CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Mobile phones have become an integral part of our daily lives, with many people relying on

them for communication, entertainment, and information. However, their widespread use has

also raised concerns about their impact on various aspects of our lives, including our

academic performance. In recent years, there has been a growing body of research examining

the relationship between mobile phone use and academic performance in high school

students. This research paper aims to summarize the existing literature on this topic and

explore the effects of mobile phone use on the academic performance of senior high school

students. A research paper on the effects of mobile phones on the academic performance of

high school students may explore how the use of mobile phones impacts students' academic

performance, particularly in the context of high school education. The paper may examine

various factors that may influence the relationship between mobile phone use and academic

performance, such as the number of students who owned a personal mobile phone, the type of

content accessed on mobile phones, and the ways in which mobile phones are used in the

classroom.

The paper may also consider the potential benefits of mobile phone use for students, such as

access to educational resources and communication tools. Additionally, the paper may

examine the potential drawbacks of mobile phone use, such as distractions and decreased

attention spans.

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Overall, a research paper on this topic may provide valuable insights into the complex

relationship between mobile phone use and academic performance of senior high students.

Background of the Study

The study focusing on the Impacts of Mobile Phone to the academic performance of a student

stands as a great sequel on a holistic outlook. It is basically a stepping stone for us to deal

with the Do’s and Don’ts that could possibly leave a big impact on the student’s academic

performance through the use of Mobile Phone. As we go through with this study, we had

found out that Mobile Phone has positive and negative impact, something that needs to be

used with balance and should be owned by someone who knows how to control its

effectiveness and efficiency. The high levels of addiction to smartphones prove that it affects

students’ academic performance (Kibona & Mgaya, 2015). This addiction causes some

concerns as to whether the use of smartphones hampers or elevates the performance of

students in general. Ezemenaka (2013) writes that the invention of mobile phone technology

thrived with the quest for new knowledge changes and the desire among university students,

and most of them are affected, including undergraduate students. This impact contributes to

the students’ academic performance both negatively and positively. With due consideration

of the effect of smartphones on the lives of university students, this study aimed at

investigating the impacts (positive and negative) of smartphones on the academic

performance of undergraduate students. In this Regard, a survey method is one of the “proven

and tested” factors that can greatly contribute to the focus of this study. As of this time, we

are working on this problem. And also, we are dealing with a lot of things in gathering the

data. As a student who are born on the 21st Century where technology is on its fast evolution,

we like to know the exact conclusion to those unanswered questions in regard with the use of

Mobile Phone. We chose to study this research problem to help the future leaders on how to

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deal with the downside and benefits of Mobile Phone to the students’ academic performance.

Some schools have decided to restrict the use of smartphones in classes or during lectures;

the reason being that it enables the students to cheat during their examinations and/or tests

(Buck et al., 2013). It appears that some students are able to accomplish tasks using

smartphones at universities or classrooms, while in the case of others, the smartphone has

become a potential form of distraction. Even the visibility and mere presence of a smartphone

that is connected to the internet attract the attention of students and many adults, thereby

diverting their focus and/or attention in class. Some students can ‘switch’ their focus between

the smartphone as a form of entertainment device and at the same time, a learning platform

(Barnwell, 2016). Therefore, we are glad to know that they will learn everything that this

research implies.

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Statement of the Problem

This study aims to examine the impacts of mobile phone to the students’ academic

performance, basically its advantages and disadvantages, and the ways to use mobile phone

effectively.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. Does mobile phone contribute to a student’s academic performance?

2. How does mobile phone affect the student’s academic performance?

3. What are the underlying impacts of mobile phone in terms of its:

3.1 Advantages

3.2 Disadvantages

4. How can the following help in enabling the students to use mobile phone

effectively?

A. Parents

B. Peers

C. Teachers

D. Administrators

E. Guidance Counselor

5. When can the students recognize if mobile phone is being overused?

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 6. Is mobile phone useful to the student’s academic performance?

Research Hypothesis

Ha: There is a significant relationship between The Impacts of Mobile Phone and the

Academic Performance of the Senior High Students of Don Filomeno M. Torres Memorial

National High School S.Y 2022-2023.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Impacts of Mobile The Academic

Phone that affects Performance of
the Academic Senior High Students
Performance of of DFMTMNHS
Senior High Students
in DFMTMNHS -Accessible Sources
of Ideas
- Convenient Note
-Positive Impact Taking/Sharing
=Negative Impact -Additional
Knowledge
=Distraction

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Significance of the Study

The purpose of this study is to discuss the impacts of mobile phone to the academic

performance of senior high students in DFMTMNHS. This research will be useful to many

persons as it provides information about the given topic. Specifically, this study will be most

beneficial to the following person.

To the school administrators, this study may serve as a basis to encourage them to make

regulations and policies about the use of mobile phones in school. It may also provide more

information about the problem. In addition, this may lead them to commend objectives on

how to balance the effectiveness and inefficient of using Mobile Phones.

To the teachers, the result of this study may give awareness that they should pay attention to

those students who are using mobile phone especially during class hours. Constant guidance

from them is a great help to the students who overused it. Moreover, teachers may discover

new teaching methods that can hook up the students to listen to the discussion.

To the parents, this study may give them an idea that mobile phone is probably one of the

factors that could affect the academic performance of their children in school. This will help

them monitor their children and check on them especially when they use their mobile phones.

To the future researchers, this study will serve as a basis for related topic. This research may

help them to find reliable source for their future research as well. In addition, they may also

fill the gaps of this research and offer recommendations to further the effectiveness of this

study.

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Scope and Limitations of the Study

The researcher conducted this study to determine the impacts of mobile phone to the

academic performance of senior high students. The target respondents were the Senior High

Students in Don Filomeno M. Torres Memorial National High School. This study is only

delimited to the Senior High School Students of DFMTMNHS.

The researcher will conduct the data gathering by the use of survey questionnaires

through face to face interaction. Out of 143 Senior High Students of DFMTMNHS, 37 were

used as sample in conducting the survey. Each of the chosen respondents of Senior High

Students will have the same set of questionnaires to answer. This study is to focus on the

impacts of mobile phone to the academic performance of senior high students.

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Definition of Terms

Sequel – something that takes place after

Integral – essential to completeness

Literature – writings in prose or verse

Influence – the power or capacity of causing an effect in indirect or intangible ways

Benefits – something that produces good or helpful results or effects or that promotes

well being

Drawbacks – a refund of duties

Complex – a whole made up of complicated or interrelated parts

Stepping Stone – a means of progress or advancement

Effectiveness – producing a decided, decisive, or desired effect

Efficiency – the quality or degree of being effecient

Downside – a negative aspect

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

A mobile phone is a gadget that can make and receive calls when connected to a network.

This gadget does not require a person to stay in one place as they are able to move around

within any geographical area that has cell network connectivity. Fawareh & Jusoh et.al,

(2017) stated that, nowadays, smartphones have become a part of every person’s life.

Globally, “People around the world have adopted this new and exciting technology as one of

the most important required facility in their everyday life”. In the 21st century, smartphones

have rapid increased due to its exciting features such as accessing emails, biometric,

accessing social media platform and many more. Fawareh and Jusoh (2017) also postulated

that having a smartphone is like having a tiny computer in a pocket. It is blatant that, the

potency of smartphone is not only meant for placing of calls and receiving of calls. Usually,

there are amazing features such as for browsing, checking health status, sending and

receiving emails, watching videos, listening to music, chatting, sharing photos, videos and

other 3 documents, to mention but a few. No wonder there is an exponential use of social

media as a result of the emergence of the smartphone. In which also, it probably has impacts

to the student’s academic performance.”

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According to Jonnavithula & Tretiakov (2012) smart phones allow perpetual access to

interactive social media. Students can now have immediate and ready access to web 2000

sites through the apps on their phones. This trend can have negative impacts on study because

it allows students to be distracted by social networking. Phones are used for socializing many

times in a day – for texting, e-mailing, talking, using Facebook, and instant messaging.

Moreover, these activities are frequently conducted while students are studying and attending

classes.” This continual access to social networking sites is emerging as a noticeable feature

of smart phones. “The use of smartphones during class creates a negative impression towards

the lecturers or instructors. Rather than enriching the learner’s education, continuous use of

smartphone during class might end up destroying the student’s reputation towards the

lecturer.”, Güliz Uğur and Koç (2015). Some lecturers consider phone use disrespectful

especially when it occurs during lectures. Güliz Uğur & Koç (2015) also stated that, from

their research on misuse of mobile technology, they found that “about 40% of the students

indicated that they used their phones during class” and this activity interrupted about 85% of

their colleagues. Their article emphasizes the fact that smartphone use causes loss of attention

to students during studies. Students interacting with their phones tend to miss out on what is

being taught. Smart phones are expected to play a supportive role in the learning process.

Some scholars on the other hand report that student use smart phones for academically

unrelated endeavors e.g. to play games and other things that are unrelated to their studies.

Ifeanyi & Chukwuere (2018) claim that “a third of college students in the U.S. play video

games on their mobile phones during class”. According to the study of Derounian (2017) this

undermines the supportive role of smart phones in the learning process. Smart phone

addiction could be considered a form of technological addiction. Nevertheless, apart from the

person-to-person disruption, uncontrollable usage of mobile phones can affect academic

performance. Sarwar and Soomro (2013) stated that the negative impact of using smart

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phones in learning still existed, for instance, sending messages to exchange answers with

other students, reading answers recorded in the Smartphone as a way of cheating in the

classroom, etc. According to Hawi and Samaha (2017) they strongly agree that students must

be accompanied by a form of security when using mobile phones. The risk of potential

exposure to prohibited websites or even bullying can affect a child’s way of thinking and

even his academic performance.

According to Wood et.al, (2012) students are susceptible to trends, fashions and styles, which

make them more willing to adopt new technology such as, smart phones. As new

technologies emerge, the study habits of students also evolve. A study by Yildrim et.al,

(2016) indicated that mobile phone addiction can affect student academic performance. “Cell

phones also have the ability to allow teachers and students to connect to the internet. The

internet can support: communication, collaboration, the collection and analysis of information

and individual and cooperative Problem-Solving. Learners use smartphones to access up-to-

date and relevant educational resources and they also enable students to communicate with

experts in the field of their studies so that they gain more insight and enrich their learning”,

Ally & Prieto-Blázquez (2014) stated. Domingo and Garganté (2016) also reveal that

providing access to information and increasing engagement while learning are the two main

impacts of mobile technology in the classroom. Obviously, mobile learning provides a range

of opportunities and a certain level of flexibility to students. Much as continuous connection

to resources is good for the learner. According to Olowu (2012), in a study of 884 students of

different universities in Nigeria, the study indicated that youths in Nigeria are spending too

much time on social networking sites at the detriment of other necessary things such as their

studies. In the study conducted by Jwaifell et.al, (2013) he suggested that SNSs can be used

as an academic tool for communication and interaction between educators and students alike.

According to Woodcock (2012), the increasing number of student’s lives have change, they

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begin to operate gadget to expand their learning experience. The use of smart phones in

learning can lead students to become more aware of the advantages and benefits, such as the

ease of learning anywhere and anytime, as well as it can motivate students in learning

activities.

CHAPTER III

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presented the research design, research respondents, research instruments,

research locale, research procedures, gathering of data and data collection procedures and

statistical treatment of data.

Research Design
The study utilized the descriptive quantitative method in order to achieve the purpose of

this study - which is to gather information from groups of people and determine the Impacts

of Mobile Phone to the Academic Performance of Senior High Students in DFMTMNHS. It

is descriptive in a sense that the data obtained was analyzed and described.

The researchers used an interview guide questionnaire as instrument. Based on the result of

the survey tool conducted, researcher was able to determine the number of students who

owned a personal mobile phone, its impact to their Academic Performance, and ways to use

mobile phone effectively.

Research Locale

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 The study was conducted in Don Filomeno M. Torres Memorial National High School.

The school has a big open ground where they usually held group gathering. It can

accommodate up to 300 persons.

The respondents were comfortable in sharing their experiences at this place. The time for the

study was from February-May 2023.

Research Respondents and Research Procedure

The respondents of the study consist of thirty-seven (37) senior high students at Don

Filomeno M. Torres Memorial National High School. The sampling design that the

researchers utilized was convenience sampling. The respondents who participated in the

study were the chosen Senior High Students who owned a personal mobile phone. The said

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respondents are willing and available to share their personal experience and knowledge about

mobile phone.

Data Collection Procedure

Upon the approval of the proposal by the research committee, the researchers secured

a permit from the School Head of DFMTMNHS. During the visit, the dale of the collections

of the data from the respondents was set.

The researchers gave an informed consent before the start of the interview. The

researchers used an interview guide questionnaire themselves to ask questions in the

respondents. The answers made by the respondents were written on the interview guide

questionnaire as the data for this study. After gathering the data, the researchers collected and

made transcriptions of the gathered response. After that the researchers analyzed and

interpreted the data.

Statistical Techniques

The analysis interpretation of the gathered data was facilitated by the used of

the following statistical measure.

The frequency and percentage counts used to describe the tabulated data

from respondents.

a. Converting of Numbers to Percentage

N in %

When N - total number of respondents

% - percentage symbol

b. Percentage Distribution through Graphs

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 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

RESULTS

The study had five main purposes. The first purpose was to determine the impacts of

mobile phone to the academic performance of senior high students in DFMTMNHS. Second,

to determine if mobile phone has more on positive or negative impacts based on respondents’

perspective. Third, how significant and distracting mobile phone is. Fourth, to gather and

explore apps that can be used for studying. Fifth, to know some applicable ways on how to

effectively use mobile phone in school.

This chapter begins with the descriptive statistics for the sample: gender, age, grade,

class section and number of respondents who owned a personal mobile phone out of the total

number of senior high students in DFMTMNHS.

Table 1 describes the descriptive statistics for the sample: Grade, Class Section, Gender,

and Age. It presents four (4) Sections of Senior High Class, two (2) sections from Grade 11

and another two (2) from Grade 12. There is a greater number of female respondents than

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male with a total of 37 respondents in all. The respondents are at the age range of 16-19 years

old.

Table 1

Personal Profile

Grade Class Female Percentage Male Percentage Age

Section (N) (%) (N) (%) (Range)

XI Athena 6 11.54 4 18.18 16-18 yrs.

old

XI Venus 7 13.46 3 13.64 16-17 yrs.

old

XII Rose 6 11.54 3 13.64 17-18 yrs.

old

XII Orchids 7 13.46 1 4.54 17-19 yrs.

old

Total 26 50 11 50

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 Total (n) 37

Graph 1 presents the number of respondents who owned a personal mobile phone out of the

total number of senior high students in DFMTMNHS. It shows that there is a total number of

143 senior high students, in which it is the 79% population with the exemption of the

respondents. Therefore, a total number of 37 respondents is the remaining 21% of the

population.

Graph 1

Respondents’ Percentage

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 Respondents;
37; 21%

Senior High
Students;
143; 79%

Graph 2 presents that based on the survey questionnaire answered by the respondents,

mobile phone has both positive and negative impacts. All of the twenty (20) grade 11

students responds that mobile phone has positive impacts while only 13 of them agreed that it

has negative impacts. All of the (17) respondents from grade 12 responds that mobile phone

has positive impacts while only 15 of them agreed that it has negative impacts. Therefore,

mobile phone has more positive impacts to their academic performance than negative

impacts.

Graph 2

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 Positive & Negative Impact

Im pacts of Mobile Phone

Grade 12 Grade 11

15
Negative Impact

17
Positive Impact

Negative Impact 13

Positive Impact 20

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Based on our finding, the most positive impacts of mobile phone are the following; it

helped the students access variety of sources to gather lesson ideas, making use of

it to acquire additional knowledge for learnings, and through its usage note

taking/sharing is more convenient to students. It is most effective with searching for

definitions and making of presentations. And the only downside of mobile phone that

may affect the senior high student’s academic performance is it can cause a

distraction.

Table 2 presents the number of students with their responds of how significant and

distracting Mobile Phone is. In significant, fourteen (14) students out of 37 rate 5. Eleven

(11) students out of 37 rate 4. Ten (10) students out of 37 rate 3. Two (2) students out of 37

rate 2. No students rate 1. In distracting, Three (3) students out of 37 rate 5. Eleven (11)

students out of 37 rate 4. Sixteen (16) students out of 37 rates 3. Six (6) students out of 37

rates 2. One (1) student rates 1.

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 Table 2

Significance and Distraction

5 4 3 2 1

Significant 14 11 10 2 0 Not
Significant
Distractin 3 11 16 6 1 Not
Distracting
g

Graph 3 represents that in significance, it come up with a total rating of 149 by multiplying

each number of respondents to the specific value/rate (e.g. 14 x 5 = 70) and then adding all

products after. Same method was used to get the total rating for distraction, wherein it arrived

with a rating of 110. In simple terms, mobile phone is rated as more significant to the senior

high student’s academic performance rather than a distraction. Therefore, significance has a

higher rate than distraction.

Graph 3

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 Significance vs Distraction

Mobile Phone's Level of Signifi cance and

Distracti on
1 2 3 4 5

16
14
11

11
10

3
2

1
0

S i g n i fi c a n t D i s t r a c ti n g

Graph 4 presents the apps/websites that helped the respondents with their studies and

academic performance. It indicates that the most used is google with a total number of 30

based on the respondents, followed by Brainly with a total number of 14, next is Meriam

Webster with a total number of 16, and last two useful app/website is Quilbot and Chrome

based from one respondent.

Graph 4

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 Significant Apps/Websites

apps/websites

30
Brainly Chrome Quilbot Meriam Webster Google

16
14

Chapter V
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

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Summary

The study aimed to determine the impacts of mobile phone to the academic

performance of senior high students in Don Filomeno M. Torres Memorial National High

School, during the school year 2022-2023. It tried to answer the questions on: What is the

profile of the respondents in terms of grade & section, age, gender, and impacts of mobile

phone to their academic performance? How significant or distracting mobile phone is? What

are applicable ways to use mobile phone effectively in school?

Findings

This study presents that mobile phone has positive and negative impact to the

academic performance of senior high students in DFMTMNHS. It tells that mobile phone is

way more significant rather than a distraction to the student’s academic performance in

school. This study developed effective ways on how to use mobile phone efficiently.

Conclusion

Based on the overall findings, it showed that the impacts of mobile phone whether

positive or negative helps the senior high students to improve and adjust their academic

performance in school.

It was therefore concluded that the researchers accepted the general mean of data

gathered which yielded that the respondents were adjusted.

Recommendations

As per the findings that have been discussed above, there are few recommendations

that are made for consideration. They are as follows:

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1. It will be highly beneficial if there could be more research carried out in developing

countries on how students use mobile phones to increase their academic performance

in school.

2. Developing more significant apps/websites can help learners with their academic

performance through the use of mobile phone.

3. Practice and train students in school to use mobile phone effectively. And also,

teachers and school staff should be the first one to stand as a good role model in terms

of dealing with mobile phones appropriately.

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REFERENCES

Ally, M., & Prieto-Blázquez, J. (2014). What is the future of mobile learning in

education? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education,

11(1), 142–151. https://doi.org/10.7238/rusc.v11i1.2033

Barnwell, P. (2016). Do smartphones have a place in the classroom? The Atlantic.

Retrieved from

http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/04/dosmartphones-have-a-place-

in-the-classroom/480231/

Buck, J. L., McInnis, E., & Randolph, C. (2013). The new frontier of education: The

impact of smartphone technology in the classroom. In Proceedings of ASEE

Southeast Section Conference: American Society for Engineering Education.

Derounian, J. G. (2017). Mobiles in class? Active learning in higher education, 1-12.

Domingo, M. G., & Garganté, A. B. (2016). Exploring the use of educational

technology in primary education: Teachers’ perception of mobile technology learning

impacts and applications’ use in the classroom. Computers in Human Behavior, 56,

21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.023.

Ezemenaka, E. (2013). The usage and impact of Internet enabled phones on

academic concentration among students of tertiary institutions: A study at the

University of Ibadan, Nigeria. International Journal of Education and Development

using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT), 9(3), 162–173.

Fawareh H. M. A., Jusoh, S. (2017). The Use and Effects of Smartphones in Higher

Education. IJIM (11), 6.

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Güliz Uğur, N., & Koç, T. (2015). Mobile Phones as Distracting Tools in the

Classroom: College Students Perspective. Journal of Operations Research

Statistics, 3(32), 57–64.

Hawi, N. S, & Samaha, M. (2017). The relations among social media addiction, self-

esteem and life satisfaction in university students. Social Science Computer Review,

35(5), 576-586.

Ifeanyi, I. P., & Chukwuere, J. E. (2018). The impact of using smartphones on the

academic performance of undergraduate students. Knowledge Management & E-

Learning, 10(3), 290–308.

Jonnavithula, L., & Tretiakov, A. (2012). A model for the effects of online social

networks on learning. Future challenges, sustainable futures. Proceedings Ascilite

Wellington, 1(30), 435-437.

Jwaifell, Al-Shalabi, Andraws, Awajan & Alrabea (2013). The Intensity of Social

Networks Group Use among the Students of Jordanian Universities. Global Journal

of Computer Science and Technology Network, Web & Security, 13(2).

Kibona, L., & Mgaya, G. (2015). Smartphones’ effects on academic performance of

higher learning students. A case of Ruaha Catholic University – Iringa, Tanzania.

Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST), 2(4),

777–784.

Olowu, A. O., & Seri, F. O. (2012). A Study of Social Network Addiction Among

Youths in Nigeria. Journal of Social Science and Policy, Review 4.

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Sarwar, M., & Soomro, T. R. (2013). Impact of Smartphone’s on Society. European

Journal of Scientific Research. 98(2) , pp.216-226 Available at

http://www.europeanjournalofscientificresearch.com

Wood, E., Zivcakova, L., Gentile, P., Archer, K., De Pasquale, D., & Nosko, A.

(2012). Examining the impact of off-task multi-tasking with technology on real-time

classroom learning. Computers & Education, 58(1), 365-374.

Yildrim, C., Sumuer, E., Adnan, M., & Yildrim, S. (2016). A growing fear: Prevalence

of nomophobia among turkish college students. Information Development, 32(5),

1322-1331.

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Appendices

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 Appendix A
Transmittal Letter
Date: March 2023
Rosely M. Merino
Teacher-in-Charge
Don Filomeno M Torres Memorial National High School

Dear Ma’am,

With due respect, we the GAS students of Don Filomeno M. Torres Memorial

National High School has made our report entitled “THE IMPACTS OF MOBILE

PHONE TO THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SENIOR HIGH STUDENTS”

Though we are inexperience and are in learning curve, this report was in able us to

gain information and insight to the fact that many students here in our school are addicted in

their gadgets. It is extremely challenging and exciting situations that need to be addressed so

that students will be aware about the effect of excessive use.

We are hoping to your support and consideration, without you, this report would be an

incomplete one.

Once again, we the researchers would be thankful if you please give your

recommendations and advice to our efforts.

Sincerely Yours,

SGD Shasney Canoneo Ganabes

Group Leader

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 Appendix B
Name (optional):
Age:
Grade and Section: 6. Kindly state at least 2 (two) apps that
Gender (Male/Female): can help you with your studies:
•
1. Do you have a personal mobile •
phone? 7. Based on your perspective, how can
you say that mobile phone has positive
Yes No impact on your academic performance
in school?
___________________________
2. As a student, do you think mobile ___________________________
phone has a positive impact to your ___________________________
academic performance?
8. Based on your perspective, how can
Yes No you say that mobile phone has
negative impact on your academic
performance in school?
3. As a student, do you think mobile ___________________________
phone has a negative impact to your ___________________________
academic performance? ___________________________

Yes No 9. Applicable ways to use mobile phone

effectively in school. Check all that
applies.
4. If you are about to rate from 1-5, how
significant is mobile phone in terms of Search for definition of terms
your academic performance? using apps
___________
Take a picture for notes
5. If you are about to rate from 1-5, how
distracting is mobile phone in terms of
your academic performance? Sound Recorder
___________
Notepad

For #4 and #5 :
Making of PowerPoint
Significant 5 4 3 2 1 Not Significant or any presentation

Distracting 5 4 3 2 1 Not Distracting Sharing of notes

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CURRICULUM VITAE

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