DESIGN EXAMPLES OF RIBBED SLAB

A typical floor system of a lecture hall is to be designed as a ribbed slab. The joists which are
spaced at 400mm are supported by girders. The span of the girder is 8m and center to center girder
spacing = 3.5 m The overall depth of the slab without finishing materials is 300mm. Imposed load
of 1.5kN/m2for partition and fixture is considered in the design. In addition, the floor has a floor
finish material of 3cm marble over a 2cm cement screed and it has 2cm plastering as ceiling. Take
the unit weight of ribbed block to be 2kN/m2. Design the ribbed slab for full 30% moment
redistribution
Assume bwj = 80m mm, bwg = 400 mm and column size = 400 mm × 400 mm

Use: C 20/25
S – 300
Class 1 works

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Solution:
Step 1: Design strength of materials and constants
Concrete:
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚= fctm= 0.3 fck2/3 = 2.2𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑐 =1.5 𝑓𝑐𝑘=20𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑓𝑐𝑢=25𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘=0.7 fctm, = 1.5𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑐𝑑= 0.85∗20/1.5=11.33𝑀𝑝𝑎
Rebar 𝑓𝑦𝑘=300𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑑=𝑓𝑦𝑘/1.15=260.87𝑀𝑝𝑎
ɛ𝑦𝑑=𝑓𝑦𝑑/𝐸𝑠=260.87/200 =1.3%

Step 2: Verify Thickness of toppings and ribs assumed based on min requirement based on
general requirements for Rib slab are met using ES EN 1992:2014

Thickness of slab (topping), t slab ≥ 50 mm

60mm (given) ≥ 50 mm ok
or 1/10 clear distance between ribs
1. The centers of the ribs should not exceed 1.5 m:
- This is satisfied, as the center-to-center spacing between the ribs is 400mm.
2. The depth of ribs excluding topping should not exceed four times their average width.
- Also satisfied as 80 x 4 > 240 mm.
3. The minimum rib width should be determined by consideration of cover, bar spacing and fire
resistance
- BS 8110 code - recommends 125 mm,
- Assume for this example the conditions are satisfied hence assume requirement satisfied.

Step 3: Loading
Dead load:
Joist→ = bw joist *dj = 0.08 * 0.2 * 25 = 0.4 kN/m
Topping→ = tslab *joist spacing *unit weight of concrete = 0.06 *0.4 * 25 = 0.6 kN/m
Floor finish (marble) → =width*joist spacing *unit weight of marble =0.03 * 0.4 * 27 = 0.324
Cement Screed → = width * joist spacing **unit weight of mortar = 0.02 * 0.4 * 23 = 0.184
Plastering → = width* joist spacing *unit weight = 0.02 * 0.4 * 23 = 0.184 kN/m
Partition and fittings → = area load* joist spacing =1.5 *0.4= 0.6 kN/m
Ribbed block → = area load* joist spacing = 2 *0.4 = 0.8 kN/m
Gk = 3.092 kN/m
Live load:
Qk = 4kN/m2 * 0.4 = 1.6 kN/m
2

Design load:
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𝐺𝑑= 1.35∗𝐺𝑘 =1.35∗3.092= 4.174k𝑁/𝑚

𝑄𝑑=1.5∗𝑄𝑘= 1.5∗1.6 =2.4k𝑁/𝑚
Total Design load Pd = 6.6 kN/m
Step 4: Analysis (for Ribs) hint: use inelastic analysis
i.Full Design load

Fixed end moments

FEMAB = FEMBA = FEMBC= FEMCB =WL2/12 = 6.6*3.52/12 = 6.74kNm
Relative stiffness
Joint B
Hint: The intermediate roller /pin support B and C behaves as fixed support
For Member BA far end A is hinged kBA = 3EI/L =3/3.5= 0.86
For Member “BC “far end C is hinged kBC = 3EI/L =3/3.5= 0.86

Distribution Factors

DF AB = kAB/kAB = 1 For pin or roller it is the only support at A

DF BA = kBA/kBA + kBC= 0.86/(0.86+0.86) = 0.5

DF BC= kBC/kBC + kBA= 0.86/(0.86+0.86) = 0.5

DF CB= kCB/kCB = 1 For pin or roller it is the only support at C

Moment distribution

SSBM = WL2/8 = 6.6*3.52/8 =10.11kNm

Reactions
Segment AB
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SMB=0, CCw (+) VA*3.5– 6.6*3.52 + 10.11 =0, VA= 8.66kN
2
 Fy=0, VA +VBL – 6.6 *3.5 =0, 8.66 +VBL – 6.6 *3.5 =0  VBL = 14.44kN
Points of Contra flexure

Mx=0, cw (+) 8.66x – 6.6x2 -Mx =0, Mx= -3.3x2 +8.66x

2
Vx =dMx/dx = -6.6x+8.66

Mx =0, -3.3x2 +8.66x=0 x = 2.72m from support A

Segment BC

MC=0, CCw (+) VBr*3.5– 6.6*3.52 -10.11 =0, VBr = 14.44kN

2
 Fy=0, VBr +VC – 6.6 *3.5 = 0, 14.44 +VC – 6.6 *3.5 =0  VC = 8.66kN
Points of Contra flexure 4

Mx=0, c cw (+) 8.66x – 6.6x2 - Mx =0, Mx= -3.3x2 +8.66x

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2
 Vx =dMx/dx = -6.6x+8.66

Mx =0, -3.3x2 +14.44x=0 x = 2.73m from support C

Maximum sagging moment = 10.11-(10.11/2) = 5.055kNm

Inelastic analysis
Maximum hogging moment after full redistribution of 30%
= 0.7(10.11) = 7.077kNm
Maximum sagging moment = 10.11 -7.077/2 = 6.57kNm
Support reactions
Segment AB

MB=0, CCw (+) VA*3.5– 6.6*3.52 + 7.077 =0, VA= 9.53kN

2
 Fy=0, VA +VBL – 6.6 *3.5 =0, 9.53+VBL – 6.6 *3.5 =0  VBL = 13.57kN
Points of Contra flexure
5

Mx=0, cw (+) 9.53x – 6.6x2 - Mx =0, Mx= -3.3x2 + 9.53x

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2
 Vx =dMx/dx = -6.6x+9.53

Mx =0, -3.3x2 + 9.53x = 0 x = 2.99m from support A

Segment BC

MC=0, CCw (+) VBr*3.5– 6.6*3.52 -7.077 =0, VBr = 13.57kN

2
 Fy=0, VBr +VC – 6.6 *3.5 =0, 13.57 +VC – 6.6 *3.5 =0  VC = 9.53kN
Points of Contra flexure

Mx=0, c cw (+) 9.53x – 6.6x2 - Mx =0, Mx= -3.3x2 + 9.53x

2
Vx =dMx/dx = -6.6x+9.53
2
Mx =0, -3.3x + 9.53x=0 x = 2.99m from support C
Design shear and bending moment
Design shear is found at C/2 +dj from center of column or d from face of support
Deign bending moment elastic moment at x= 2.99m
Mx= -3.3x2 +8.66x =-3.3*2.992 + 8.66*2.99 = -3.61kNm
Inelastic bending moment
= 0.7(-3.61) = -2.53 kNm
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 Design shear is found at C/2 +dj from center of column or d from face of support

The design shear for the two span is the max of the shear of the two span ( i.e. span AB & BC)

For span AB

Vdl /1.011= 9.53/1.444  Vdl = 6.67kN, Vdr / 1.623 = 13.57/2.056,  Vdr = 10.71 kN
For span BC

Vdl /1.623 = 13.57/2.056  Vdl = 10.71kN, Vdr / 1.011 = 9.53/1.444,  Vdr = 6.67kN
From the left and right the design shear of this two spans is Vd = 10.71kN

Step 5. Loading on Girders

The girder beams are analyzed and designed for loads transferred from the ribs as the maximum
reaction forces in the analysis of the ribs.
For ease of analysis of the Girder Beams the reaction forces from the rib analysis are divided by
the rib spacing to have a uniform load acting over the span.
Since the Girder Beams are continuums, live load variation along the span should be considered.
Width of girders A , B,C ………….bwg = 400mm
For all girders …...D= 400mm d= D-cover-/2 -link = 400-25-16/2-8 =359mm
- Note: the section should be checked for serviceability
Self-weight: A ,B & C …………= 0.4 x 0.4 x 25 = 4 kN/m

Design dead loads: A, B & C ………… Gd = 1.35 x4 = 5.4 kN/m

Step 6. Analysis of Girders

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i. For Girder on axis “A” and “C”

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- To get to maximum support moment [at 2]

From the maximum reaction of the Ribs divided by the rib spacing at A and C
9.53/0.4= 23.825KN.m
Total load =23.625+ 5.4 = 29.23 kN.m

Fixed end moments

FEM12 = FEM21 = FEM23= FEM32 =WL2/12 = 29.23*82/12 = 155.89kNm
Relative stiffness
Joint 2
Hint: The intermediate roller /pin support 2 and 3 behaves as fixed support
For Member 21 far end 1 is hinged k21 = 3EI/L =3/8= 0.375
For Member “23 “far end 3 is hinged k23 = 3EI/L =3/8 = 0.375

Distribution Factors

DF 12 = k12/k12 = 1 For pin or roller it is the only support at 1

DF 21 = k21/k21 + k23= 0.375/(0.375+0.375) = 0.5

DF 23= k23/k23 + k21= 0.375/(0.375+0.375) = 0.5

DF 32= k32/k32= 1 For pin or roller it is the only support at 3

Moment distribution

SSBM = WL2/8 = 29.23*82/8 = 233.84kNm

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Reactions
Segment 12

29.23kN/m 233.835kNm

2
8m
V1 V2L

M2=0, CCw (+) V1*8– 29.23*82 + 233.835 =0, V1= 87.69kN

2
 Fy=0, V1+V2L – 29.23 *8 =0, 87.69+V2L – 29.23 *8 =0  V2L = 146kN
Points of Contra flexure

29.23kN/m
Mx

x Vx
87.69kN
Mx=0, cw (+) 87.69x – 29.23x2 -Mx = 0, Mx= -14.62x2 +87.69x
2
Vx =dMx/dx = -29.24x+87.69

Mx =0, -14.62x2 +87.69x=0 x = 6m from support 1

Segment 23

233.835kNm 29.23kN/m

2 3
8m
V2r V3

MC=0, CCw (+) V2r*8– 29.23*82 -233.835 =0, V2r = 146kN

2
 Fy=0, V2r +V3– 29.23 *8 = 0, 146 +V3 – 29.23 *8 =0  V3= 87.84kN
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Points of Contra flexure

Mx
29.23kN/m
3
Vx
x
87.84kN

Mx=0, c cw (+) 87.84x – 29.23x2 - Mx =0, Mx= -14.62x2 +87.84x

2
Vx =dMx/dx = -29.24x+8.66

Mx =0, -14.62x2 +87.84x=0 x = 6m from support 3

Maximum sagging moment = 233.84-(233.835/2) = 116.923kNm

Inelastic analysis
Maximum hogging moment after full redistribution of 30%
= 0.7(233.835) = 163.685kNm
Maximum sagging moment = 233.84 -163.685/2 = 151.998kNm
Support reactions
Segment 12

163.685kNm
29.23kN/m

1 2
8m
V1 V2L
10

M2=0, CCw (+) V1*8– 29.23*82 + 163.685 =0, V1= 96.46kN

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2
  Fy=0, V1 +V2L – 29.23 *8 =0, 96.46+V2L – 29.23 *8 =0  V2L = 137.38kN
Points of Contra flexure

29.23kN/m
Mx

x Vx
96.46kN

Mx=0, cw (+) 96.46x – 29.23x2 - Mx =0, Mx= -14.62x2 + 96.46x

2
Vx =dMx/dx = -29.24x+96.46

Mx =0, -14.62x2 + 96.46x = 0 x = 6.61m from support 1

Segment 23

163.685kNm 29.23kN/m

2 3
8m
V2r V3

M3=0, CCw (+) V2r*8– 29.23*82 -163.685 =0, V2r = 137.38kN

2
 Fy=0, V2r +V3– 29.23 *8 =0, 137.38+VC – 29.23 *8 =0  V3= 96.46kN
Points of Contra flexure
Mx
29.23kN/m
3
Vx
x
96.46kN

Mx=0, c cw (+) 96.46x – 29.23x2 - Mx =0, Mx= -14.62x2 + 96.46x

2
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Vx =dMx/dx = -29.24x+96.46
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Mx =0, -14.62x2 + 96.46x=0 x = 6.61m from support 3

 Design shear and bending moment
Deign bending moment elastic moment at x= 6.61m
, Mx = -14.62x2 +87.69x= -14.62*6.612 +87.69*6.61 = -59.15kNm
Inelastic bending moment
= 0.7(-59.15) = -41.41 kNm

29.23kN/m

1 3
8m 2 8m
96.46 137.38
SFD(kN)

137.38 233.835 96.46

6m 41.41 6m BMD(kNm)

151.998 151.998
6.61m
Design shear is found at C/2 +dj from center of column or d from face of support

The design shear for the two span is the max of the shear of the two span ( i.e. span 12& 23)
12

For span 12
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Vdl /6.051= 96.46/6.61 Vdl = 88.3kN, Vdr / 0.831 = 137.38/1.39,  Vdr = 82.13 kN
For span 23

Vdl /0.831 = 137.38/1.39 Vdl = 82.13kN, Vdr / 6.051 = 96.46/6.61,  Vdr = 88.3 kN
From the left and right the design shear of this two spans is VEd = 88.3kN

Step 7.Loading on the Bracing Beam …. Axis 1, 2 and 3

The bracing beams are analyzed and designed for their own self weight and partition load resting
directly on them.
Width = 300 mm
Depth = 400 mm
d = D-cover -long/2 -link =400-25-12/2-8 = 361mm
N.B: cross section should be checked for serviceability.
Since there are columns at the intersection of the beams and girders, the beams will only support
their own loads
. - Self-weight
DL = 0.3 x 0.4 x 25 = 3 kN/m Gd= 1.35 x 3 = 4.05 kN/m
Beam analysis

Fixed end moments

FEMAB = FEMBA = FEMBC= FEMCB =WL2/12 = 4.05*3.52/12 = 4.13kNm
Relative stiffness
Joint B
Hint: The intermediate roller /pin support B and C behaves as fixed support
For Member BA far end A is hinged kBA = 3EI/L =3/3.5 = 0.86
For Member “BC “far end C is hinged kBC = 3EI/L =3/3.5 = 0.86

Distribution Factors
DF AB = kAB/kAB = 1 For pin or roller it is the only support at A
DF BA = kBA/kBA + kBC= 0.86/(0.86+0.786) = 0.5

DF BC= kBC/kBC + kBA= 0.86/(0.86+0.86) = 0.5

DF CB= kCB/kCB = 1 For pin or roller it is the only support at C

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Moment distribution

SSBM = WL2/8 = 4.05*3.52/8 = 6.2kNm

Reactions
Segment AB

SMB=0, CCw (+) VA*3.5– 4.05*3.52 + 6.075 =0, VA= 5.35kN

2
 Fy=0, VA +VBL – 4.05 *3.5 =0, 5.35+VBL – 4.05*3.5 =0  VBL = 8.82kN
Points of Contra flexure

Mx=0, cw (+) 5.35x – 4.05x2 -Mx =0, Mx= -2.025x2 +5.35x

2
2
Mx =0, -2.025x +5.35x=0 x = 2.82m from support A
Segment BC

MC=0, CCw (+)

14

VBr*3.5– 4.05*3.52 -6.075 =0, VBr = 8.82kN

2
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 Fy=0, VBr +VC – 6.6 *3.5 = 0, 8.82 +VC – 4.05 *3.5 =0  VC = 5.35kN
Points of Contra flexure

Mx=0, c cw (+) 5.35x – 4.05x2 - Mx =0, Mx= -2.025x2 +5.35x

2
2
Mx =0, -2.025x +5.35x=0 x = 2.82m from support C

Maximum sagging moment = 6.2-(6.075/2) = 3.163kNm

Inelastic analysis
Maximum hogging moment after full redistribution of 30%
= 0.7(6.075) = 4.253kNm
Maximum sagging moment = 6..2- 4.253/2 = 4.07kNm
Support reactions
Segment AB

MB=0, CCw (+) VA*3.5– 4.05*3.52 + 4.253 =0, VA= 5.87kN

2
 Fy=0, VA +VBL – 4.05 *3.5 =0, 5.87+VBL – 4.05 *3.5 =0  VBL = 8.3kN
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Points of Contra flexure

Mx=0, cw (+) 5.87x – 4.05x2 - Mx =0, Mx= -2.025x2 + 5.87x

2

Mx =0, -2.025x2 + 5.87x = 0 x = 3.06m from support A

Segment BC

MC=0, CCw (+) VBr*3.5– 4.05*3.52 -4.253 =0, VBr = 8.3kN

2
 Fy=0, VBr +VC – 4.05 *3.5 =0, 8.3 +VC – 4.05 *3.5 =0  VC = 5.87kN
Points of Contra flexure

Mx=0, c cw (+) 5.87x – 4.05x2 - Mx =0, Mx= -2.025x2 + 5.87x

2
2
Mx =0, -2.025x + 5.87x = 0 x = 3.06m from support C
Design shear and bending moment
Design shear is found at C/2 +dj from center of column or d from face of support
Deign bending moment elastic moment at x= 3.06m
Mx = -2.025x2 +5.35x = -2.025*3.062 +5.35*3.06 = -2.59kNm
Inelastic bending moment
= 0.7(-2.59) = -1.81 kNm
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Step 8. Design
1. Rib design

Cross section at span ℎ𝑓=60 𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑤=80 𝑚𝑚 Dj=260 𝑚𝑚

𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 15 𝑚𝑚, main bar 12mm
𝑑=260−15−6−12/2=233 𝑚𝑚
Effective width computation

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓, i = 0.2𝑏𝑖+0.1𝑙𝑜 ≤ 0.2𝑙𝑜

Since beam analyzed is end span only end span sagging moment and hogging moment is
17

considered.
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I. For end span (sagging moment)
𝑙𝑜 = 0.85𝑙1  𝑙𝑜=0.85∗3500=2975𝑚𝑚
𝑏1=𝑏2=3500/2 =1750mm
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 1 =329.5 < 595 < 𝑏1
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 2 =329.5 < 595 < 𝑏2
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = Σ𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓, + 𝑏𝑤 ≤ 𝑏
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 =739 ≤ 3500 𝑶𝑲
𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 739 𝒎𝒎
II. For support hogging moment (-ve)
𝑙𝑜 = 0.15(𝑙1+𝑙2) 𝑙𝑜=1050𝑚𝑚
𝑏1=𝑏2 =3500/2 = 1750 𝑚𝑚
𝑏 𝑒𝑓𝑓1 =137< 210 < 𝑏1
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓2 =137 < 210 < 𝑏2
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = Σ𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓, + 𝑏𝑤 ≤ 𝑏
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 =354 ≤ 3500 𝑶𝑲
𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇=𝟑5𝟒 𝒎𝒎
Note: However since it is a negative moment the width of the compression zone will be, b = 80mm

Design of the T-section

A. Positive span moment AB and BC

𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 6.57 k𝑁𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 739 𝑚𝑚 𝑑 = 233𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 11.33 𝑚𝑝𝑎 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 260.87 𝑚𝑝𝑎
μ𝑠𝑑 =𝑀𝑠𝑑/𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑏𝑑 = 6.57∗106𝑁𝑚𝑚 = 0.0145
2

11.33∗739∗2332
𝜇𝑠𝑑  𝜇𝑠𝑑,lim = 0.152 for 30% moment redistribution 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒚 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒅
If depth of equivalent rectangle stress-block, ' y ' is equal to or less than the flanged thickness,
 hf (i.e y ≤ hf ), a flanged section may be treated as a rectangular section of width equal to an
effective width of flange, be  provided the flange of section is on compression side when the
section subjected a moment.
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But if depth of equivalent rectangle stress-block,  yis greater than the flanged thickness,' ' hf
(i.e y  hf ), a flanged section may be treated as T-beam section provided the flange of section is
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on compression side when the section subjected a moment.

 = 1- sqrt (1-2 μ) =1-sqrt(1-2*0.0145) = 0.0146
Assuming the neutral axis to fall in the flange i.e yhf
y = ω *d = 0.0146*233= 3.4 mm  hf(60mm) 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 b=be=739mm
Lever arm, Z = d/2 [1+sqrt (1-2 μ)] = 233/2 [1+sqrt (1-2 *0.0145)] = 231.298mm
As1 = Msd/𝑍𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 6.57 *106𝑁𝑚m/ 231.298*260.87 = 108.885𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚/𝑓𝑦𝑘)*𝑏𝑡*𝑑 but not less than 0.0013btd 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑡 = 𝑏𝑤 =80mm 𝑑 =233
f𝑐𝑡𝑚 =2.2 𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑘=300 𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 35.54 𝑚𝑚2  𝐴𝑠1 𝑶𝑲!
Assuming 10mm bar, 𝑎𝑠 = 78.398mm2
𝑛 =𝐴𝑠/𝑎𝑠 = 1.38 𝒖𝒔𝒆 2∅𝟏0mm 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔

B. Negative moment on the rib support B

𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 2.53 k𝑁𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 80 𝑚𝑚 𝑑 = 233𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 11.33 𝑚𝑝𝑎 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 260.87 𝑚𝑝𝑎

μ𝑠𝑑 =𝑀𝑠𝑑/𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑏𝑑2 = 2.53∗106𝑁𝑚𝑚 = 0.0514

11.33∗80∗2332
𝜇𝑠𝑑  𝜇𝑠𝑑,lim = 0.152 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒚 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒅 .
 = 1- sqrt (1-2 μ) =1-sqrt (1-2*0.0514) = 0.0528
Assuming the neutral axis to fall in the flange i.e yhf
y = ω *d = 0.0528*233= 12.3 mm  hf(60mm) 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 b=be=80mm
Lever arm, Z = d/2 [1+sqrt (1-2 μ)] = 233/2 [1+sqrt (1-2 *0.0514)] = 226.85mm
As1 = Msd/𝑍𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 2.53*106𝑁𝑚m/ 226.85*260.87 = 42.75𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚/𝑓𝑦𝑘)*𝑏𝑡*𝑑 but not less than 0.0013btd 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑡 = 𝑏𝑤 =80mm 𝑑 =233
f𝑐𝑡𝑚 =2.2 𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑘=300 𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 35.54 𝑚𝑚2  𝐴𝑠1 𝑶𝑲!
Assuming 10mm bar, 𝑎𝑠 = 78.398mm2
𝑛 =𝐴𝑠/𝑎𝑠 = 0.545 𝒖𝒔𝒆 1∅𝟏0mm top 𝒃𝒂𝒓
Rib shear design
Step 1. Material property
Concrete fcu =25Mpa fck = 20Mpa
fcd =11.33Mpa fctk = 1.5 Mpa
fctm =2.2 Mpa fctd = 1.0 Mpa
Steel fyk =300 Mpa fyd = 260.87Mpa
𝜀yd =1.3% Es = 200 Gpa
Step 2. Loading on Ribs
19

𝐺𝑑= 1.35∗𝐺𝑘 =1.35∗3.092= 4.174k𝑁/𝑚

Page

𝑄𝑑=1.5∗𝑄𝑘= 1.5∗1.6 =2.4k𝑁/𝑚

Total Design load Pd = 6.6 kN/m
Step 3. Analysis
The design shear of ribbed of span AB and BC is VEd = 10.71kN

Step 4. Concrete shear capacity

𝑉𝑅𝑑,c=[𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐.𝐾.(100𝜌1.𝑓𝑐𝑘)1/3+ 𝐾1𝜎𝑐𝑝]𝑏𝑤.𝑑 > (𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛+𝐾1.𝜎𝑐𝑝)𝑏𝑤.𝑑
Where:
𝐶𝑅𝑑,c= 0.18/𝛾𝑐 = 0.18/1.5 = 0.12
𝐾=1+ sqrt(200/𝑑) ≤ 2.0 𝑑 =233
K=1.92
𝜌1 =𝐴𝑠/𝑏𝑤𝑑 < 0.02

𝜌1= 226.19/80*233 = 0.0121, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 2∅12

157.07/80*234 = 0.0084 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 2∅10
𝑓𝑐𝑘=20 𝑀𝑝𝑎
K1= 0.15
𝜎𝑐𝑝 = 𝑁𝐸𝐷/𝐴𝑐 < 0.2𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 0……… (𝑁𝐸𝐷 = 0)
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035.𝐾3/2*𝑓𝑐𝑘1/2 = 0.416

Therefore
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 2∅12⟹𝑉𝑅𝑑,c = 12.42 𝐾𝑁 >7.75 𝐾𝑁
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 2∅10⟹𝑉𝑅𝑑,c = 10.137 𝐾𝑁 >7.75 𝐾𝑁
Step 5: Diagonal compression check of concrete
𝑉𝑅𝑑,max = 𝛼𝑐𝑤*𝑏𝑤*𝑍*𝑣*𝑓𝑐𝑑/(cot𝜃+tan𝜃)
𝑉𝑅𝑑,s = 𝐴𝑠𝑤/𝑆*𝑍*𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑*cot𝜃
𝑉𝑅𝑑 (minimum of) = 𝑉𝑅𝑑,max
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛼𝑐𝑤 =1 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝜃⟹1 ≤ cot𝜃 ≤ 2.5
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒…..cot𝜃 =2.5 𝑏𝑤 = 80 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑐𝑑=11.33 𝑀𝑝𝑎
Z= 0.9*d = 209.7
VRd, max = cw* bw *Z* v1* fcd/(cot +tan)
= 1*80*209.7*0.6*11.33/(2.5 +1/2.5)= 39.325kN

Check this value with values form the shear envelop

⟹𝑉𝑅𝑑,max (39.325kN ) > 𝑉𝐸𝐷(10.71kN)……..𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠,𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝑶𝒌!
20

Step 6. Calculate the required shear reinforcement

𝐴𝑠𝑤*𝑓𝑦𝑑/𝑏𝑤*𝑆 ≤ 1/2*𝛼𝑐*𝑣*𝑓𝑐𝑑
Page

Maximum longitudinal spacing

𝑆l𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75*𝑑*(1+cot𝛼), 𝛼 = 90
Minimum longitudinal spacing
𝑆lmin = 80mm (common practice for placing and compaction of concrete)
Maximum transverse spacing
𝑆b𝑚𝑎𝑥= 0.75d =174.75mm
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.08*sqrt (𝑓𝑐𝑘)/𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 0.00119
𝑆 bmin=𝐴𝑠𝑤/𝑏𝑤*𝜌𝑤*sin𝛼 = 2(62𝜋/4) 80*0.00119*1 = 593.99𝑚𝑚
- Check this value with Smax

Required: shear reinforcement

𝐴𝑠𝑤/𝑆= 𝑉𝑒𝑑/0.78∗𝑑∗𝑓𝑦𝑘∗𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝐴𝑠𝑤 =2∗𝜋∗62/4 =56.54𝑚𝑚2
𝑆=𝐴𝑠𝑤∗0.78∗𝑑∗𝑓𝑦𝑘∗𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃/𝑉𝑒𝑑
VEd– d from the face of the columns but since the loads are small just take the values at the
centre of the columns.
𝜃- since VRd,max > VEd lets take the conservative value
𝜃 = 22° 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 2.5
𝑆=56.54∗0.78∗233∗300∗2.5/ Ved= 7706.68 kNmm
𝑉𝑒𝑑

Span Location VEd(KN) Scal (mm) Sprovid

AB near A 9.53 808 ф 6 C/C 175 mm
near B 13.57 567.92 ф 6 C/C 175 mm
BC near B 13.57 567.92 ф 6 C/C 175 mm
near C 9.53 808 ф 6 C/C 175 mm

Smin = 594 mm
Smax = 0.75 *d = 0.75 * 233 = 174.75 → 175mm
Provide ф 6 C/C 175 mm throughout

Additional tensile force, Δ𝐹𝑡𝑑 on the longitudinal reinforcement due to shear VEd may
calculated from
Δ𝐹𝑡𝑑=0.5∗VEd∗(cotθ - cot) =90 take VEd=13.57 (the largest value)
Δ𝐹𝑡𝑑=0.5∗VEd∗(cotθ ) cot=2.5
Δ𝐹𝑡𝑑=0.5∗13.57∗2.5 = 6.96𝐊𝐍
Additional tension reinforcement,
As = Ftd /0.87 fyk = 6.96 *103 /0.87*300 = 26.67mm2
Note: this has to be added to the Flexural computation (on the tension reinforcements.), for (
21

MEd/Z) + Δ𝐹𝑡𝑑 should be taken not greater than MEd,max/Z, where MEd,max is the maximum
moment along the beam
Page
2. Girder design
a. Girder at A and C
- Positive span moment
𝑀𝑠𝑑 =151.998 𝐾𝑁𝑚 𝑏𝑤g = 400 𝑚𝑚 𝐷 = 400 fcd=11.33 =260.87 𝑚𝑝𝑎 𝑑 =
400−25−8−16/2 = 359 𝑚𝑚
μ𝑠𝑑=𝑀𝑠𝑑/𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑏𝑑2 =151.998∗106𝑁𝑚𝑚/11.33∗400∗3592 = 0.260
𝜇𝑠𝑑  𝜇𝑠𝑑, lim = 0.152 for 30% moment redistribution 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
For 𝜇𝑠𝑑, lim = 0.152 lim = 0.1664 refer EBCS-2/1995
= 𝜇𝑠𝑑 - 𝜇𝑠𝑑, lim = 0.260-0.152 = 0.122
1-d2/d 1-41/359
Tension reinforcement
𝐴𝑠1= [lim +] bdfcd/fyd =[ 0.1664 +0.122]400*359*11.33/260.87= 1798.86𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚/𝑓𝑦𝑘)*𝑏𝑡*𝑑 but not less than 0.0013btd 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑡=𝑏𝑤g =400mm
𝑑=359𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚=2.2 𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑘=300 𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 273.8 𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑠 𝑶𝑲!
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∅ 16 𝑎𝑠 = d /4 = 201.1𝑚𝑚2
2

𝑛 =𝐴𝑠1/𝑎𝑠 = 8.94 𝒖𝒔𝒆 9∅𝟏6mm 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔 (As provided = 1810𝑚𝑚2)

Check whether the compression reinforcement has yielded
For 30% redistribution of elastic moment, xu /d= kx = 0.208
𝜀𝑠2 =[1-(d2/d)/kx] 𝜀𝑐 = [1-(41/359)/0.208]*3.5 =3.1%
𝜀𝑠2 =3.1% > 𝜀𝑦 (1.3%)  𝜎𝑠2 = fyd =260.87Mpa
Calculate the stress in the concrete at the level of compression reinforcement to avoid double
counting of area.
𝜀𝑐𝑠2=3.1% ≥ 𝜀𝑐2 = 2 %,( General Design Table and Chart 1.1)
Hence 𝜎𝑐𝑑,s2 = 11.33 𝑚𝑝𝑎
Area of compression reinforcement
As2 = bd fcd/( 𝜎𝑠2 - 𝜎𝑐𝑑,𝑠2) = 0.122*400*359*11.33/( 260.87 – 11.33) = 795.4 𝑚𝑚2
𝑛 =𝐴𝑠2/𝑎𝑠 = 3.95 𝒖𝒔𝒆 4∅𝟏6mm top 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
Negative support moment
𝑀𝑠𝑑 =41.41 𝐾𝑁𝑚 𝑏𝑤g = 400 𝑚𝑚 𝐷 =400 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑐𝑑 =11.33 = 260.87 𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝑑= 400−25−8−20/2 = 357 𝑚𝑚
μ𝑠𝑑 = 𝑀𝑠𝑑/𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑏𝑑2 = 41.41∗106𝑁𝑚𝑚/11.33∗400∗3572 = 0.0717
𝜇𝑠𝑑  𝜇𝑠𝑑, lim = 0.152 for 30% moment redistribution singly 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
22

Lever arm, Z = d/2 [1+sqrt (1-2 μ)] = 359/2 [1+sqrt (1-2 *0.0717)] = 345.6mm
As1 = Msd /𝑍𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 41.41 *106𝑁𝑚m/ 345.6*260.87 = 459.31𝑚𝑚2
Page

𝑛 =𝐴𝑠/𝑎𝑠 = 2.28 𝒖𝒔𝒆 3∅𝟏6mm 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔

 B. Girder shear design

Step 1: Shear envelope

A and C
bw = 400, D= 400mm, d=359mm
ф8 stirrup, ф 16 rebar

B
bw = 400, D= 400mm, d=357 mm
ф8 stirrup, ф 16 rebar

Step 2: concrete shear capacity

𝑉𝑅𝑑,c=[𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐.𝐾.(100𝜌1.𝑓𝑐𝑘)1/3+ 𝐾1𝜎𝑐𝑝]𝑏𝑤.𝑑 > (𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛+𝐾1.𝜎𝑐𝑝)𝑏𝑤.𝑑

Where:
𝐶𝑅𝑑,c= 0.18/𝛾𝑐 = 0.18/1.5 = 0.12
𝐾=1+ sqrt(200/𝑑) ≤ 2.0 𝑑 =359mm,357mm
K=1.75
K1= 0.15
𝜌 =𝐴𝑠/𝑏𝑤𝑑 < 0.02
For A and C:
Support: 3ф16 𝜌 = 3*82/400∗359 = 0.0042
Span: 9ф16, 𝜌 = 0.0126
For B
Support: 3ф16, 𝜌 = 3*82/400∗357 = 0.0042
𝑓𝑐𝑘=20𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝜎𝑐𝑝=0
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035.𝐾3/2*𝑓𝑐𝑘1/2 = 0.362
A and C
Span - VRD,c = 61.3 kN > 51.98kN
Support - VRD,c = 88.41 kN > 51.69 kN
23

B
Page

Support - VRD,c = 60.96 KN > 51.69 KN

3. Diagonal compression check of concrete
Girder A and C
For shear reinforcement
VRd,max = 0.36fckbwd(1-fck/250)
cot +tan
VRd,max(22) = 0.124bwd(1-fck/250)fck VRd,max(45) = 0.18bwd(1-fck/250)fck

If VEd  VRd,max,22(use =22)

If VRd,max,22  VEd  VRd,max,45 Compute actual  by
 = 0.5sin-1 [Vef/(0.18bwd)(1-fck/250)fck ]
If VEd VRd,max,45 Redesign the section
Designed shear links Minimum shear links
 
Asw/S = VEd/0.78dfykcot  Asw/S = 0.08bw*sqrt(fck)/fyk
With  =22
VRd,max(22) = 0.124bwd(1-fck/250)fck = 0.124*400*359(1-20/250)*20 *10-3 = 327.64kN
With  = 45
VRd,max (45) = 0.18bwd(1-fck/250)fck = 0.18*400*359(1-20/250)*20 *10-3 = 475.6kN
VEd (shear at the d face support) = 88.3kNVRd,max(22) = 327.64kN use  =22
Use nominal shear reinforcement (minimum shear links) by
Asw/S = 0.08bw*sqrt(fck)/fyk = 0.08*400*sqrt(20)/260.87 = 0.55
Spacing , S= 2*82/4 = 182.78mm
0.55
Girder B
a) With  =22
VRd,max(22) = 0.124bwd(1-fck/250)fck =0.124*400*357(1-20/250)*20 *10-3=325.81kN
b) With  = 45
VRd,max(45) = 0.18bwd(1-fck/250)fck =0.18*400*357(1-20/250)*20 *10-3= 472.95kN
VEd (shear at d from face of support) = 88.3kN VRd,max(22) = 325.81kN use  =22
Use nominal shear reinforcement (minimum shear links) by
Asw/S = 0.08bw*sqrt(fck)/fyk = 0.08*400*sqrt(20)/260.87 = 0.55
Spacing , S= 2*82/4 = 182.78mm
0.55
Additional tensile force, Δ𝐹𝑡𝑑 on the longitudinal reinforcement due to shear VEd may
calculated from
24

Δ𝐹𝑡𝑑=0.5∗VEd∗(cotθ - cot) =90 take VEd=88.3kN (the largest value)

Page

Δ𝐹𝑡𝑑=0.5∗VEd∗(cotθ ) cot=2.5
Δ𝐹𝑡𝑑=0.5∗88.3∗2.5 = 110.375kN
As = Ftd /0.87 fyk = 110.375 *103 /0.87*300 = 422.89mm2
Check the bottom tension steel has sufficient length of curtailment and anchorage to resist the
additional horizontal tension Δ𝐹𝑡𝑑 caused by the design shear

Step 4. Calculate the required shear reinforcement

𝐴𝑠𝑤*𝑓𝑦𝑑/𝑏𝑤*𝑆 ≤ 1/2*𝛼𝑐*𝑣*𝑓𝑐𝑑
Maximum longitudinal spacing
𝑆l𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75*𝑑*(1+cot𝛼), 𝛼 = 90
Minimum longitudinal spacing
𝑆lmin = 80mm (common practice for placing and compaction of concrete)
Maximum transverse spacing
𝑆b𝑚𝑎𝑥= 0.75d = 0.75*359 = 269.25mm
= 0.75*357= 267.75mm
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.08*sqrt (𝑓𝑐𝑘)/𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 0.00119
𝑆bmin=𝐴𝑠𝑤/𝑏𝑤*𝜌𝑤*sin𝛼 = 2(82𝜋/4) 400*0.00119*1 = 211.19𝑚𝑚

Required: shear reinforcement

𝐴𝑠𝑤/𝑆= 𝑉𝑒𝑑/0.78∗𝑑∗𝑓𝑦𝑘∗𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝐴𝑠𝑤 =2∗𝜋∗82/4 =100.53𝑚𝑚2
𝑆=𝐴𝑠𝑤∗0.78∗𝑑∗𝑓𝑦𝑘∗𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃/𝑉𝑒𝑑
VEd– d from the face of the columns but since the loads are small just take the values at the
centre of the columns.
𝜃- since VRd,max > VEd lets take the conservative value
𝜃 = 22° 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 2.5
𝑆= (100.53∗0.78∗d∗300∗2.5) *10-3
Ved

Span Location VEd(KN) d(mm) Scal (mm) Sprovid

AB near 1 96.46 359 218.88 Ф8 C/C 180 mm
near 2 137.38 359 152.83 ф 8 C/C 180mm
BC near 2 137.38 357 152.83 ф 8 C/C 180mm
near 3 96.46 357 218.88 ф 6 C/C 180mm
S =180mm
Sbmin = 200 mm
𝑆b𝑚𝑎𝑥= 0.75d =0.75*359 = 269.25mm
=0.75*357= 267.75mm
Provide ф 8 C/C 180 mm throughout
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3. Bracing Beam design
i) Negative support moment

𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 1.81k𝑁𝑚 𝑏 = 200 𝑚𝑚 D = 300𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 11.33 𝑚𝑝𝑎 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 260.87 𝑚𝑝𝑎
Assuming long =12mm link = 8mm
d = 300-25-12/2 -8 = 261mm
μ𝑠𝑑 =𝑀𝑠𝑑/𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑏𝑑2 = 1.81∗106𝑁𝑚𝑚 = 0.0117
11.33∗200∗2612
𝜇𝑠𝑑  𝜇𝑠𝑑,lim = 0.152 refer EBCS-2/1995 (for 30% moment redistribution ) 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒚
𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒅
 = 1- sqrt (1-2 μ) =1-sqrt(1-2*0.0117) = 0.0118
Assuming the neutral axis to fall in the flange i.e yhf
y = ω *d = 0.0118*261= 3.08 mm  hf(60mm) 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 b=be=200mm
Lever arm, Z = d/2 [1+sqrt (1-2 μ)] = 200/2 [1+sqrt (1-2 *0.0117)] = 198.82mm
As = /𝑍𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 1.81*106𝑁𝑚m/ 198.82*260.87 = 34.89𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚/𝑓𝑦𝑘)*𝑏𝑡*𝑑 but not less than 0.0013bt*d ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑡 = 𝑏 =200mm 𝑑 =261mm
f𝑐𝑡𝑚 =2.2 𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑘=300 𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 99.528 𝑚𝑚2  𝐴𝑠 ---------------not ok
Assuming 12mm bar, 𝑎𝑠 = 113.1mm2
𝑛 =𝐴𝑠min/𝑎𝑠 = 0.88
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟐∅𝟏2 (As provided = 226.2mm2) b𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒐𝒑 𝒃𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆
𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎
Bracing beam shear design
Step 1. Material property
Concrete fcu =25Mpa fck = 20Mpa
fcd =11.33Mpa fctk = 1.5 Mpa
fctm =2.2 Mpa fctd = 1.0 Mpa
Steel fyk =300 Mpa fyd = 260.87Mpa
𝜀yd =1.3% Es = 200 Gpa
Step 2. Loading on bracing beam
Total Design load Pd = 4.05 kN/m

Step 3. Analysis
Shear envelope
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 4.05kN/m

A C
8m B 8m
5.87 8.3
SFD(kN)

8.3 5.87

Total ultimate load on the beam =2 (4.05kN/m *3.5m) =28.35kN

Support reaction = 28.35/2 = 14.175kN
Shear VEf at face of the support = 14.175 -4.05*0.4/2 = 13.365 kN
Shear VEd at d distance from face of the support = 13.365 -4.05*0.261/2 = 12.84kN

The design shear of bracing beam of span AB and BC is VEd = 12.84kN

The shear force VEd, calculated without reduction by , should however always satisfy the
condition
VEd  0.5bw*d *v*fcd …………………………. (6.5)
Where v is the strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear
Note: The recommended value for v follows from
V= 0.6(1-fck/250) ,fck in MPa ……………….. 6.6N

Step 4. Concrete shear capacity

𝑉𝑅𝑑,c=[𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐.𝐾.(100𝜌1.𝑓𝑐𝑘)1/3 + 𝐾1𝜎𝑐𝑝]𝑏𝑤.𝑑 > (𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛+𝐾1.𝜎𝑐𝑝)𝑏𝑤.𝑑
Where:
𝐶𝑅𝑑,c= 0.18/𝛾𝑐 = 0.18/1.5 = 0.12
𝐾=1+ sqrt(200/𝑑) ≤ 2.0 𝑑 =261mm
K=1.88
𝜌1 =𝐴𝑠/𝑏𝑤𝑑 < 0.02

𝜌1= 226.2 /200*261 = 0.00433, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 2∅12

𝑓𝑐𝑘=20 𝑀𝑝𝑎
K1= 0.15
27

𝜎𝑐𝑝 = 𝑁𝐸𝐷/𝐴𝑐 < 0.2𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 0……… (𝑁𝐸𝐷 = 0)

Page

𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035.𝐾3/2*𝑓𝑐𝑘1/2 = 0.404

Therefore
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 2∅12⟹𝑉𝑅𝑑,c = 24.18𝐾𝑁 >21.09 𝐾𝑁 ok
Step 5: Diagonal compression check of concrete
𝑉𝑅𝑑,max = 𝛼𝑐𝑤*𝑏𝑤*𝑍*𝑣*𝑓𝑐𝑑/(cot𝜃+tan𝜃)
𝑉𝑅𝑑,s = 𝐴𝑠𝑤/𝑆*𝑍*𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑*cot𝜃
𝑉𝑅𝑑 (minimum of) = 𝑉𝑅𝑑,max
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛼𝑐𝑤 =1 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝜃⟹1 ≤ cot𝜃 ≤ 2.5
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒…..cot𝜃 =2.5 𝑏𝑤 = 200𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑐𝑑=11.33 𝑀𝑝𝑎
Z= 0.9*d = 180mm
VRd, max = cw* bw *Z* v1* fcd/(cot +tan)
= 1*200*180*0.404*11.33/(2.5 +1/2.5)= 56.82kN

Check this value with values form the shear envelop

⟹𝑉𝑅𝑑,max (56.82kN ) > 𝑉𝐸𝐷(12.84kN)……..𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠,𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝑶𝒌!
Step 6. Calculate the required shear reinforcement
𝐴𝑠𝑤*𝑓𝑦𝑑/𝑏𝑤*𝑆 ≤ 1/2*𝛼𝑐*𝑣*𝑓𝑐𝑑
Maximum longitudinal spacing
𝑆l𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75*𝑑*(1+cot𝛼), 𝛼 = 90
Minimum longitudinal spacing
𝑆lmin = 80mm (common practice for placing and compaction of concrete)
Maximum transverse spacing
𝑆b𝑚𝑎𝑥= 0.75d = 195.75mm
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.08*sqrt (𝑓𝑐𝑘)/𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 0.00119
𝑆 bmin=𝐴𝑠𝑤/𝑏𝑤*𝜌𝑤*sin𝛼 = 2(82𝜋/4) /200*0.00119*1 = 422.4𝑚𝑚
- Check this value with Smax

Required: shear reinforcement

𝐴𝑠𝑤/𝑆= 𝑉𝑒𝑑/0.78∗𝑑∗𝑓𝑦𝑘∗𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝐴𝑠𝑤 =2∗𝜋∗82/4 =100.53𝑚𝑚2
𝑆=𝐴𝑠𝑤∗0.78∗𝑑∗𝑓𝑦𝑘∗𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃/𝑉𝑒𝑑
VEd– d from the face of the columns but since the loads are small just take the values at the
centre of the columns.
𝜃- since VRd,max > VEd lets take the conservative value
𝜃 = 22° 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 2.5
𝑆= 100.53∗0.78∗261∗300∗2.5/ Ved = 15349.4kNmm
28

𝑉𝑒𝑑
Page
 Span Location VEd(KN) Scal (mm) Sprovid
AB near A 5.87 2614.88 ф 8 C/C 190mm
near B 8.3 1849.32 ф 8C/C 190 mm
BC near B 8.3 2614.88 ф 8C/C 190mm
near C 5.87 1849.32 ф 8C/C 190 mm

Smin = 422.4 mm
Smax = 0.75 *d = 195.75mm. → 190mm
Provide ф8 C/C 190 mm throughout

Additional tensile force, Δ𝐹𝑡𝑑 on the longitudinal reinforcement due to shear VEd may
calculated from
Δ𝐹𝑡𝑑=0.5∗VEd∗(cotθ - cot) =90 take VEd=12.84 (the largest value)
Δ𝐹𝑡𝑑=0.5∗VEd∗(cotθ ) cot=2.5
Δ𝐹𝑡𝑑=0.5∗12.84∗2.5 = 16.05k𝐍
Additional tension reinforcement,
As = Ftd /0.87 fyk = 16.05 *103 /0.87*300 = 61.49mm2
Note: this has to be added to the Flexural computation (on the tension reinforcements.), for (
MEd/Z) + Δ𝐹𝑡𝑑 should be taken not greater than MEd,max/Z, where MEd,max is the maximum
moment along the beam

Step 9: Transverse reinforcement

Secondary reinforcement is required for temperature and shrinkage.
𝐴𝑠2 =20% 𝐴𝑠, min = 0.2* 157.08 =31.416mm2
𝐴𝑠2=0.12%𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆= 𝑏 𝑎𝑠/𝐴𝑠 =1000**82/4 = 319.96  300mm
157.08
Smax = 3.5h  450mm =3.5*300mm  450mm
= 1050mm  450

𝒖𝒔𝒆 ∅ 𝟖 𝒄/𝒄 3𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎

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Step 10 : Reinforcement Detailing

Flexural Reinforcement Detailing for Ribs (middle span)

Flexural Reinforcement Detailing for Ribs (end span)

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Flexural Reinforcement Detailing Girder A and C

Flexural Reinforcement Detailing Bracing Beam A and C

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 Shear Reinforcement detailing for Ribs

Shear Reinforcement detailing for Girder A and C

Shear Reinforcement detailing for Bracing beams

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 Plan

Section D-D

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