2%: slope(y/x)

An upstand kerb on a road is a raised edge, typically made of concrete or stone, that
separates the road from a sidewalk, shoulder, or other adjacent area. They are designed to
define road boundaries, improve safety, and manage water drainage.

Shoulder: A designated area alongside a road, typically on the outer edge, for emergency
stopping and for use by emergency vehicles.

Carriageway: Portion of road specifically designed and designated for vehicle traffic.
Heel Kerb: serve as edging to define boundaries, contain pavements, and prevent
lateral movement of materials like pavers (paving stone).

Applications

 Road edging: Separating the carriageway from sidewalks or other areas.

 Driveways: Providing a defined edge for driveways and preventing vehicles

from encroaching on adjacent areas.

 Pedestrian paths: Separating pedestrian walkways from traffic lanes.

 Drainage systems: Helping to manage water runoff.

50 for grass growth:

grass height(not sure)

Figure 1heel kerb

Flush Kerb: a type of curb that sits level with the adjacent surface, typically a road or
pathway, without any noticeable height difference or upstand. It's designed to allow for
smooth transitions between surfaces, particularly for vehicles, wheelchairs, and other
wheeled devices.

Dropped kerb

Dropped kerb is a section of lowered kerb that allows vehicles to

transition smoothly between the road and a driveway or parking
area. It involves lowering the kerb, potentially strengthening the
pavement or verge, and is typically done with permission from the
local highway authority.

batter kerb

Dense bituminous Macadam (DBM) wearing course: Foundational layer in flexible

pavements providing structural support and distributing traffic loads to the layers below.

Sugbgrade (CBR>=15% @95% compaction)

Angle profile: Structural shape with a 90 degree bend resembling the letter L.
CBR:Penetration test used to evaluate the strength of soil and other pavement materials for
road and airfield construction.

CBR 80-100% is the max. Harder the surface, higher the CBR

CBR(California Bearing Ratio): Measure of strength and stiffness of soil or pavement

materials. Helps in determining the thickness and types of materials needed for a stable and
durable structure.

Road base: Layer of compacted material

Usually a mix of gravel and fine aggregates placed beneathe a roads surface (like
asphalt or concrete) or other paved areas.

Right of way utilities: R.O.W. utilities, pertain to the legal agreements and infrastructure that
allow utility companies to use or access specific pieces of land for the installation, operation,
and maintenance of their infrastructure, such as power lines, pipelines, and communication
networks.

DEWA: Dubai Electricity and water authority

DEWA-ED(LV) Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA) - Electricity Distribution (Low
Voltage)

DEWA-WD stands for Dubai Electricity and Water Authority - Water Department

Sewarage(HC)-(HC stands for???)

DEWA-ED(HV) Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA) - Electricity Distribution (High
Voltage)

Du: mobile communications and technology provider

Du/ITS: Intelligent Transportation System or Information Technology and Systems

"DM corridor”(Dubai Municipality corridor): specific area within Dubai where there are
plans or existing infrastructure for sewage, drainage, and irrigation systems. These systems
are managed by the Dubai Municipality (DM), including the Sewerage and Recycled Water
Network Department. The DM is responsible for the public irrigation network, rainwater
drainage, and the main recycled water network.

EMPOWER district cooling: EMPOWER is the world's largest district cooling services
provider and a clear leading player in Dubai's district cooling market.
ROW (Right of way utilities) generally refers to the area of land that is designated for public
use, such as roads, sidewalks, bike lanes, and other transportation infrastructure.

Chargehand: A person who is in charge of a small group of workers; a lesser foreman.

Plate compactor
JCB BACKHOE LOADER

Figure 2 JCB excavator

Water tanker Crane mounted truck

uPVC, or unplasticized polyvinyl chloride, is a rigid form of PVC commonly used in

construction, particularly for windows and doors. It's known for its durability, energy
efficiency, and low maintenance requirements, making it a popular choice for both
residential and commercial buildings.

GRE (Glass Reinforced Epoxy) material is primarily used for piping systems, casings, and
other structural components due to its excellent corrosion resistance, high strength-to-
weight ratio, and durability. It offers a reliable alternative to traditional materials like carbon
steel, especially in corrosive environments.
GRP (Glass Reinforced Plastic) pipes, also known as GRE (Glass Reinforced Epoxy)
pipes, are lightweight, high-strength pipes used in various applications, including water,
irrigation, and industrial pipelines. They are made from a composite material of glass fibers
and resin, offering excellent corrosion resistance, high pressure tolerance, and long service
life.

GRPshaft liner:

A GRP shaft liner is a protective layer made of Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) used to
rehabilitate or strengthen existing shafts, particularly in underground infrastructure like
sewers and manholes. It's a lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and durable solution that
extends the life of existing structures.
Figure 3GRP(Glass Reinforced Plastic) bucket

GRP (Glass Reinforced Plastic) bucket: Used to collect the solids in stormwater, retain them
for later disposal, allowing the water to flow through.

Warning tapes
Warning tape, also known as caution tape, barricade tape, or barrier tape, is a brightly
colored, non-adhesive tape used to mark off hazardous or restricted areas. It serves as a
visual alert, warning people of potential dangers or restricted access, and helps prevent
accidents or unauthorized entry.

DEWA warning tapes colour code:

 Yellow Tape: Used for gas, oil, steam, and other flammable materials.

 Blue Tape: Indicates potable water lines.

 Red Tape: Marks electric power cables, conduits, and other electrical hazards.

 Green Tape: Used for sewer and drain lines.

 Orange Tape: Indicates communication, alarm, or signal lines.

Signal lines are conductors designed to carry electrical signals, rather than electrical
power, and are typically used in communication or control systems. They can be
found in various applications, from telecommunications and data transmission to
technical analysis in finance

 Purple Tape: Signifies reclaimed water, irrigation, and slurry lines.

(Reclaimed water, also known as recycled or reused water, is wastewater that has
been treated to a high enough standard to be suitable for non-potable uses, such as
irrigation, industrial processes, or toilet flushing. It's not typically used for drinking
water, but it helps conserve freshwater resources by providing an alternative water
source.

Slurry lines are pipelines or hoses used to transport mixtures of liquids and solids,
known as slurries, in various industrial applications. These lines are crucial in
processes like mining, mineral processing, and wastewater treatment, where
materials need to be moved efficiently and safely.

a semi-liquid mixture, typically of fine particles of manure, cement, or coal

suspended in water.

 White Tape: Often used to indicate excavation limits.

Figure 4 Detectable warning tape in pipe laying

Duct caps in pipes

End caps in pipe laying are used to seal off the end of a pipe, preventing debris from
entering and enhancing structural integrity. They are available in various materials, sizes, and
attachment methods, and can be made of metal, plastic, or composites.

Geotextile is a permeable fabric used in construction and civil engineering projects for soil
stabilization, drainage, filtration, and reinforcement. It helps prevent soil erosion, improves
ground support, and enhances water drainage in roadways, embankments, and landfills.
 Pipe laying trenches with granular surround

Pipe crown/PTL,
Pipe top level

Figure 5granular surround

Figure 6Pipe laying sockets

Figure 7 Trench sheets in pipe laying

Figure 8trench
 Figure 9 DUCT MARKERs??

Post:

IN PIPE LAYING WHY DO WE HAVE TO EXCAVATE TO

EXPOSE EXISTING PIPES?

In pipe laying, excavation is necessary to expose

existing pipes for several reasons: to identify their
location and condition, to allow for safe connection
or repair, and to ensure proper installation of new
pipes. Exposing existing pipes is crucial for accurate planning, avoiding damage to existing
infrastructure, and ensuring the integrity of the new pipeline system.

Pipe laying protection involves several measures to safeguard pipelines during installation
and operation, focusing on preventing damage from external factors like abrasion, corrosion,
and impact. These measures include protective coatings, cathodic protection, pipe sleeves,
and rock mesh.

Pipe sleeves: Placed in areas where there is a high load. Pipe sleeves are protective or
decorative coverings used for pipes, often made of plastic or metal. They serve multiple
purposes, including protecting pipes from corrosion, providing a barrier against the
environment, and enhancing the aesthetic appeal of piping systems. They can also be used
for repair, reinforcement, or to cover holes where pipes pass through walls or floors. (see
YouTube bookmark: pipe sleeves)
Cathodic protection is a technique used to control the corrosion of a metal surface by
making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell. A simple method of protection connects
the metal to be protected to a more easily corroded "sacrificial metal" to act as the anode.

FRL: Finished road layer

A split system HVAC is a type of heating and air conditioning system that uses two main
units: an indoor unit and an outdoor unit. These units are connected by refrigerant lines and
work together to regulate temperature and maintain indoor comfort. Split systems are
popular for both residential and commercial buildings due to their efficiency and flexibility.
Condenser

Condenser: A condenser in a split HVAC system is the outdoor unit responsible for expelling
heat from the refrigerant, effectively cooling the indoor air. It houses the condenser coil,
compressor, and fan, working to release heat outside while the indoor unit's evaporator coil
handles the cooling process.

Figure 10condenser

A compressor in a split HVAC system is a crucial component that pressurizes the refrigerant,
enabling the cooling process. It's typically located in the outdoor unit of a split AC
system. The compressor's role is to circulate refrigerant, which absorbs heat from inside and
releases it outside, effectively cooling the indoor space.

Figure 11compressor
REFRIGERANT

Figure 12 Refrigerant

a substance, typically a fluid, that absorbs heat and transfers it to another location, enabling
cooling or heating in various systems

Refrigerant lines

Figure 13 Refrigerant lines

copper tubes that carry refrigerant between the indoor and outdoor units of an air
conditioning or heat pump system.

A productivity of 2 generally means that an individual or a system is producing twice as

much output for the same amount of input compared to a baseline or a previous period. In
simpler terms, it signifies a doubling of efficiency or output.

A top entry gully is a type of road drainage system where surface water runoff enters the
drainage system through a grating or cover placed directly on top of a gully pot. These gullies
are designed to collect water from roads and other paved areas, preventing flooding and
directing the water into a larger drainage network.
Figure 14 gully pot

Tying slip ducts with binding wire??

Slip ducts vs split duct

"split duct" refers to the configuration of a ducted air conditioning system where the
evaporator and condenser units are separate, typically located indoors and outdoors,
respectively.

"Slip duct," or more accurately, slip and drive ductwork, is a method of joining duct sections
using a slip joint, where one piece slides into another.

a rebate refers to a recessed area or groove along the edge of a manhole cover or frame.

A rebate serves to create a strong, interlocking joint between different sections of the
manhole structure, particularly when connecting pipes or other elements. This interlocking
mechanism provides stability, prevents slippage, and enhances the overall structural
integrity of the manhole system. Additionally, rebates can act as a barrier against water
infiltration, safeguarding the joint from potential damage caused by moisture.

recessed area: a space within the manhole cover designed to be filled with the surrounding
material, like paving stones or concrete, creating a flush and seamless surface
 rebate

Concrete reducing ring/ reducing slabs, are used in the main shaft construction of manhole
chambers. Sitting on top of a larger chamber ring, they create an access point opening that
allows the chamber construction to be continued with a smaller diameter chamber ring.
Figure 15manhole section view

The channel in a manhole is the trough-like structure that guides the flow of wastewater
from inlet pipes to the outlet pipe.

The purpose of a chamfer on a manhole cover is to facilitate easier and safer removal and
replacement. The angled edge allows for a better grip and makes it easier to lift the cover,
especially when it's heavy or stuck. Additionally, the chamfer can help prevent the cover
from chipping or cracking when being handled.

Ductile iron: a type of cast iron with enhanced mechanical properties, particularly increased
ductility and strength, due to its unique microstructure
Bituminous paint is a type of protective coating made from bitumen (also known as asphalt),
dissolved in a solvent like mineral spirit or naptha. It's primarily used for waterproofing and
corrosion resistance on various surfaces, offering a durable, weather-resistant layer.

A heavy-duty Ductile Iron (DI) manhole cover and frame is a type of access cover designed
for underground utility access points in areas with heavy traffic. It consists of a strong,
durable DI(ductile iron) cover and a sturdy frame that securely holds the cover in
place. These are specifically engineered for high-load applications and are commonly found
in roads, highways, and other areas with heavy vehicle traffic.

A concrete haunch in a gully refers to a concrete structure that supports or surrounds a gully,
a drainage channel or inlet.
Figure 16concrete haunch

Concrete extension rings, also known as gully surrounds, are used to raise the height of a
gully pot or to define and protect the area around a gully. They are typically U-shaped and sit
at ground level, ensuring a secure connection between pipes and the drainage system while
preventing splashback(splashing of water I think) and debris from entering the gully.

While the number of rings used can vary, three is a common configuration because it allows
for precise adjustments in elevation, especially when dealing with varying ground levels or
when the manhole is installed during road construction or resurfacing.

3No. precast concrete extension rings (typ.) internally protected with 3 coats of epoxy paint.

Epoxy paint: Epoxy paint is a durable, two-component coating system, typically used for
floors, that provides a smooth, shiny, and resilient finish. It's created by chemically
combining epoxy resins and hardeners, resulting in a hard, plastic-like coating. Epoxy paint is
known for its resistance to chemicals, impact, and abrasion, making it suitable for a variety
of applications, including garages, warehouses, and industrial settings.

Smooth finish: a surface or substance that is perfectly regular and free from imperfections
like roughness, lumps, or holes

Epoxide resins, also known as epoxy resins or

polyepoxides, are a class of reactive polymers
characterized by the presence of epoxide groups.
These resins are versatile materials used in a
wide range of applications due to their strong
adhesion, chemical resistance, and ability to
form durable, cross-linked networks. They are
commonly used in adhesives, coatings,
Figure 17 epoxy resin
composites, and electronic components.

Rubberized Bitumen Emulsion is a thixotropic cold applied rubberized bitumen emulsion,

single component dark brown liquid, which dries to provide a flexible, resilient coating.

Thixotropic: the property of certain fluids to become less viscous (thinner and more fluid)
when subjected to shear stress (like shaking or stirring) and then to gradually regain their
original viscosity when the stress is removed.

A tanking membrane is a waterproof barrier, often made of plastic sheets, used to prevent
water or dampness from penetrating walls and floors, particularly in below-ground
structures like basements. It acts as a shield against moisture, protecting the structure from
water damage and related issues like mould and structural weakening.

Figure 18 tanking membrane

 Benching

MANHOLE BENCHING

Manhole benching refers to the sloped, often concrete, infill placed between the channel
pipes and the walls of a manhole. It's designed to guide wastewater flow towards the outlet
pipe, prevent blockages, and deter (discourage) rodents from entering or escaping the sewer
system

Manhole types refer to the numbering system of manholes.

Figure 19 sewer manhole
Concrete blinding

Concrete blinding, also known as a bedding layer, is a thin layer of concrete placed on the
ground before the main foundation or pavement is constructed.

Concrete blinding and screed are both construction techniques involving concrete, but they
serve different purposes. Blinding is a thin, unreinforced layer of concrete (typically 50-
100mm) placed on the ground before other structural elements like foundations are built. It
creates a clean, level, and dry surface for subsequent work, protecting the subsoil and
ensuring proper depth and cover for reinforcement. Screed, on the other hand, is a layer of
material (often concrete or a cementitious mix) placed on top of a base to create a smooth,
level surface for flooring or other finishes.

Blinding and screed are used interchangeably.

Class C concrete, specifically when used for blinding(screed), refers to a

low-strength concrete mix, often designated as C10 or even C7/8, used as
a leveling layer or base for more substantial concrete work or other
construction elements. It's a lean mix, meaning it has a relatively low
cement content and is primarily intended to provide a clean, stable, and
relatively smooth surface for subsequent construction steps, rather than
providing structural support.

Fairface concrete: a type of concrete that is intentionally left exposed and

does not receive any additional cladding or coatings after the initial pour. Its
aesthetic quality and surface texture are key design features, requiring
careful attention to detail during the mixing, forming, and curing processes

Bitustick 2.1 is a self-adhesive, polymer-modified bituminous waterproofing membrane. It's

a versatile solution for waterproofing and damp proofing various structures, including
below-ground applications, subways, and retaining walls. The membrane is composed of a
bitumen compound laminated onto a tough HDPE(High density polyethylene) film.

HDPE film, or High-Density Polyethylene film, is a versatile plastic film known for its strength,
durability, and chemical resistance. It's a popular choice for packaging, construction, and
agricultural applications due to its ability to withstand tearing, punctures, and impact.
Cross-laminating refers to a construction technique where layers of material, typically wood,
are glued together with the grain direction of each layer oriented at a right angle to the
adjacent layers.

A BituBoard is a type of bituminous protection board, commonly used in construction to

safeguard waterproofing and damp proofing systems. It acts as a protective barrier,
particularly during backfilling and other construction activities, shielding the membrane
from damage.

PCC: Plain cement concrete

A construction material made from cement, water, and aggregates (sand and gravel)
without any added reinforcement like steel bars.

Major construction activities.pdf doc:pg13(Adobe): SCR is actually SRC (Sulfate resistant

concrete).

Item 5
Figure 20 steel ring

When section is cut it

appears as a T
Figure 21 manhole section
Grit bonding to pipe embedded in concrete: Lining the inlet pipe of a stormwater manhole
with grit or other pre-treatment material helps prevent clogging and maintain the drainage
system's efficiency by removing debris and sediment from stormwater runoff before it enters
the main system. This practice protects the downstream infrastructure from damage and
ensures the system functions as designed.

Figure 22 stormwater manhole

Figure 23 bell mouth socket

In the context of a sewerage manhole, a bell-mouth socket typically refers to the flared or
expanded (bell-shaped) end of a pipe (often known as the socket or bell end) into which the
straight, male—or spigot—end of the next pipe is inserted. This connection ensures a tight,
secure, and aligned fit with minimal auxiliary fixings

A rubber ring, also known as a gasket or seal ring, is used in a bellmouth socket to create a
watertight or leak-proof joint between pipes.

Figure 24gasket
Figure 25seal ring

Auxiliary fittings are additional components used in various systems, particularly in piping
and fluid handling, to enhance functionality and performance

waterbar.

"Scabble" means to roughly shape or dress stone, typically with a hammer or pick. It can
also refer to the process of removing a thin layer from the surface of concrete or
masonry. The term is also used in construction to describe the preparation of a surface,
such as removing laitance (a weak layer on top of concrete).

the process of removing a thin layer from the surface of concrete or sometimes masonry.

Formation level: the prepared surface upon which a structure, like a road or railway track,
is built

An "excavation tipper" typically refers to a tipper truck or dump truck specifically used for
transporting and unloading materials excavated from construction or demolition sites
Figure 26 excavation tipper

A dozer, also known as a bulldozer, is a powerful, heavy machine with a broad blade at the
front used for pushing and leveling materials like soil and debris on construction sites. They
are commonly used in various industries for tasks like site preparation, digging, excavating,
and demolition.

Figure 278 CRAWLER EXCAVATOR

Figure 287 LOADER

Figure 29single drum roller Figure 30 TYRE EXCAVATOR

 35

25

Figure 31 waterstop at construction joint

Stiffening rib???

This is a structural element, often a raised or thickened section, added to the socket to
provide increased strength and rigidity, particularly in the area where the bellmouth and
socket meet.

Figure 32 new pavement layers are placed like this in zig zag form
 Figure 29 Water tanker
Figure 28 grader

Figure 33 Single drum roller

grading refers to the process of shaping the ground to the desired elevation and slope for
the roadbed and surrounding areas

A saltwater tanker is a vehicle designed to transport and deliver saltwater, also known as
saline water. These tankers are commonly used in Dubai for various applications, including
construction, landscaping, and industrial processes. They come in different capacities,
ranging from 1,000 to 10,000 gallons, to meet diverse needs.

Figure 34baby roller compactor Figure 35 baby roller compactor

 An air compressor is a device that converts power into
potential energy stored in pressurized air. It does this by
taking in atmospheric air and squeezing it into a smaller
space, increasing the air's pressure. This compressed air
can then be used to power tools, inflate tires, or
perform a variety of other tasks requiring pressurized
air.

Figure 36 Air compressor

MC 70:Medium Curing (MC) cutback bitumen with a viscosity grade of 70.

Medium curing (MC) cutback bitumen is a blend of asphalt cement and a petroleum solvent,
typically kerosene, that is used to lower the viscosity of the asphalt for easier application in
various paving and construction applications, especially at lower temperatures. As the
solvent evaporates, the asphalt binder remains, creating a cohesive and durable layer

A prime coat is a layer of bituminous material, usually a low-viscosity asphalt emulsion (a

mixture of two or more liquids that typically don't mix (immiscible) but are combined to
create a stable, homogeneous-looking substance). or cutback (a decrease in something),
applied to a non-bituminous base layer (like a granular base) before applying an asphalt
surface. It acts as a binder, waterproofing, and dust-suppressing layer, ensuring a strong
bond between the base and the subsequent asphalt layers.

Bitumen Emulsion SS-1h is an anionic slow-setting asphalt emulsion containing minimum

57% Bitumen designed for use as a tack coat, in fine-graded mixes, dust control, fog seal,
and specialty applications. It is formulated with a harder base (lower penetration) than SS-1h
for use in warmer climates.

SS-1h is a slow-setting anionic asphalt emulsion (i.e., low reactivity) low viscosity, and a hard
asphalt residue that is designed for various paving and industrial uses.

A fog seal is a thin application of asphalt emulsion used to improve the surface of an existing
asphalt pavement. It's a cost-effective pavement preservation technique, primarily used to
seal hairline cracks, prevent raveling (stone loss), and enhance the appearance of the
road. The name "fog seal" comes from the way it's applied, resembling a light mist or fog.
Figure 37hairline cracks

A hairline crack in asphalt pavement is a very thin, shallow crack on the surface, often less
than 1/8 inch wide. These cracks are typically the first sign of asphalt deterioration and can
be caused by weathering, aging, and minor surface damage from temperature
changes. While seemingly insignificant, they can allow water to penetrate the pavement and
lead to further damage, including deeper cracks and potholes.

Regular cracks, in contrast, can be wider, deeper, and indicate more significant structural
problems, potentially allowing water penetration and further damage.

Here's a more detailed explanation:

 Appearance:

Hairline cracks are very narrow, barely visible, and often resemble spiderwebs or fine lines
on the surface.

 Causes:

They are primarily caused by the natural aging and weathering of asphalt, including
oxidation from UV rays, temperature fluctuations, and minor surface wear and tear.

 Significance:

Although small, hairline cracks can be a gateway for water to seep into the pavement and its
underlying layers. This can lead to:

 Increased cracking: Water can freeze and expand in colder climates, causing
cracks to widen and deepen, potentially leading to alligator cracks or
potholes.

 Base failure: Water infiltration can erode the supporting layers beneath the
asphalt, leading to structural problems and the need for more extensive
repairs.

 Repair:

Sealing hairline cracks with a crack filler or sealcoat is recommended to prevent further
damage.
A tack coat is a thin layer of asphalt material, typically an emulsion, applied to an existing
pavement surface before an asphalt overlay. It acts as an adhesive, ensuring a strong bond
between the old and new asphalt layers. This bonding is crucial for preventing slippage,
delamination, and premature failure of the pavement

Hiab:Brand name for truck mounted crane.

Tipper trips: no of times the tipper transports material.

Figure 38 sum grade CBS is Subgrade CBR(pg30 Adobe)

The herringbone pattern is a distinctive design featuring a V-shaped weave, traditionally

used in floor tiling and road paving.It's characterized by rectangular or parallelogram-shaped
blocks arranged in a way that creates a zig-zag or "V" shape, reminiscent of a fish
skeleton. This pattern adds texture and visual interest due to the way it reflects light at
various angles.

Figure 39 herringbone pattern

Concrete haunch

Concrete bed

In vehicular barrier kerbs, a haunch refers to the concrete support placed at the back of the
kerb to provide lateral stability and prevent it from tilting or shifting. The haunch is typically
brought up to about two-thirds the height of the kerb and is smoothed off. This ensures the
kerb remains firmly in place, especially under the pressure of traffic and other forces.

40/20/s (grade/aggregate size/special class concrete)

Special class concrete refers to concrete mixes designed to meet specific performance
requirements beyond the standard range for normal class concrete. These requirements can
include high strength, early strength development, specific shrinkage values, or the
incorporation of special materials like fibers or lightweight aggregates. Essentially, it's
concrete tailored to unique project needs that go beyond the typical compressive strength
and slump specifications

Cylinder
Strength Aggregate size
Varies( because depth is not known)

A crash cushion vehicle, also known as a truck-mounted attenuator (TMA) or crash

attenuator, is a specialized vehicle designed to absorb the impact of a collision, protecting
both the occupants of the struck vehicle and the workers or other hazards in a work zone. It
acts as a mobile buffer, reducing the severity of accidents, particularly in construction or
road work areas

Lump sum: Amount paid all at once as opposed to an amount paid in instalments. A lump
sum payment is not the best choice for everyone. For some it may make more sense for the
funds to be annuitized as periodic payments.
Invoice: a list of goods sent or services provided, with a statement of the sum due for these;
a bill.

In construction and business acquisitions, a "retention amount" refers to a portion of a

payment that is held back or withheld as security for future performance or to cover
potential liabilities

PO number: Purchase order number

A remeasureable price contract, also known as a re-measurable contract or measurement

contract, is a type of construction agreement where the final price is determined by the
actual quantities of work completed, rather than a fixed price agreed upon at the outset. It's
essentially a "measure and pay" system, where the contractor is paid based on agreed unit
rates for measured quantities of work.

Re-measurable (Re-measurement) Contract: In a re-measurable contract, the final value of

the works is not predetermined. Instead, it is based on the actual quantities of work carried
out as per the contract's rates. The rates for the works are usually provided in a bill of
quantities.

A re-measurable contract, also known as a measurement or unit price contract, is a type of

construction agreement where the final cost of the project is not fixed upfront. Instead, the
total cost is determined by multiplying the agreed-upon unit rates for different work items
by the actual quantities of work completed. This means the final price is calculated after the
project is finished, based on measurements of the work actually done.

There is such a thing as a re-measurable contract because contractors will be willing to bid
for the contract

Invoice: a list of goods sent or services provided, with a statement of the sum due for these

To date:previous+current

The defects liability period (DLP) is a specified timeframe, typically in construction contracts,
following project completion where the contractor is responsible for rectifying defects that
arise. It ensures the contractor fixes issues caused by faulty workmanship or materials
without extra cost to the owner. This period is a contractual obligation and provides a safety
net for the client, allowing them to hold the contractor accountable for quality after
handover.

LOA: Letter of acceptance

A letter of acceptance for a purchase order confirms that a seller agrees to the terms and
conditions of a buyer's purchase order. It serves as formal confirmation that the seller will
fulfill the order as specified

Vendor:a person or company offering something for sale, especially a trader in the street.
Net price: the final price paid for a product or service after all costs have been paid. Costs
associated with a product can be operating expenses, maintenance, storage, and taxes. The
net sales price is usually what a customer pays for a product.

Gross price: The "gross price" refers to the total cost of something before any deductions or
discounts are applied. It's the initial price of a product or service, including all taxes and
other charges

Liquidated damages are a pre-agreed sum of money specified in a contract that one party
pays to the other in the event of a breach of contract. They are essentially a predetermined
estimate of damages designed to compensate for losses that are difficult to quantify
precisely. This mechanism provides certainty and avoids lengthy legal battles to determine
the actual damages incurred due to a breach.

Interim payment: Interim payments ensure that contractors receive regular income as they
complete portions of the work, allowing them to cover expenses and continue the project
without financial strain

Final payment: the last payment made to the contractor or service provider upon
completion of all contracted work and satisfaction of all conditions

Penultimate payment: The penultimate certificate for construction contracts signifies

that there is no more work to value and triggers the final progress payment.

Administration: contract management, scheduling, budgeting, documentation, and

communication. They ensure projects adhere to plans, specifications, and regulations, while
also maintaining clear communication and organization throughout the process.

Workmans’s compensation: a form of insurance that provides financial protection to

employees who are injured or become ill due to their work

Insure: arrange for compensation in the event of damage to or loss of (property), or injury to
or the death of (someone), in exchange for regular payments to a company or to the state.

Pursuant: in accordance with (a law or a legal document or resolution).

Novate: replace with a new contract

Indemnify: compensate (someone) for harm or loss.

Infringe: actively break the terms of (a law, agreement, etc.).

Levy: impose a tax/fine

Set off:cause a series of things to occur

Pro rata meaning:dividing or allocating costs, expenses, or other quantities proportionally
based on a specific factor, such as time, quantity, or share. It ensures a fair distribution that
reflects the proportional contribution or responsibility of each party.

Milling: the process of grinding away and removing the top layers of an existing asphalt
surface using a milling machine to create a uniform, textured base for new asphalt to be
laid. This technique is called "cold planning" and is crucial for road maintenance and
resurfacing, as it allows for new asphalt layers to be added without increasing the road's
overall height, preserving curbs and drainage systems. The removed asphalt, known
as Reclaimed Ash

Pneumatic tyre rollers( PTR) : use rubber

tyres instead of steel drums to apply
uniform pressure and compact the
material. The tyres are filled with air, which
allows them to conform to the surface and
provide a smooth and even compaction for
the materials.

Figure 40 Pneumatic tyre rollers

Tandem Rollers

The tandem, or double drum roller, has one steel

drum in the front and one in the back. As the
two drums move, this moves the roller. The
efficiency of the tandem roller comes from the
two drums — entire sections of a highway can be
flattened and paved quickly and efficiently.

Figure 41Tandem rollers

Spray tankers
 spray tankers are specialized trucks that either spray
bitumen for paving, sealing, or as a tack coat to bond layers
of asphalt, or they spray water to control dust and suppress
dirt on the construction site. Bitumen sprayers
use heat and pressure to apply precise amounts of hot or
cold bitumen for surface treatments and
maintenance. Water tankers are a common sight, applying
water to dampen surfaces and prevent airborne dust from
construction activities.

Figure 42 Spray tanker

Figure 43 Bitumen Spray Tanker

Site joint measurement sheets: record, verify, and agree upon the quantities of work
completed on-site, ensuring accuracy and serving as the basis for billing and payments

Surveying instruments are tools used to make precise measurements of land features,
distances, angles, and elevations. These instruments are essential for mapping, construction,
and other applications requiring accurate spatial data. Common instruments include
theodolites, total stations, GPS/GNSS receivers, levels, and measuring tapes.

An "air compressor with jack hammer" is an integrated system where a portable or

stationary air compressor generates high-pressure compressed air that is delivered through
hoses to a pneumatic jackhammer. This system provides the power for the jackhammer to
break hard surfaces like concrete, rock, and ice through repetitive, forceful impacts.
Figure 44 Saw cutting
machine

Figure 45 Air compressor with jack hammer

Figure 46PVC barriers Figure 47flickering lights

Figure 48 Warning tapes

Figure 49 Warning tapes

Figure 50 Rakeman

Screwman: A laborer who uses screws to make adjustments

Screwman: screed operator in the asphalt paving industry, a construction professional

responsible for operating the screed — the part of the paving machine that spreads and
levels asphalt to ensure proper depth and smooth ride quality on roads and other paved
surfaces

Chainman : Chainman is responsible for providing support to surveyors in the field.

Figure 51Concrete jersey barrier

Figure 52Temporary traffic signs

Figure 53Temporary traffic signs

a subbase is a layer of material placed on top of the subgrade (natural soil) and below the
base course or pavement. It serves as a foundation for the pavement structure, helping to
distribute loads and provide stability. Essentially, it's a crucial layer that supports the
overlying pavement and ensures its longevity

Road base: foundation of a road and for driveways. It is made from crushed limestone and
limestone dust which makes it interlock and compact better than round rock would. This
material can also be used under concrete slabs.