTRATION 1. U denotes the universal set represented by the rectangle. 2. Circles A and B represent the subsets of the universal set U as shown in the figures 3.1 to 3.10. 3. A’ denote the complement of the set A, and B’ denote the complement of the set B as shown in the Fig. 3.3 and Fig. 3.4. 4. Coloured portion in Fig. 3.1. represents A U B, U Fig. 3.1 24/0485. Coloured portion in Fig. 3.2. represents A. 7 B. 8 Fig. 3.2 6. Coloured portion in Fig. 3.3 represents A’ Fig. 3.3, 7. Coloured portion in Fig. 3.4 represents B’ Fig. 3.4 8. Coloured portion in Fig. 3.5 represents (A 7 BY’ Fig.3.5 ‘Mathematics9. Coloured portion in Fig. 3.6 represents (AU BY’ Fig. 3.6 10. Coloured portion in Fig. 3.7 represents A’ OB which is same as B— A. Fig. 3.7 11. Coloured portion in Fig, 3.8 represents A’ U B. 8 Tay Na12. Fig. 3.9 shows AC B=6 13. Fig. 3.10 shows Ac B OBSERVATION Coloured portion Coloured portion Coloured portion . Coloured portion . Coloured portion Coloured portion . Coloured portion . Coloured portion eNe CIA in Fig. in Fig. in Fig. in Fig. in Fig. in Fig. in Fig. in Fig. 3.14 3:2 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, Fig. 3.9 © Fig. 3.10 B represents represents represents represents represents represents represents represents 9. Fig. 3.9, shows that (A 9 B) = 10. Fig. 3.10, represents A APPLICATION Set theoretic representation of Venn diagrams are used in Logic and Mathematics. ‘Mathematics 24/048Sctvity 4 OBJECTIVE Mareriat REQUIRED To verify distributive law for three Hardboard, white thick sheets of given non-empty sets A, B and C, that paper, pencil, colours, scissors, is, AU(B AC) =(AUB) A(AUC) adhesive. MErHOp OF CONSTRUCTION 1. Cut five rectangular strips from a sheet of paper and paste them on the hardboard in such a way that three of the rectangles are in horizontal line and two of the remaining rectangles are also placed horizontally in a line just below the above three rectangles. Write the symbol U in the lefv/right top corner of each rectangle as shown in Fig. 4.1, Fig. 4.2, Fig. 4.3, Fig. 4.4 and Fig. 4.5. 2. Draw three circles and mark them as A, B and C in each of the five rectangles as shown in the figures. 3. Colour/shade the portions as shown in the figures. DEMONSTRATION 1. U denotes the universal set represented by the rectangle in each figure. 2. Circles A, B and C represent the subsets of the universal set U. SSS Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2 Fig. 4.3 24/048AUIBOC) (AUB)(AUO) Fig. 4.4 Fig. 4.5 3. In Fig. 4.1, coloured/shaded portion represents B 7 C, coloured portions in Fig. 4.2 represents A U B, Fig. 4.3 represents A U C, Fig. 4.4 represents AU(BOC)and coloured portion in Fig. 4.5 represents (A UB) 0 (AU C). OBSERVATION 1. Coloured portion in Fig. 4.1 represents . Coloured portion in Fig. 4.2, represents . Coloured portion i Fig, 4.3, represents . Coloured portion i Fig. 4.4, represents . Coloured portion in Fig. 4.5, represents AwRYN . The common coloured portions in Fig. 4.4 and Fig. 4.5 are Thus, the distributive law is verified. APPLICATION Distributivity property of set operations | 1, the same way, the other distributive is used in the simplification of problems | jay involving set operations. ANBUC=(ANB)U(ANC) can also be verified, Natematis a 24/048ee 5 OBJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED To identify a relation and a function. Hardboard, battery, electric bulbs of two different colours, testing screws, tester, electrical wires and switches. METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION 1 2 . Drill seven holes on the right side of the board . Fix bulbs of one colour in the holes A, B, C, D, . Fix bulbs of the other colour in the holes P, Q, Take a piece of hardboard of suitable size and paste a white paper on it. Drill eight holes on the left side of board ina — Pomain Codomajn column and mark them as A, B,C, D, E, F,G and Has shown in the Fig.5. in a column and mark them as P, Q, R, S, T, U and V as shown in the Figure 5. E, F, Gand H. R, S,T, Uand V. . Fix testing screws at the bottom of the board marked as 1, 2, 3, .... 8. . Complete the electrical circuits in such a manner that a pair of corresponding bulbs, one from each column glow simultaneously. . These pairs of bulbs will give ordered pairs, which will constitute a relation which in turn may /may not be a function [see Fig. 5]. 24/048DEMONSTRATION 1. Bulbs at A, B, ..., H, along the left column represent domain and bulbs along the right column at P, Q, R, ..., V represent co-domain. 2. Using two or more testing screws out of given eight screws obtain different order pairs. In Fig.5, all the eight screws have been used to give different ordered pairs such as (A, P), (B, R), (C, Q) (A, R), (E, Q), ete. 3. By choosing different ordered pairs make different sets of ordered pairs. OBSERVATION . In Fig.5, ordered pairs are 2. These ordered pairs constitute a 3. The ordered pairs (A, P), (B, R), (C, Q), (E, Q), (D, T), (GT), (F, U), (H, U) constitute a relation which is also a The ordered pairs (B, R), (C, Q), (D, T), (E, $), (E, Q constitute a which is not a » APPLICATION The activity can be used to explain the concept of a relation or a function. It can also be used to explain the concept of one-one, onto functions. Natematis Bo 24/048Actisity 6 OBJECTIVE Materia REQUIRED To distinguish between a Relation Drawing board, coloured drawing and a Function. sheets, scissors, adhesive, strings, nails etc. MEruop oF ConstRUCTION 1, Take a drawing board/a piece of plywood of convenient size and paste a coloured sheet on it. 2. Take a white drawing sheet and cut out a rectangular strip of size 6 cm x 4cm and paste it on the left side of the drawing board (see Fig. 6.1). Fig. 6.1 Fig. 6.2 Fig. 63 Fig. 6.4 204sFig. 6.5 Fig. 6.6 3. Fix three nails on this strip and mark them as a, b, c (see Fig. 6.1). 4. Cut out another white rectangular strip of size 6 cm x 4 cm and paste it on the right hand side of the drawing board. 5. Fix two nails on the right side of this strip (see Fig. 6.2) and mark them as J and 2. DEMONSTRATION 1. Join nails of the left hand strip to the nails on the right hand strip by strings in different ways. Some of such ways are shown in Fig. 6.3 to Fig. 6.6. 2. Joining nails in each figure constitute different ordered pairs representing elements of a relation. OBSERVATION 1. In Fig. 6.3, ordered pairs are These ordered pairs constitute a but not a 2. In Fig. 6.4, ordered pairs are . These constitute a as well as 3. In Fig 6.5, ordered pairs are . These ordered pairs constitute a as well as 4. In Fig. 6.6, ordered pairs are . These ordered pairs do not represent but represent Natematis Bu 24/048: ee 7 OBJECTIVE MareriAt REQUIRED To find the number of ways in which three | Cardboard sheet, white paper cards can be selected from given five sheets, sketch pen, cutter. cards. METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION 1. Take a cardboard sheet and paste white paper on it. 2. Cut out 5 identical cards of convenient size from the cardboard. 3. Mark these cards as C,, C,, C,, C,and C,. DEMONSTRATION 1. Select one card from the given five cards. 2. Let the first selected card be C,. Then other two cards from the remaining four cards can be : C,C,.C,C, C.C,, C,C,, C,C, and C,C,.Thus, the possible selections are : C,C,C, , C,C,C,, C,C.C,C,C.C,, C,C,C,, C,C,C,. Record a49 qed ahs these on a paper sheet. 3. Let the first selected card be C,. Then the other two cards from the remaining 4 cards can be : C,C,,C,C,, C,C,, C,C,, C,C,, C,C,.Thus, the possible selections are: C,C,C,, C,C,C,, C,C,C,,C,C,C,, C,C,C,, C,C,C,. Record these on the same paper sheet. 4. Let the first selected card be C,. Then the other two cards can be : C.C,,C.C,,C,C,, ,C,, C,C,, C,C, Thus, the possible selections are : C,C,C,, CCC, C,C,C,€,C,C,, C.C,C,. C,C,C,. Record them on the same paper sheet. 5. Let the first selected card be C,. Then the other two cards can be : C,C,, C,C,. C,C,. C,C,, C,C,. C,C, Thus, the possible selections are: C,C,C,, C,C,C,.C,C.C,. C,C,C,, C,C,C,, C,C,C,. Record these on the same paper ais) wits sheet. 24/04/2018 © scames wn oEu scanner6. Let the first selected card be C,, Then the other two cards can be: C,C,, C\C,, C,C,, C,C,, C,C,, C,C, Thus, the possible selections are: C.C,C,,C,C,C,, C,C,C,, C,C,C,, C,C,C,, C.C,C,. Record these on the same paper sheet. 7. Now look at the paper sheet on which the possible selectios are listed. Here, there are in all 30 possible selections and each of the selection is repeated thrice. Therefore, the number of distinct selection =30+3=10 which is same as 5C,. OBSERVATION 1. C,C,C,, C,C,C, and C,C,C, represent the selection, 2, COG, . _____ represent the same selection. 3. Among C,C,C,, C,C,C,, C,C,C,. and represent the same selection. 4. C,C,C,, C,C,C,, represent selections. 5. Among C,C,C,,C,C,C,, AQIC, £,C,C, fe, C,C,C, GCC, represent the same selections. oe, ee , represent different selections. APPLICATION Activities of this type can be used in understanding the general formula for finding the number of possible selections when r objects are selected from 5 ea a ! given n distinct objects, i.e., "C a me rin—r)) Mathematics 4 24/04/2018 © scames wanoEN scanner__ Activity OBJECTIVE Materia REQUIRED Drawing board, white paper, To construct a Pascal's Triangle and to matchsticks, adhesive. write binomial expansion for a given positive integral exponent. MEtHOp oF CONSTRUCTION 1. Take a drawing board and paste a white paper on it. 2. Take some matchsticks and arrange them as shown in Fig.15. 1+ First Row / \ Second Row 1 \ 1 \ Third Row \. Fourth Row 4 x Fifth Row 1.» Sixth Row \, —> Seventh Row 24/04/2018 © scames wn oEu scanner3. Write the numbers as follows: 1 (first row) 1 1 (second row) 121 (third row) 1331 (fourth row), 1 4 6 4 1 (fifth row) and so on (see Fig. 15). 4. To write binomial expansion of (a + b)", use the numbers given in the (n + 1)" row. DEMONSTRATION 1. The above figure looks like a triangle and is referred to as Pascal’s Triangle. 2. Numbers in the second row give the coefficients of the terms of the binomial expansion of (a + b)!. Numbers in the third row give the coefficients of the terms of the binomial expansion of (a + b)*, numbers in the fourth row give coefficients of the terms of binomial expansion of (a + 6)’, Numbers in the fifth row give coefficients of the terms of binomial expansion of (a + by‘ and soon OBSERVATION 1. Numbers in the fifth row are , which are coefficients of the binomial expansion of 2. Numbers in the seventh row are , Which are coefficients of the binomial expansion of 3. (a+ bP =__ a +__@b+__aP+__b 4. (a+ bS=__+_ +2 _+__ +__+__. 5. (a + b)’ =__a® +__a’b + __a'b? + __a’b + ___a’b'+ __ab + __b*. 6. (a+ b= _ + tt tt dtd et 7. (a+ b)MeS ++ _ ttt ttt +. APPLICATION The activity can be used to write binomial expansion for (a + b)", where nis a positive integer. Mathematics Hi 24/04/2018 © scames wanoEN scannerObjective MareriAL REQUIRED To demonstrate that the Arithmetic Coloured chart paper, ruler, scale, mean of two different positive sketch pens, cutter. numbers is always greater than the Geometric mean. METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION 1. From chart paper, cut off four rectangular pieces of dimension a x b (a > b). 2. Arrange the four rectangular pieces as shown in figure, 18. DEMONSTRATION 1. ABCD is a square of side (a + b) units. 2. Area ABCD = (a + b)? sq. units. 3. Area of four rectangular pieces = 4 (ab) = 4ab sq. units. 24/04/2018 © scames wn oEu scanner4, PQRS is a square of side (a — b) units. 5. Area ABCD = Sum of the areas of four rectangular pieces + area of square PQRS. Area ABCD > sum of the areas of four rectangular pieces ie, (a+b > 4ab +b) or (34) >ab we > Jab, ie, AM.>GM, OBSERVATION Take a = Sem, b = 3cm . AB=a+b= units. Area of ABCD = (a + b)?=____sq. units. Area of each rectangle = ab =___sq. units. Area of square PQRS = (a — by’ = sq. units, Area ABCD = 4 (area of rectangular piece) + Area of square PQRS a PNA (Se ) >4(_ i) x atby ie(a+ by >4 ab or |3_ | > ab a+b or >Vab «AM >GM Mathematics 9 24/04/2018 © scames wanoEN scanneroli OBJECTIVE To write the sample space, when a coin is tossed once, two times, three times, four times. METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION MareriaL REQUIRED One rupee coin, paper pencil/pen, plastic circular discs, marked with Head (H) and Tail (T). 1. Toss a coin once. It can have two outcomes — Head or Tail. 2. Make a tree diagram showing the two branches of a tree - with H (Head) on one branch and T (Tail) on the other (see Fig. 33.1). 3. Write its sample space. 4. Toss a coin twice. It can have four outcomes (see Fig. 33.2) 5. Repeat the experiment with tossing the coin three times, four times, n and write their sample spaces, if possible. (see Fig. 33.3 and 33.4). DEMONSTRATION 1. If a coin is tossed once, the sample space is S={H,T} Number of elements in S = =2! Fig. 33.1 2. When a coin is tossed twice, the sample space is S = (HH, HT, TH, TT} Number of elements in S = 4 = 2* 24048 © scames wn oEu scannerFig. 33.2 3, When a coin is tossed three times, the sample space is S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT} Number of elements in S = 8 = 2° Fig. 33.3, Mathematics 7 24048 © scames wanoEN scanner4. When a coin is tossed four times, the $ = Sample space is HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HHTT, HTHH, HTHT, HTTH, HTTT, THHH, THHT, THTH, THTT, TTHH, TTHT, H, TITT Number of elements in § = 16 = 2‘ and so on. Fig. 33.4 OBSERVATION Number of elements in sample space, when a 1. coin is tossed once = 2. coin is tossed twice = 3. coin is tossed three times = 4. coin is tossed four times = APPLICATION Sample space of an experiment is useful in determining the probabi different events associated with the sample space. es Laboratory Manual ies of 24048 © scames wanoEN scanner