_ Weder seleining,
here ux seepage less |
Eartn Dam £ Conele Darn
Flow wil be below thedem
2 Hong this line, the tolal head is ine same
8 There as no head dilferene along this Vine Tie elev Pele Wicdhe tel fou Fee:
BLARD—v Clow cole in acherned
Belween 2 Vlow line
the flow channel:
Mp, 2 2 > cre Slow votes jn each Flow channel
—Siagcam Neo, suppose that tne head drops O43
et tb Ngwes 1,2 23 cre WH Ha £ Ho
Uni left erginjid can be rewnilten
oie kha - ©
ad = ths -®
Since the figuies 2 £3 are bounded by the same equipatental_ln
Ne can see that ha = ha.
from @A2G@_ Os= Op.
> hom ©,@ 4@) va kh = kB
ident that if we draw a Flow net. whereas Any
rough each Plow channel 4 the head diops belwe,
obals will be the same: particular Flow net contort NF num)
ted number of equipotenhal drops
lors which. causes the Slow is Wh & the
16 PL permeabibty of soil os k, AEA Mick
eee thea i= Belge inoah chase cme.
‘
diep belween each consecubve equipolential lines (hh
Bede te bejtieg piece can be represented as fallow all heed is seme tom
Sr oe apa : ae
ate ae
a
5 Sow b
2nd Slekataeeal
lane Bn er
tote) hee
k@= 3x10 %
h = Sm Co-3) A PodAndit
Np =e Cro of flow chaanet: 4 Equipatential
Wd = 4 Cre oF expupeiertih drop
reeo
Chor im)
Bolan Ais 322
Ak cage he tom
Nd 6
Ni ian Seepage moh Flow chennel 2
,
Baer m water heigh + \om
water height « Dm Cat surface? nn = —
ke = 2x 10°F m]s- ae
ale of seepage in adem sec tin of joo
bh we Nd= de 2
wd ‘ Nhs
— apielhepelet icot {hh a
JX \OX_Y xivu) rm h = lo- 0 =16 Chead lox)
ar) 2
7 27x 3-33 nls xm
ae
67x10 ms xe
6-67xX Tei POSe AG
jaf
point Bh
25 drops
EROS
oS . e
a
on
PL
Fa
|
| e
a
| —
<
|
Be
Bt | fee a NoF 22
Prea= Séok © soil sample under differential. head as shown mm tne
te below
bb sample hea!
sat the beltom of he semple = Ch +b). Boxe
Bebe beh
fal Soi, equa 4 downward * -
ical Condition AA This pein, sell
2 Af Ane upeord Verve 15 Increai
point, the soil parkdes tend +e. Yelteve &
with the direction of the Flow. Thir phenom
ssand bailing which leads te piping C path
is
sendy sail
word fs
anh Sele
nf phenomena \ mostly Occurs in sendy silt. lo cle
dhis 3s net common due be the porence of _
ive Feces.
_dve to.
ee
el
|
al
a
Be
a |
iw
oe |
cond fice s Sas
pward fice = downward fuce be |
|
Be
bw Ct) - 6~
\te
Corte) - fw Cite)
eee te. ie
Abbie IG.Gst em Cre). sal
wel tfc.
Be |
|
a |
|
mm
|
Fy
a
ae
as
Es
= whic gradient ROE
26 & yoid patio Ae bat J
2 26-1 — jet OF 2F:
Vals =
pe ot the drag force Is caused by fhe excessive
Which will be dissipeled by the tichon within th
Meicee onetloce: ee nA Unit: volume
delermined as fale
SDonk pnb liwel te
ch cia engi Fd the minimem length of LW cvvidl sand boiling
Si: se eng} ol pencheton? ying en impermecible blerkeb, we cain inicase te alene sa
he Now Jine which leads fe veduced hydraulic mdi» |
Ned ood Coq: cond p41?
50) fom boiling wv
ve uri) weg 2 Ss
p> Cheb of sefely)- plane of failure 12 Finike. Boundones Gn be sh urn
DW dhe) plime is present free tith end
t Dee 4p weigint compnral clung ple
soil wil aide. Cwsing
Fidon owids sliding, Wecls clorg sefece,
g é nis. fee ech ad
as blag
psf) -{\ : Thiet cele
Ihe groundwater level isiat tre sface of Fhe
arallel ty the surf, o thet
ty can ba igrenoss
Beeie t! beer
Unit Weight ZBsat at
setatp tea
bes abe fbn caer
aoe
Fb sat cos a saticled unit weight of
exgle of shearing Jesssdence
reece A cbp= | hy be mode
PE tne Senche of satety ts bh be
delamine the safe argyle of fre s)spe
eee |e pent ory, ea
Sees 2 at 4 perelle\ jy the
of the slope
= rs Fol 25
ene.
6 2515 tem
cen
= 2A get os wasal Se f ont ttt
cboenkany of feilere sufece her te be brawny
midering several shp surfaces wilh varying conver £
mexemple, C1 16 a centre whereas the slip stfeces 1
ieemt to dhe diagram behne belo chaw.s the feces
| Gan_be obtained L, varying it's radius
fing the Face Ff redely Bi eech surtece ww
the minimum Tacky of safely that can bes
he given cenhe Ob q olan
ondihions
e 12 tim
pres: a pe Che
ethos lot dncricl wi. du bab
Aa ke] | cu=20Krh
1 Partch 1
e ee A sefety cgoirck sliding.
Sliding sechr = 306 kN
et en leceeonkieily of em Kom tne cone of
pew | | |
Bite feckc oF] sefely i Sheded parton i cemoved
eet tt | + Scdnedtl.| coll hae
¢ Tel Pobait dee blz
We | a
: cely hes
Aohion S ay
ch Lot: Shaded portion. In practise, this is called Be Be Aah fl tel Ald ioihe 2 beste Soret Wes
pe oiel t cafedy of link SetalesicSine — pp FGHK CEoted Ved dime
i Mee is Ihe s )
ay | Freie 2 ren Rae. Circles with the some numbers
io ct | iS ‘ =
Bllowing achvihes axe planned br A single tery PP distibetim clones a Cebning coall:
Ln.
Nedea peorvek A=
ae ; Ae ee
pete ® , =
2 re A Whe tokl free or dhuct an thew
(perm Sengindcon be found &
atthe bottom of the wall:
z tn bngin of th 10% KN/m* 'm
log ky
6h See rites 1) by chaege—d Vertcal Ualfirm lewd epp\ed an chap
Snuerted’ to host ank= [ha of well & 1's poich oF copplicah
yesknle
Blah ectve ued 7
Point of fipplice
-? Ka = lasing =_I-sini&
L4sing 4S
dle Pi ap l= e.
= oS23x e 75m high feleins| ot cohestoniess) sail
“The dy 2m of tne Bi hes a emit wegnt of
See ahthenyed hay a anit veignt of
Tre prarvce Sis tbstron
ein diitea Sb) oss dne
feeeey paetH cing (eke
Ne thet on ‘the well i ISokm
ay Bhi oh the welt ist
fs keep the fice on the wall within allextle
“EFL the top helt of 4H Neptn Ti temove| —
ub tre cinder are used cur beckHl) |
eee height, whet addifonet height ty he |
aa Bieman eta Aw oc ds be Waal
Velae 2 The unit weight of cindect ta
mene Gratton cyte Br aor the seme =
het b be
Netive deen
er Clo xe) of x2n2) + 2x4) + [+
2
‘
60 + 125K + +80
3
ee OO + ie
B
Beziene 7) cos Ut Vees* =e:
fy VI OIF 2 Ae
Fiichon bedewon el) L spre soil. fs ehen int
Ee
O yo Ka, just hes yor ba dhe prectere et &
a ec #28 4
“i ths. sti
rene ab x guen pnt ephn) = Kath -2
ee ee
= 356-6 Jour). order 4: do thet, we shard determine the res
Nace on the Attdeston of Ky t RH meet the bared
oun deter. Depriing on Ins \ecation We con culegp Con be tin either Noettanne? |
© + eceembicity.
Abe point shald ackally be on
the bet,
= ltée
BR B
Resullent Moment =) A =
Ke silted Moment ct bese eM) Used
2 Coniders rondence proaded by rock
Cornder shuctvral feiluce
Occeu duc th moment beeing l weight
Uphia Sxcor Nike im uundations
Pi GonrideceS in Piping oc Send borhing-
things te condor in dne Gurecede
ye use entire theory. ,i} con be applied ly da < bern
he crip if b> h tem (4-4) then Sly Rent th
eo Loh ae te bs Srecrewrehale
4
> Veriable Achsn Qs concidered foe Weight 0)
Vb is Kevavectte for ctiding ob ik 48
BS bond consclec the Seuouredhe detians cee
Qcceun) nem ov 5) , only. Unfevecrable ec Mons coil le
account eee
For -e-4. Nddihon Rv, generated by @ clit mat be
Kble tne adSihenel Ku cconted bey © 21
of__pecka Fecher ore weed. bel nak ait
4 Cooobinat 7
precede £, there ote 3 Je0gr
gn epproech | hich . Re aa sare
Leompnicte fer tre AMforerce in
Beheor tracnied
5 Me dertel proportions oe
sneered
AR anes = lev = 2ts.2em to
Pome F
Dib cam poren\ gene echooe mullhprsed
gc bd ane
A Variable achon, We
Jeke 3b into aecount ° Verable actions ms
errehe condilions by ys
we calcu lete eo
Peed ca ler.
Morel comparen +
Bre sec bese Weight to broncble
ni £ he orc Urfreucchle
hy + elo
*gxs) + G AL ASS =)
ERA ASVAS 504 FS
= = x) \e z
(ey) 35) Caxias xv5.
Pormemet
rehome
x by hs
= CQospias)+ Wo = 2a fs
shcmutela(s (+ a) suas) eas
a
= 546.7 5,4 (lox 20875)x\
> Ld 2" wy
P incteers den f intoues
_esing => ka
lasing
ireke Sh right lowoy a xsyis
a x3
Bred = [ctoxe-O~s] +Coursmsx $)
Ee
Fa Lo
6
Fsnding =
Ti+ 364 01-25
2S 2h
Mulhpled by 13
because
2) 8:25 ten20
Ate
o-Gs s Pe reidecad
oR cherges naw
be
25x lt Cor 2s) %)3:
215-25 + G25
234-5 amicel 4 yrehe
wth = height
Sim he
de ceight beceme
ML be large.
L Wadd Nbns/ uel eHe?
roche height move then #m,
achiral shengih 6 required
Conerele Retaining Walls.
pplication of scinkucenonls
Pease Swell slender
an_reech hetghls
of dhe wal) bat 2) Ger ole
be limited sine bd :
eighk _ +n ‘ resisted by tne action of bolh self weight £ the weight
fest on the canbleveved base Cup 7m?
wh F lebnel pectin § 6
Stern pracccneite rece
the backfill height, the moments
1 Ane stem of tne wall is subjected
ee
a shuctcal stability
2 bare
5 We intduce
component known cs counlerfat - Fobbl= Meron
gih 6 required
Retaining Walls.
application of veinfcements
Breese slenclos
srecch heights haw ee nacdovic |
pia
Mobi Mehl tier ule A
Uni) ~
pHs
ag 2 ta TAPRRaRTe tere ic es Lecter tle,
sinn'V4y Incremse 1 peteaeil
then fot es oo plese te
Helm the sikece » Anta Ape
at mwemedt
Gi 2 6d
Define te lyner
Der — 5
P he tres
Drae—> Uebel
Belted Poel 10k
ee |
Defnc —* Sip site's 09 Be 2
rae |
Ho bhy 2 LA 5 nor ccktle Go p Bhool sie}
~ Upsrece- Date teary Seleck ede tee
& ee shows sap. g© fsa.
TTe fed Mich 9¢ necator spray br —Cechyalermod.
Pier Cnt L chee » 2
Ore bck nec
bh Becta
AT: Ate, et Jnr ane
Lrcl ingot Legum dr 2
Dig iare Mad ear nh ven fads
¥ leh Sif,
\ | Te td frossye wlee clrg mse,
| Chih Graph teen
shes * wy
Nera bere preare, MW ete presse
WSs
Diler Hederiols
: = Medel
Selatd ei Hos 2 Sete |
4 X Gdibily 9 535
Ck Jim medi a
3 we (tick Ae & lich ee r
Bandy ne
Broy tet fp dlsenbecr
ey Dre). a Pel WweA
doxegers
rs seghest
Dilaece
: Jin tr
Bishi De De eee prc Ss pate
41M Cosaity, 2 lich 4 vai
aaa
SS elat Weer fotet hed
| Dee 2 MEP pape J
: Dre Grbe = Werth inee|
Pe ln ple SL chics
ak Aly9
i Yydyaulic eh
— Heheriel Model § Cliet
None? Hece
Yas
inpeorPeob le:
2x ort le
SWnaled X — Corde tly byre
Sahixk Vel er nla
Compromsbilly © 2°
teeny
ms
SE tege> v0 there
by connect the 2
ow ae odin x by anit
dhen fll seate
2) Skelch—slines
Point 1) 0,0
th 2oe
Point 2 Oi
Chek aa gid
209m gum tn
Sem Nive te Mh
Wren Dracing aes 8
E Py = 1 xis x3
2
Bee: Ved she, = 32-4 = 3.0 Yo Ugainde ay Yi
Feclor f shel CWE
Safety
Ry ten ©
yi
Fedor ae oo Ovetuning. ? fost cee Tilure* Renton §
Re = ax2x2y
Wer) FO 5 XIX3x2thie SEkN
| Dokrbing Moment s 27x!
suche Moment |
well #01 raps] 24 = Iokn.
© 27 kn. C Disturbing force)”
Vio tan 25°
BB 4kw
benectne the base.
Vou en
27kNm
= Raw 2 creel
= Gauna) + Cex) ee re
[? Benung coped, of si
ZOn =e 264.
64:6
Ru = Wee 'e\Wrewe + Wee
Bl+ 4 ras
2s 2s kn
Rae (
thet (ests xs
= eee
SEB aie. hece veh -erhechlesebens enh OmsS 2st ashents * bob
as
Cembaning treet
; ae ar@ Disburbing Hornet 7s« $ 12 Shum
we
|
¥ Resisting Homen| — Dy she “Manel
isi yong
dale RAP
pray
@ +. cal Fy Establish design values of round
roperis and veslancos
T heel up
col
Deine int hat must a be ‘3
exceeded (6.9, bearing resistance)
t
Perform relevant geotechnical analysis
|
‘Show, by calculation, that limit wil not
be exceeded
zi dered in the design proces:
EQU: the loss of equilibrium of the structure or the supporting ground when considered
as a rigid body and where the internal strengths of the structure and the ground do not
provide resistance This limit state is satisfied ifthe sum of the design values of the effects
of destabilizing actions (Edst; d) is less than or equal to the sum of the design values of
the effects of the stabilizing actions (Estb; d) together with any contribution through the
resistance of the ground around the structure (Td)
GEO: failure or excessive deformation of the ground, where the soil or rock is significant
in providing resistance, This limit state is satisfied if the design effect of the actions (Ed)
is less than or equal to the design resistance (Rd),
|. STR: failure or excessive deformation of the structure, where the strength of the structural
material is significant in providing resistance. As with the GEO limit state, the STR is
satisfied if the design effect of the actions (Ed) is less than or equal to the design
resistance (Rd),
|. UPL: the loss of equilibrium of the structure or the supporting ground by vertical uplift due
to water pressures (buoyancy) or other actions This limit state is verified by checking that
the sum of the design permanent and variable destabilizing vertical actions (Vdst; d) is
are e ced excavation. This limit state is verified by |
total pore ey pressure (udst; d) or seepage force (Sdst; a) atthe base
soil ants under investigation is less ve
(a) Overturning; rigid foundation
(©) Overtuming; soil foundation (c) Bearing failure
(EQU mit state ir (eo ime
(GEO limit state) (GEO limit state)
—
(©) Forward sliding (@) Ground failure
(GEO limit state) (GEO timit state)
Limit states for earth retaining structures.
fh arena 400 0 a]
“
or
“
™
™
mu
mL
1 = 3x mls
ot dam = Bom
Died Hine secpeye los pee doy wn
al
\dey = 2t4 hee
alee 4 2x Me
Q ric NE Nd= we
\ ce NE) 2194 2uher- 236 Auer |
eet (3) x120 mums
| 5 3
ob hill fe 002404 ]s. = 0102904 % 3€n00
| i 25°40 |day
si ssareheeh = Toit Wed Z nok dups(pecd ine Bon dep)
Be aa Ft mn {AR (ie |
+ z 4. tal + ++ bt Presmue heed =
H2- pte YZ
2m
heecs Cm*)
y
lo.
13
is
20
= 13 ¥a)m®
10 Rel > i
Bi |=! howe dm
Find the Lichen of safe
i
the dae
fe wets 2 Lbs & t Pilea eas
win, X
Slice | Yan
dn
@ a
w cos | Mu de Cm) | 4 (2) » (Behn
is2, lods.| so¢F | aoa 5
1406 1 so3F 0-23 24 2'0
266 |0:13} 1o¢-4o A o-252] 30
Po 4 | 4-9i2 | \40-le¢ | a3 sie 3S
any ler | 6 s.wol |onbel lo-
eae is-75 | 30-3 32-6 ()
te ae MG.
Fej2zy| 25-4
Bas
i 2 25-0
weaslbe a ud elt | wessw- ul
LS uf ies 4 6 |