Programme 5 a Bis SHS Frames Matrices ao Learning outcomes When you have completed this Programme you will be able to: Define a matrix Understand what is meant by the equality of two matrices Add and subtract two matrices Multiply a matrix by a scalar and multiply two matrices together Obtain the transpose of a matrix Recognize special types of matrix Obtain the determinant, cofactors and adjoint of a square matrix Obtain the inverse of a non-singular matrix Use matrices to solve a set of linear equations using inverse matrices, Use the Gaussian elimination method to solve a set of linear equations Evaluate eigenvalues and eigenvectors 535536 Engineering Mathematics Matrices - definitions Tras a et of alo complex numbers or lant) ranged in sows and humps om seca ay maa hang m fos and cmos ical an mm (by 0) matic and ited toa avg nr m ais nated by tng te aay within brackets 372 a a(S 2 2) ten. 8 mat te 222 mat, whee $, 7.2.6.3 Se the element of he mat Note that, in describing the matrix, the number of rows is stated first and the umber columns second 64 3 3 ; Is a matrix of order 4 x 3, Le. 4 rows and 3 columns. 64 So the matrix | 01 | 1s of order 23 2534 andstemanx (2 $ $$ ) 8 of order 3x2 2x4 A matrix is simply an array of numbers: there is no arithmetical connection between the elements and it therefore differs from a determinant in that the elements cannot be multiplied together in any way to find a numerical value of the matrix. A matrix has no numerical value. Also, in general, rows and columns cannot be interchanged as was the case with determinants. Row matrix: A row matrix consists of 1 row only. eg. (4 3. 7 2) isa row matrix of order 1 x 4 Column matrix: A column matrix consists of 1 column only. 6 es (3) is column matic of onder 331 3 To conserve space in printing, a column matrix is sometimes written on one line but with ‘curly’ brackets, e.g. { 6 3 8 } Is the same column matrix of order 3 x1 Move on to the next frameMatrices 537 So, from what we have already said: @w (0) (3) 8 a.cocecsses matee of order. 407 3a matrix of order (©) (2 6 Oisa ss matrix of order (@ column, 2x1 (b) row, 1x4 (© column, 3x1 @& We use a simple row matrix in stating the a- and y-coordinates of a point relative to the x- and y-axes. For example, if P is the point (3, 5) then the 3 is the x-coordinate and the § the y-coordinate. In matrices generally, however, ‘no commas are used to separate the elements. Single element matrix: A single number may be regarded as a1 x 1 matrix, Le. having 1 row and 1 column. Double suffix notation: Each element in a matrix has its own particular ‘address’ or location which can be defined by a system of double suffixes, the first indicating the row, the second the column, thus: ay ae aa a a zz aa ag a3 dn aay aay 4x3 indicates the element in the second row and third column. ‘Therefore, in the matrix 6-58 1-3 2-4 8 3 4-7-6 5 209 7-1 the location of (a) the element 3 can be stated as . (b) the element ~ 1 can be stated as (©) the element 9 can be stated as (@) a4) au (©) ae BO Move on538 Engineering Mathematics Matrix notation Where there is no ambiguity, a whole matrix can be denoted by a single general element enclosed in brackets, or by a single letter printed in bold type. ‘Thisis a very neat shorthand and saves much space and writing. For example: (= caved “) can be denoted by (ay) 0 (a) or by A simlay (2) can be denoted by (x) 0 (or simply by x For an (m x n) matrix, we use a bold capital letter, e.g. A. For a row or column, matrix, we use a lower-case bold letter, e.g. x. (In handwritten work, we can. indicate bold-face type by a wavy line placed under the letter, e.g. A of X,) So, if B represents a 2 x 3 matrix, write out the elements by in the matrix, using the double suffix notation. This gives es 7 bs by = : bay baz bag Next frame Equal matrices GS) by cetinition, two matiies are said to be equal if comresponding elements throughout are equal. Thus, the two matrices must also be of the same order. 4 a2 an) _(4 6 S sou (in ae az)- (2 $3) then ay =4; a2 =6; ais Therefor, if (a)) = abe 5-73 Soiffd e f)=(1 26 gh k a i then d= pba yy = 2; ete. xj) then ay = xy for all values of i and jMatrices 539 Addition and subtraction of matrices 423), (2 8 9) (441 2e8 349 ee (55 a)t(s 5 a)- (sts 728 ora) Sto =(5 2 10) Ob eed oe wt (54 '5)-(2 10 -8)- (GS-2 ato 8s) gon = % 13) (428). 108) 50, @) ( 3 3 1a Multiplication of matrices 1. Scalar multiplication 12) ‘To multiply a matrix by a single number (Le. a scalar), each individual element of the matrix is multiplied by that factor: eae (eu) zo & 6 1 7)=\(24 4 28 Le, In general, K(ay) = (kag), It also means that, in reverse, we can take a common factor out of every element — not just one row or one column as in determinants. 10 25 45 tne, (19 2$ $8) can bewsten540 Engineering Mathematics 2 Multiplication of two matrices ‘Two matrices can be multiplied together only when the number of columns in the first is equal to the number of rows in the second. (2: 22 st) -m- (5) meas ste ~ (oettahtenh) aid; + a2aba + aoabs eg. if A= (ay i.e. each element in the top row of A is multiplied by the corresponding clement in the first column of b and the products added. Similarly, the second, row of the product is found by multiplying each element in the second row of A by the corresponding element in the first column of b, Example 1 8 (; 7 ‘) : (goereseezs) (23 ea) 23 1) |G) \2xe+axs+ix9)~\ 1641549) \ 40 2351 simtaiy (225 3) 641241049) _ (37 1242440463) ~\99 tn just the same way, 1¢ A= ( Ab ‘The same process is carried out for each row and column.Matrices 541 Example 2 Ls rasiay=(2 1) nan=i=(2 422) a4 1s a r7}G583) (2): eae ee W(SECRE ES Fe EES) Sailiss ential naranh settaes ere w(t 2 08 2) as ee cones oe SEG scen leh ome matrix of order (3 x 4) Be eee eer = In general then, the product of an (1 m) matrix and an (m x m) matrix has order (In), 1 wa=(2 4 Sanan=(2 9 +3 then AB G 56 Gs) 2399) 7 ancean=(2 4 8)(25 re =(irar Bae) (2 ss) 21-18+20 3481415)” \23 99542 Engineering Mathematics Example 3 It follows that a matrix can be squared only ifitis itself a square matrix, ic. the number of rows equals the number of columns. 47 A= G 3) 2_(4 7\(4 7 (5 2) 3) 16435 28414) _/S1 2) =(tort0 4) > Cao 4» Remember that multiplication of matrices is defined only when Ww ‘the number of columns in the first ] he number of rows in the second. oma (15 8)(23 5 rmatiscones. (1 § $).(2 3 §) nar no meaning If Ais an (mx n) matrix Example wa=(1 2 S)anta=(a 1 7 10 then AB = ste 2 5 o}'{8 12 Gs (stoves soe sse7e) (120 167) (bs 28+40+54 40+58+72)~ (122 167 im n)( 123 Ge a 14450 21460 47 64 81 =| 8444 16455 24466 52 71 90 and BA = 9448 18+60 27472 57 78 99, Note that, in matrix multiplication, A.B 4 B.A, i.e. multiplication is not commutative, The order of the factors is important! In the product A.B, Bis pre-multiplied by A and Ais post-multiplied by B.Matrices 543 sota=(7 4) man=( 2? 4) 1 16 32 (3) AB (2 28 ®) na (7%) 25 9 18 Transpose of a matrix (3) If the rows and columns of a matrix are interchanged: i.e. the first row becomes the first column, the second row becomes the second column, the third row becomes the third column, etc., then the new matrix so formed is called the transpose of the original matrix. If AAs the original matrix, its transpose is denoted by A or A'. We shall use the latter. 46 wan (7 5),menat ($2 2) 28 8 Therefore, given that 40 276 a-(27 s) oman (3 ‘) then AB =544 Engineering Mathematics Special matrices (BRD sare marisa mati of order mx 125 eg. [6 8 9] isa3x3 matrix 174 1-215) A square matrix (ay) Is symmetric if ay = aj, eg. {2 8 9 594 it is symmetrical about the leading diagonal. Note that A= AT. A square matrix (aj) is skew-symmetric if ay In that case, A = ~AT. (©) Diagonal matrix is a square matrix with all elements zero except those on 50 0 the leading diagonal, thus {0 2 0 00 7, (©) Unit matrix is a diagonal matrix in which the elements on the leading 100 diagonal are all unity, ie. (0 1 0 001 ‘The unit matrix is denoted by I. $24 100 wA=(1 3 8}andt=(0 1 0} thenar= 79 6 001 7 esMatrices 545 Similarly, if we form the product ILA we obtain: 10 0\/s 24 ra={0 1 0]-{1 3 8 oo1/\7 96 $4040 24040 44040) /5 2 4 000 ie. (0 0 0} and is denoted by 0. 000, If AB =0, we cannot say that therefore A = 0 or B 18 ane toras(2 1 “3) nan (: “| gees 63 3 -9)\0 G _( 244-6 18-6-12)_0 o ~(criznte stois 36) “(0 0 ‘That is, A.B =0, but clearly A 40 and B 0. Now a short revision exercise. Do these without looking back. 4657 i ale se 1 an($§§ T)man-(2 £2 4) determine (a) A + B and (b) A- B. a 2wa-(3 7) man-($ 8 2) 51 determine (a) 5A; (b) A.B; (c) BA. 2 6 aul 3 wa=(5 7) anaB=(0 7) thenaB- 41 203 426 187, When you have completed them, check your results with the next frame . maid 4 Given that A= ( )) determine @) AT and @) AAT.546 Engineering Mathematics 23 Here are the solutions. Check your results. 1 wara-($ 48 §)ma-m-(2 2 2 4) 20 15 32 36 32 ea eo 2 @sa-(i 8) wam-(¥ te @) @na-(22 @) 2 6\ (3 2 3 AB=[5 7)]-{0 7} isnot possible since the number of columns in ai) \23 the first must be equal to the number of rows in the second, 41 aa-($2 9) .a-(28 67 1 awa(t2 9 (23 7 Geen prea) 4416442 1464449 _ (56 =(o tts Now move on to the next frame 187. Determinant of a square mat 24 ‘The determinant of a square matrix is the determinant having the same elements as those of the matrix. For example: psa AN sie pe the determinant of { 0 6 3] Is|0 6 3] and the value of this 847) |g 47 determinant is 5(42 — 12) 20 24) + 1(0 ~ 48) = 5(30) ~2(-24) + 1(-48) = 150+ 48 48 508 Note that the transpose of the matrix is {2 6 4} and the foe?) 308 264 «3 7 5(30) = 150. determinant of the transpose is the value of which is (42 ~ 12) - 0(14 ~ 4) + 8(6 ~ 6) That is, the determinant of a square matrix has the same value as that of the determinant of the transposed matrix. A matrix whose determinant is zero is called a singular matrix.Matrices 547 18 6 325 ‘The determinant of the matrix {4 7 9 } has the value 200 and the determinant value of the diagonal matrix [0 5 0 } has the oo 4 value | 2 eee eee 5 4 3(—30) — 215) + 5(25) 2(20) +0+0=40 cuca ve Boonen Cofactors If A = (ay) is a square matrix, we can form a determinant of its elements: a, a2 ai... iw Each element gives tise to a cofactor, which is Jaz1 22 a2... zx! simply the minor of the element in the 431 x2 33 ++. in| determinant together with its ‘place sign’, ‘which was described in detail in the previous Ly ya dea + ym |——TOBTaMMe, Puan For example, the determinant of the matrix A=(4 1 6 } is 140 Bees, 41 6] which has a value of 45. 14 det A= (Aj = 24 = 24, The minor of the element 2is |} 6 | ‘The place sign is +. Therefore the cofactor of the element 2 is +(—24) Le. ~24 Sia the minoretbe semen 384 §) =0-6= 6 ‘The place sign is ~. Therefore the cofactor of the element 3 is ~(-6) = 6. In each case the minor is found by striking out the line and column containing the element in question and forming a determinant of the remaining elements. The appropriate place signs are given by: 4 alternate plus and minus from the top left-hand comer which carries a +548 Engineering Mathematics 23 14 ‘Therefore, in the example above, the minor of the element 6 is i.e. 8 ~ 3 = S, The place sign is ~. Therefore the cofactor of the element 6 is 5. Tae 2 So, for the matrix { 6 $ 4 }, the cofactor of the element 3 is ae) and that of the element 4 is Cofactor of 3 is 4— (—10) Cofactor of 4 is (56 — 3) Adjoint of a square matrix 235 Ifwe start afresh with A= {4 1 6], its determinant 140, jz 38 4 1 6] from which we can form a new matrix € of 140 the cofactors. Au Aw An An is the cofactor of aii C= | An Aza Aza J where 15 the cofactor of aj etc. Ay An Abs g[-+0-29=-24 Au=-|* §|=-0-6)=6 4n=4{* {l= +06-1) =15 he | ~(0-20)= 20 An=+|t | +(0-5)= sen feces 213 Aaa -|f §|=-a2—209=8 2 3 +f, 1[=+2-12)=-10 24 6 15 The matrix of cofactors isC=| 20 -s —5 13 8 -10, -24 20 13 and the transpose of Gie.CT=] 6 -5 8 1s -5 10 ‘This is called the adjoint of the original matrix A and is written adj A.Matrices 549 ‘Therefore, to find the adjoint of a square matrix A: (a) we form the matrix € of cofactors, (b) we write the transpose of G, ie. CT sean Hence the adjoint of {3 1 4 ) is 46 Inverse of a square matrix ‘The adjoint of a square matrix is important, since it enables us to form the (28. inverse of the matrix. If each element of the adjoint of A is divided by the value of the determinant of A, i. |Al, (provided |A| # 0), the resulting matrix is called the inverse of A and is denoted by A“ (0 — 24) — 3(0 — 6) + 5(16 - 1) = 45. 23 For the matrix which we used in the last frame, A= [4 1 14 23 detanial=|a de is 1301/8640; 24 20 13 6-5 8 15-5 ~10 24 6 15 the matrix of cofactors C= { 20 -5 —5 and the adjoint of A, ie. CT ‘Then the inverse of A is given by 24 2 13 6-5 8 1s -5 ~10550 Engineering Mathematics Therefore, to form the inverse of a square matrix A: (@) Evaluate the determinant of A, i.e. |A| (b) Form a matrix € of the cofactors of the elements of [Al (©) Write the transpose of G, i.e. C7, to obtain the adjoint of A (@) Divide each element of C" by |A| (€) The resulting matrix is the inverse A“ of the original matrix A. Let us work through an example in detail: 123 To find the inverse of A=(4 1 5 602 (@ Brauate the determinant of A Le.|Al- [AL = G9) ao |Al 2g) 41 5) =1(2-0)-2(8-30)+3(0-6) 602 (b) Now form the matrix of the cofactors. © — aa -d0) “3-18 oy Ant = +(10-3) (5-12) = +(1-8) = (©) Next we have to write down the transpose of € to obtain the adjoint of A. adj A=CT= ww 2-4 7 adjA=C'=[ 22 -16 7 “6 12-7 (@) Finally, we divide the elements of adj A by the value of |Al, i.e. 28, to arrive at At, the Inverse of A. a‘Matrices 551 Here are the details: det A= [Al 2(8) - 7(—6) + 4(-5) = 38, Cofactors: Aw =~(24-30)=6; Ay =+(0-5)=-5 35 +(16-20)=-4; Ay = -(0-35 An = H42-4)=38, Ay =-(12-12)=0; An =+(2-21 8 6 -s 8 -56 38 c=|-s6 -4 35 Fale 24 00 38 0 19 “3 35 -19 1( 2% 38 thenAt=3,/ 6 -4 0 “S35 19 Now let us find some uses for the inverse.552 Engineering Mathematics Product of a square matrix and its inverse 123 From a previous example, we have seen that when A= (4 1 5 ee 6 0 2 2-16 7 eae 7 2 -4 7) /123 Bl 2-16 7J}[415 w -6 2-7) \6 02 ater aaso 62s A(z eve 4tero oes voetb a2 “12si240 -18+60~18 0 100 o}=[o1 o}-1 A‘ASI 28 oo1 (2-4 7 w| 22-16 7 6 12 — 2-4 7 22-16 7) = -6 12 -7, Finish it off 0 0 10 AA*=2( 0 28 0)=(01 0 28 00 ARTS ATLA That is, the product of a square matrix and its inverse, in whatever order the factors are written, Is the unit matrix of the same matrix order Solution of a set of linear equations (BRD consicer tne set oftinear equations ayes + ax + a13%3 + + ayy = Bt ba day Xy + aaa + anny + + Aankn gir + dyaxe + ass + + Xn = Br