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« Papers "© Compass
‘© Pencils of different colour * Eraser
* Adhesive
Set: “A set is well-defined collection of objects of same kind”.
The objects are also known as elements or members of a set. Sets are usually denoted by capital letters of
English alphabets ie., A, B, C, D, ... ete. Elements of sets are represented by small letters a, b, c, d, ... ete.
‘The phrase “belongs to” is denoted by greek letter epsilon (€).
Thus, @ € A means that ‘a’ is an element to set A.
and a ¢ A means that ‘a’ is not an element of set A.
For example: Let A
@ Roster or Tabular form: In this form all the elements of a set are listed, the elements are being
separated by commas and are enclosed with in braces { },
For example: Set of odd positive numbers less than 10 is A =
Jn this form the order in which the elements are listed is immaterial and while writing the set in roster
form an element is not generally repeated,
For example, the set of letters of word COFFEE is A = (C, 0, F, E),
G@ Set-builder form: In this form, all elements of a set posses single common Property.
For example, set of vowels of English alphabet is V = (x : x is a vowel in English alphabet). Empty set: A set which does not contain an clement is ealled the empty set or null set or void set, It
is denoted by @ oF |)
For example: Let A = (e:
Equal sets: Two sets A and B are sai
For example: A = (1, 2, 3, 41, B = (9, 4, 1, 21, then A = B.
Subsets: A set A is said to be a subset of B if every clement of A is also an element of B and denoted by
AcB.
¢ is subset of every set. j
Let A and B be two sets, if A cB and A # B, then A is called proper subset of B and B is called super
set of A. A set having only one clement is called ‘Singleton set’.
6 B.
‘® Take a drawing board of suitable size.
‘« Paste the coloured drawing sheet on the drawing board.
« Take a white drawing sheet and cut out a rectangular strip of size 5 em x 3 em and paste on the left side
© of drawing board as shown in Fig. 6.1. + Fix three nails on the strip and name them p, q, r (see Fig. 6.1).
+ Cut out another two white rectangular sheets of 5 em x 3 em and paste it on the right side of drawing
board. On first strip left side fix three nails as p,q andr and on right strip two nails and name them
1 and 2 as showin in Fig. 6.2.
Take the strings and join p, q, r with 1, 2 as shown in Fig. 6.3, 6.4, 6.5 and 6.6.
TAL |
* Tre oin nails of left hand strip to the nails on right hand strip by strings in different ways as shown in
figures from 6.3 to 6.6,
|
|
© This joining form different ordered pairs Tepresenting of a relation. |
|
+ In Fig. 6.3, the ordered pairs are (p, 1), (p, 2), (@, 1), (, 2), (r, 2). These ordered pai i
not functions. (Students write the reason), ered pairs are relations but g {as
In Fig. 6.4, the ordered pairs are: (p, 1), (q, 1), (r, 1). The ordered pairs form relations ag well ag f 7
(Student write the reason), function,
*+ fa Fig. 65 the ordered pair ar: (, 2), (72). These ordered pare form relations as wet 7
(Student write reason), function
*+ In Fig. 66, the ordered pairs aro (q, 1), (r, 2. These ordered pairs represent a relation bug not f
(Student write reason). ‘une
From above we obtained that every relation is not function but every function ina relation,
Every function is a relation always but every relation is not necessarily a function,
i
of this type can be used to demonstrate different type of functions.
1. Let A = (1, 2, 8, 4), Define a relation R from
AtoA by
R = (Gy): y = x + 1), depict this relation
3. What do you mean by greatest j
function? nteger
ee ee Ans. The function f : R— R defined by f() - iy
ib ht at we x € R assume the value of greatest integer eng
i than or equal to x, Such functions are calle
} a greatest integer function.
4 —— 4. What are the number of relations on sey A
. to set A having n elements?
——
Ans, 2" i
5 Let R be arelation on N (natural numbe 8
defined by x + 2y = 8 then what vill the
domain of R? :
Ans. (2, 4, 6).
2, What do you mean by Identity function?
i Ans, y = 2, ie, for any value of x, value of y roinains
the same as x euch functic identi
fo ions are called identi
fanetion, :
.
: To plot the graph of sin x, sin 2x, 2 sin x, and sind, using same co-ordinate axis.
Card board © Graph paper
Coloured pencils © Pen
Ruler © Eraser
Scale ‘© Calculator (Scientific)
Adhesive
‘The values of sin x and cos x for each real number x,
ie, -1ssinxs1, -1scosx si.
‘Thus the domain of y = sin x and y = cos x is the set of all real numbers with range [-1, 1].
Values of sin x and cos x for different values of x which can be determined by using calculator.
‘Take a cardboard of convenient size and fix graph paper of large size on it with the help of adhesive.
‘Draw two mutually perpendicular lines on graph paper and take these axis as x-axis and y-axis.
Find the values of sin x, sin 2x, 2 sin x and sin > for different values of x (using ealculator or trigonometric
table).
‘Make the table of ordered pair as shown in Fig. 10.1. &
Graduate the axis as shown in Fig. 10.1. i ae A ee | Cha a ac
wm | 6 | 4 °[°3 [ma | 2? | 2]
sine ‘026 | 060 | o71 | ose | 0.97 | 1.00 | 097 | 086
[emaisyas oso | oss | x00 | 086 | oso | o | os | -08e
fpasine | o | ose | a0 | x42 | 172 | 194 | 200 | 104 | a2
ois | 026 | 038 | 0.50 | 061 | 0.71 | 079 | os
[J] DEmonstRaTION —
© Now, we have to plot the ordered pairs on the same graph paper i.e.
(© Gs sim 2), (i) Ge sim 20), (i) 2 sin 2), (6) (1 sn
+ Join the ordered pairs of different sets with free hand and mark the curves in different colours as «
in Fig. 10.1. | Graph ofsinx and 2sin x are of same shape as shown in Fi 5 :
rgh of Pain ison whereas the heghe 2 » Fig. 310.1 only diference is that maximum height
| suwimm height of sin ris Lem at =
. Maximum height of 2 sin x is 2em atx = 5.
Maximum height of graph of sing is 1 em which is ate Gorsan
sin x =O atx = 0, sin 2¢=0 and x=0, sin =
o Ate=0,
2
are above z-axis.
In the interval (0, 2], graph of sin x, 2 sin x and sing
nthe iterval (0, xl graph of sin 2x is above s-asi in [0, $] and below s-asia i the interval [Eh
moe graph of sin x and sin 2x intersect at x =
cal
the graph of sin x and sin = intersects at x = 2.
. 2 3
=
‘The sbope of the graph y
x is called sine curve.
‘Ans. The maximum value of sin x =
| sep
2, What is the range of y = 4 sin =?
‘Ans. Range of y = 4 sin xis -4sy <4. | REQUIRED
© Card board © Graph paper
© Coloured pencil » Ruler
© Compass © Adhesive
© Nails © Thread
© Eraser
‘© The equations of the form x? + 1 = 0, 2? +4 = 0 ete. are not solvable in real numbers, i.e, there is no real
number whose square is negative real number.
‘« Euler was the first mathematician who introduce the symbol i (iota) for square root of —}
of 2 + 1 = 0. He called it imaginary unit.
«Integral powers of iota (i)
ie
Pe M4, #
i = 1 Gt is defined)
© Complex number: A number of the form a + iB is called complex number, where a and b are real
solution
numbers.
a is called real part of complex number and & is called imaginary part. “puerHo OF CONSTRUC
» Take ® card board and fix a graph paper on it with adhesive.
two perpendicular lines in the middl
+ De ei, le of paper and name them XOX’ and YOY’, where 0 is the point
. re a and fix it at point O. Take a thread of unit length (representing number 1 along OX) ie.
|, Fix one end of thread at O and other end at A. Rotate it through an angle 90°, 180°, 270° and 360°.
4 ark the end of thread as Ay, Ay Ay, A, as shown in figure 11.1 ee
Y
Ra
Take 2 om = 1 unit
as shown in figure
2A, ixPei
y
In figure 11.1, OA represents 1
In figure 11.1, OA, represents i
In figure 11.1, OA, represents i? = -1
In figure 11.1, OA, represents ®
In figure 11.1, OA, represents i#=1
ie, OA, = i=1xi
OA,
OA,
0A, oBs
+ On rotating OA through 90°; we get OA, = 1 xi
+ On rotating OA through 180°; wo get OAy = i x
SERVATIONS —
(On rotating OA through 270°; we get OAs
On rotating OA through 360°; we get OA,
Thus, if we rotate OA, n times i.e,, m right angles wo get i.
| RESULT
4 Gota) may be referred to as the multiplication factor for a rotation of 90°.
Jappiication—
Ans.
2,
st
Ans.
1. Name the mathematician who introduced
the symbol i first time.
Buler was the first mathematician.
Does Jax Jb = Jab if both a and } are
negative?
is either positive or zero.
Compute: “144 -
(Tad = 121.
is only true when at least one of « and 6
‘This is useful to evaluate any integral power of i.
Ans.
Ans.
Find the value of (Vi)
(Way"** = cae?
5. Evaluate
2.
= Cate Cit
Lx-Psi 3
of the format siby eg
To verify that the graph of a given inequality, say 5x + 4y— 40 <0,
b> 0, ¢ <0 represents only one of the two half planes.
# Sketch pen
© Cardboard ‘¢ White paper
* Glue
1 Inequalities
‘Two real numbers or two algebraic expressions related by the symbols ‘<’ or > or ‘ are said fo fr
!
i
!
an inequality. For example, 2x + 3y <7, x + Sy 22.
Types of Inequalities
© Numerical inequalities: Inequalities like, 3 < 7, 10 > 4 are called numerical inequalities.
Literal inequalities: Inequalities like, x < 5, x > 3, y < 2 are called literal inequalities.
i Double inequalities: Inequalities like 3 0 are called strict inequalities.
Slack inequalities: Inequalities like ax? + bx + ¢ $0, ax +b <0, ax + by 2c are called slack inequalities
Linear inequalities: Inequalities like ax + by 0, a #0, 6 = 0 are called linear
inequalities in two variable
© Consider a linear inequlitiy 5x + 4y - 4 < 0.
‘+ Take a cardboard and fix a graph paper on it with glue.
Draw two mutually perpendicular lines XOX’ and YOY" to represent x-axis and y-axis respectively. ‘+ Draw the graph of linear equation oe ing to Th i
taking the values of x and) 5x + dy — 40 = 0. Corresponding to linear inequality 5x + 4y — 40 < 0,
* Mark the two half planes as I and II as shown in figure 13.1.
En
«Take few points in I half plane like O (0, 0), A (1, D, BG, 3), CG, 2), D2, 6), ete.
‘* Take few points in II half plane like E (4, 7), FG, 4), G(®, D and H(7, 7 ete.
‘Put the values of co-ordinates in the left side of inequality to check the solution region.
(é) Putting the co-ordinates of point 0 (0, 0) in 5x + 4y ~ 40 < 0, we get
5(0) + 4(0) ~ 40 <0 = ~40 <0 (True)
So point O satisfy the given inequality.
(i) Put the co-ordinates of point A(1, 1) in Bx + 4y ~ 40 < 0, we get
Bx1+4x1-40<0 = 9-40<0 ie, 31 <0 (True)
So point A satisfy the given inequality.
(iii) Put the co-ordinates of point B (3, 3) in 5x + 4y ~ 40 < 0, we get
LHS :5%3+4x8-40 = 27-40 48-40 = 8 which is greater than 0 (False).
So, the co-ordinates of this point does not satisfy the given inequality.
(vii) Put the co-ordinates of point F(8, 4) in 5x + 4y ~ 40 < 0, we get
LHS: 5 x 8 +4 x 4-40, ie, 56-40 = 14 > 050 (False)
<. F(8, 4) does not satisfy the given inequality. _
Similarly, other points G (9, 1) and H(7, 7) do not satisfy the given inequality.
Hence the points like in II half do not satisfy the inequality.
* Co-ordinates of points 0(0, 0), A(1, D, BG, 9), CO, 2), D (2, 6) satisfy the given inequality (all ping,
lie in I half-plane).
* Coordinate of points (4, 7), F(6, 4), G(9, 1, H(7, 7) do not satisty the given inequality (all points jg
in I half plane).
‘© The graph of the given inequality is only one half-plane which is called solution region.
We pe
[[Resur
. In this problem I half plane is the solution region of the given inequality.
[Ppuication
‘This activity is useful to find half plane which satisfy the given inequality. This is useful to solve the Lp.
graphically.
4. Write the solution of the inequality
1 ’, s' or > are said to
form inequalit
2, Write two examples of slack inequalities?
Ans, az? + br +050; ar +650.
3. What is solution region?
Ans. The region containing all the solutions of the given
inequality is called solution region.
(Hint: $ <0 anda >025 <0)
5. Write two examples of quadratic
inequations.
Ans. ax? + bx +.¢ <0; ax? + bx +6 $0, wherea #0.
