Module 1: The Structures and consciousness across world-time and world-

Globalization of World Economics space.

1.1 Defining Globalization • Expansion refers to both the
creation of new social networks and
Globalization
the multiplication of existing
The definition of Globalization is one of the connections that cut across
greatest miracles or phenomena in this world traditional, political, economic,
since in this particular event we see the so cultural, and geographic boundaries.
called fusion of many continents, nations, Connections occur at different levels.
nationalities from the different parts of the o 1.Social media established
globe to create a single international new global connections
community connected by modern between people.
technology. It links multi cultural people o 2.International groups of non-
that aims to promote the advancement of governmental organizations
many essential field of specializations, (NGOs) are networks that
professions and industries. connect a more specific
group – social activists and
Globalization is a process of interaction and
workers form different
integration among the people, companies,
corners of the globe.
and governments of different nations, a
• Intensification refers to the
process driven by international trade and
expansion, stretching and
investment and aided by information
acceleration of these networks. Not
technology. This process has effects on the
only are global connections
environment, on culture, on political
multiplying, they also become more
systems, on economic development and
closely-knit and expanding their
prosperity, and on human physical well-
reach.
being in societies around the world.
o 1. There is a strong financial
Globalization is the word used to describe market connecting London
the growing interdependence of the world’s and New York.
economies, cultures, and populations,
Manfred Steger notes that “globalization
brought about by cross-border trade in goods
processes do not occur merely at an
and services, technology, and flows of
objective, material level but they also
investment, people, and information.
involve the subjective plane of human
Marks described globalization as the consciousness.”
process by which markets, politics, values,
Manfred Steger posits that his definition of
and environmental change are integrated
globalization must be differentiated with an
across the globe
ideology he calls globalism.
Manfred Steger describes globalization as a
• Globalization represents the many
process. It refers to the expansion and
processes that allow for the
intensification of social relations and
expansion and intensification of
global connections.
 • Globalism is a widespread belief of Filipino TV in Malaysia suggests
among powerful people that the how fast this Filipino popular culture
global integration of economic has proliferated and crisscrossed all
markets is beneficial for everyone , over Asia.
since it spreads freedom and • The Model UN activity that Gio and
democracy across the world. Latif participated in is an
international competition about
Arjun Appadurai describes globalization
international politics.
as 'scapes" manifests into" different kinds of
• Gio met Latif (a Malaysian involved
globalization occur on multiple and
in the model UN) in Sydney, a global
intersecting dimensions of integration .
city that derives its wealth and
There are different kinds of scapes –
influence from the global capital that
ethnoscape, technoscape, mediascape,
flows through it. Sydney is also a
financescape and ideoscape.
metropolis of families of
1. Ethnoscape refers to the global international immigrants or
movement of people. foreigners working in the industries
that also sell their products abroad.
2. Technoscape refers to the circulation of
• After the two had gone back to their
mechanical goods and software.
home countries, Gio and Latif kept in
3. Mediascape refers to the flow of culture. touch through Facebook, a global
social networking site that provides
4. Financescape denotes the global
instantaneous communication across
circulation of money.
countries and continents.
5. Ideoscape refers to the realm where • They preserved their friendship
political ideas move around. online and then rekindled this face-
to-face in Singapore, another hub for
These various scapes are thus distinct
global commerce, with 40 percent of
windows into the broader phenomenon of
the population being classified as
globalization. Appadurai’s argument is
"foreign talents."
simple: there are multiple globalizations.
• Gio's story is a very privileged way
The Global Experiences of experiencing global flows, but for
other people, the shrinking of the
• Gio and Latif's story is fictional but world may not be as exciting and
very plausible since it is, in fact, edifying. For example, it common
based on the real -life experience of for young women in developing
one of the authors. it was through countries to be recruited in the
such friendships that one was able to internet as "mail-order brides" for
appreciate the meaning and impact of foreign men living in other countries.
globalization. After being promised a good life
• The story of Gio and Latif shows once married to a kind husband in a
how globalization operates at rich city, they ended up becoming
multiple, intersecting levels through sexual and domestic servants in
mass media. For example, the spread foreign lands. Some were even sold
 off by their "husbands" to gangs People choose to cross seas, continents
which run prostitute rings in these just to support life and with the help of
cities. Like Gio, they too have technology mankind was able to create
experienced the shrinking of the devices that can make people one. There is
world, albeit negatively. now the normal norm of transporting
• Governments that decide to welcome finished goods and products from one place
foreign investments on the belief that to another. People from different places of
they provide jobs and capital for the the globe can now work and study from one
country offer public lands as factory place to another and the sharing of cultures
or industrial sites. In the process, best practices from one place to another has
poor people living in these land, also become easy like passing a ball from one
called "urban poor communities," are team mate to another. Indeed, globalization
being evicted by the government. has become the special connecting device of
The irony is that these people multi-culture and multi-practice of social
forcibly removed from their "slums" science in this modern world.
are also the labor force sought by
Globalization: A Working Definition
foreign companies. They had to be
kicked out of their homes, and then
told that they could take an hour or
two of bus travel from their relocated
communities back to the "old home"
for minimum-wage work. Different
people encounter globalization in a
variety of ways.

1.2 The Structures of Globalization

The structure of globalization talks about the Most accounts view globalization as
wheels of social sciences such as primarily an economic process. When a
Economics, Politics creating a common newspaper reports that nationalists are
international community or society resisting "globalization," it usually refers to
connected by modern technology to connect the integration of the national markets to a
the world's continents with more than seven wider global market signified by the
billion population. In history, we noticed increased free trade. When activists refer to
that nations are separated by different types the "anti-globalization" movement of the
of boundaries. Now we are in the new age 1990's they mean resisting the trade deals
where mankind's existence on this planet is among countries facilitated and promoted by
confronted by many challenges and issues global organizations like the World Trade
making the means of survival a little Organization (WTO).
complicated while challenging people
Globalization scholars do not necessarily
around the globe.
disagree with people who criticize unfair
international trade deals or global economic
organizations. In fact, many are sympathetic Appadurai's argument is simple: there
to the critique of economic globalization. are multiple globalizations. Hence, even if
Academics differ from journalists and one does not agree that globalization can be
political activists, however, because they see divided into five "scapes," it is hard to deny
globalization in much broader terms. Appadurai's central thrust of viewing
globalization through various lenses.
The best scholarly description of
globalization is provided by Manfred Steger
who described the process as "the expansion
1.3 The Globalization of World
and intensification of social relation and
Economics
consciousness across world-time and across-
space. Expansion refers to both the creation International Trading System and the
of new social networks and the Bretton Woods System
multiplication of existing connections that
cut across traditional political, economic, The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
cultural and geographic boundaries. regards "economic globalization" as a
Intensification refers to the expansion, historical process representing the result of
stretching and acceleration of these human innovation and technological
networks. progress. It is characterized by the
increasing integration of economies around
Steger posits that his definition of the world through the movement of goods,
globalization must be differentiated with the services, and capital across borders. These
ideology he calls globalism. If globalization changes are the products of people ,
represents the many processes that allow for organizations, institutions, and technologies.
the expansion and intensification of global As with all other processes of globalization,
connections, globalism is a widespread there is a qualitative and subjective element
belief among powerful people that the global to this definition.
integration of economic markets is
beneficial for everyone, since it spreads Even while the IMF and ordinary people
freedom and democracy across the world. grapple with the difficulty of arriving at
precise definitions of globalization, they
For anthropologist Arjun Appadurai, usually agree that a drastic economic change
different kinds of globalization occur on is occurring throughout the world.
multiple and intersecting dimensions of According to the IMF, the value of trade
integration that he calls "scapes." An (goods and services) as percentage of world
"ethnoscape" for example refers to the GDP increased from 42.1 percent in 1980 to
global movement of people, while 62.1 percent in 2007. Increased trade also
"mediascape" is about the flow of culture. A means that investments are moving all over
"technoscape" refers to the circulation of the world at faster speeds. According to the
mechanical goods and software; a United Nations Conference on Trade and
"financescape" denotes the global Development (UNCTD), the amount of
circulation of money; and the "ideoscape" is foreign direct investments flowing across the
the realm where political ideas move around. world was $57 billion in 1982. By 2015, the
number was $1.76 trillion. These figures
represent a drastic increase in global trade directly connected to Asian trading routes.
in the span of just a few decades. It has For Filipinos, it is crucial to note that
happened not even after one lifespan. economic globalization began on the
country's shore. The galleon trade was part
Apart from the sheer magnitude of
of the age of mercantilism.
commerce, we should also note the
increased speed and frequency of trading. 3. Gold Trade - A more open trade system
These days, supercomputers can execute emerged in 1867 when, following the lead of
millions of stock purchases and sales the United Kingdom, the United states and
between different cities in a matter of other European nations adopted the gold
seconds through a process called high- standard at an international monetary
frequency trading. conference in Paris. Broadly, the goal was to
create a common system that would allow
International Trading Systems
for more efficient trade and prevent the
International trading systems are not new. isolationism of the mercantilist era. The
countries thus established a common basis
1. Silk Road - the oldest known for currency prices and a fixed exchange rate
international trade route. It refers to a system -all based on the value of gold.
network of pathways in the ancient world
that spanned from China to Middle East and 4. Fiat currencies- These are currencies that
Europe. It was called as such because one of are not backed by precious metals and
the most profitable products traded through whose value is determined by their cost
this network was silk, which was highly relative to other currencies. It also refers to a
prized especially in the area that is now the system in 20th century that allows
Middle East as well as in the West (today's governments to freely and actively manage
Europe) Traders used the Silk Road their economies by increasing or decreasing
regularly from 130 BCE when the Chinese the amount of money in circulation as they
Han dynasty opened trade to the West until see fit.
1453 BCE when the Ottoman Empire closed
The Bretton Woods System (BWS)
it.
After the two world wars, world leaders
2. Galleon Trade - According to historians
sought to create a global economic system
Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giraldez, the
that would ensure a longer-lasting global
age of globalization began when "all
peace. They believe that one of the ways to
important populated continents began to
achieve this goal was to set up a network of
exchange products continuously - both with
global financial institutions that would
each other directly and indirectly via other
promote economic interdependence and
continents - and in values sufficient to
prosperity. The Bretton Woods system was
generate crucial impact on all trading
inaugurated in 1944 during the United
partners." Flynn and Giraldez trace this back
Nations Monetary and Financial Conference
to 1571 with the establishment of the galleon
to prevent the catastrophes of the early
trade that connected Manila in the
decades of the century from recurring and
Philippines and Acapulco in Mexico. This
affecting international ties.
was the first time that the Americas were
 The Bretton Woods System was largely • Both focus on broadening and
influenced by the ideas of British strengthening the economies of their
Economist John Maynard Keynes who member nations
believed that economic crises occur not • Hold joint annual meetings
when a country does not have enough • Headquartered in Washington DC,
money, but when money is not being spent USA
and, thereby, not moving. When economies • Share joint task forces, sessions and
slow down, according to Keynes, research efforts
governments have to reinvigorate markets
with infusion of capital. This active role of Difference between world bank and IMF
governments in managing spending served • The world bank lends only to
as the anchor for what would be called a developing or transition economies,
system of global Keynesianism. whereas all member countries, rich
Expected Benefit from the System or poor, can draw on the IMF’s
services and resources
• Through capital controls, the • The IMF’s loans address short-term
countries would pursue the full economic problems: they provide
employment and price stability (low general support for a country’s
inflation) and the external balance balance of payments and
(keeping exchange rates stable) international reserves while the
simultaneously country takes policy action to
Two Financial Institutions created during the address its difficulties. The World
Bretton Woods Conference: Bank is concerned mainly with
longer-term issues: it seeks to
1. International Bank for Reconstruction integrate countries into the wider
and Development (IBRD or World Bank) world economy and to promote
is responsible for funding a reconstruction economic growth that reduces
projects of countries affected by world wars. poverty
• The IMF focuses on the
2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) is macroeconomic performance of
a lending institution that helps each country economies as well as on
to recover from financial crises. macroeconomic and financial sector
policy. The World Bank’s focus
Similarities between the IMF and World extends further into the particular
Bank sectors of a country’s economy and
its work includes specific
• Owned and directed by the
governments of member nations development projects as well as
broader policy issues.
• Almost every country on earth is a
member of both institutions • Since the IMF does lend money, it is
often confused with the World Bank
• Both concerns themselves with
economic issues
 • The Bank’s purpose is to lend money The Global Financial Crisis and the
to developing countries for specific Challenge to Neoliberalism
projects that will fight poverty
• The IMF only provides loans if it
will help prevent a global economic
crisis. Its overall goal is to prevent
these crises through guidance to, and
cooperation among, its members
• The Fund provides loans to help its
members tackle balance of payments
problems, stabilize their economies,
and restore sustainable growth.
Unlike the World Bank and other Neo-liberalism came under significant strain
development agencies, the IMF does during the global financial crisis 2007-2008
not finance projects when the world experienced the greatest
economic downturn since the great
Neoliberalism and its Discontents
depression. The crisis can be traced back to
Keynesianism is an economic theory that the 1980s when the United State
assumed three things systematically removed various banking and
investment restrictions. Financial experts
1) Economic crisis occur when a country
wrongly assumed that even if many of the
does not have enough money, but when
borrowers were individuals and families
money is not being spent and, thereby, not
who would struggle to pay, a majority would
moving
not default. The crisis spread beyond the
2) If the economies slow down then United States since many investors were
government should infuse money to foreign governments, corporations and
reinvigorate the market individuals. The loss of their money spread
like wildfire back to their countries.
3) Proponent argued that as prices increased,
companies would earn more, and would Economic Globalization Today
have more money to hire workers.
"The world has become too integrated.
Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman Whatever one's opinion about the
challenged the Keynesian theory and argued Washington Consensus is, it is undeniable
that government intervention in economies that some form of international trade
distort the proper functioning of the market. remains essential for countries to develop in
the contemporary world." Export, not just
The Washington consensus advocates for the local selling of goods and services, make
minimal government spending to reduce national economies grow at present. In the
government debt. They also called for the past, those that benefited the most from free
privatization of government-controlled trade were the advanced nations that were
services like water, power, communications producing and selling industrial and
and transport, believing that the free market agricultural products.
can produce the best result.
In the recent decades, partly as a result of The lessons in the next modules will reflect
these increased export, economic the multidimensional understanding of
globalization has ushered in an globalization. Each of the lessons will focus
unprecedented spike in global growth rates. on a particular kind of globalization. Every
one of them will be about different networks
Economic globalization remains an uneven
and connections that are expanding and
process, with some countries, corporations
intensifying in the contemporary world.
and individual benefiting a lot more that
others". (Claudio et al. 2018) The Treat each lesson not as an end in itself but
beneficiaries of global commerce have been as window to the broader phenomenon of
mainly transnational corporations (TNCs) globalization.
and not government.
Module 1 Summary
Module 2: The History of Global Politics
International economic integration is a and The United Nations
central tenet of globalization. In fact, it is
2.1 A History of Global Politics
so crucial to the process that many writers
and commentators confuse this integration The world is composed of many countries or
for the entirety of globalization. As a states, all of them having different forms of
reminder, economics is just one window into government. Some scholars of politics are
the phenomenon of globalization; it is not interested in individual states and examine
the entire thing. the international politics of these countries.
For example, a scholar is studying politics of
Nevertheless, much of globalization is
Japan may write about the history of its
anchored on changes in the economy.
bureaucracy. Other scholars are more
Global culture, for example, is facilitated by
interested in the interactions between states
trade. Filipinos would not be aware of
rather than their internal politics. These
American culture if not for the trade that
scholars look at trade between deals
allows locals to watch American movies,
between states. They also study political,
listen to American music and consume
military and other diplomatic engagements
American products. The globalization of
between two or more countries. These
politics is likewise largely contingent on
scholars are studying international relations.
trade relations. These days, many events of
Moreover when they explore the deepening
foreign affairs are conducted to cement
of interactions between states, they refer to
trading relations between and among states.
the phenomenon of internationalization.
Depending on what is being globalized, a
How does internationalization differ from
different dynamic (or dynamics) may
globalization of politics?
emerge. So while it is important to ask
"What is globalization?" it is likewise Internationalization refers to the deepening
important to ask "What is/are being of interactions between states.
globalized?" Depending on what is being
globalized , the vista and conclusions Means to expand a business and enter into
change. the same market or arena with different
countries. It is the process in which business,
firm or an individual expands and becomes State refers to a country and its government.
part of other countries It has four attributes:
Globalization of politics refers to the 1. It exercises authority over a specific
multiple interactions or relations between population (citizens).
states.
2. It governs a specific territory
Can be explain as connecting the economies
3. It has a structure of government
of the world for free trade and the
integration of economic policies as 4. It has sovereignty over its territory.
converting the world into a global village by
opening the economies of the nations to Nation is defined as an "imagined
other nations and to be observed a universal community" or group of people who shared
rules and regulation. a common culture, language, history etc.
(Benedict Anderson)
According to Claudio et al. (2018, p. 27),
there are four attributes of today's global The Interstate System
system. The origins of the present-day concept of
1. There are countries or states that are sovereignty can be traced back to the Treaty
independent and govern themselves. of Westphalia, which was a set of
agreements signed in 1648 to end the Thirty
2. Countries interact with each other through Years' War between the major continental
diplomacy. powers of Europe. After the brutal religious
war between Catholics and Protestants, the
3. There are international organizations, like
Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France,
the United Nations (UN) that facilitate the
Sweden, and the Dutch Republic designed a
interactions.
system that would avert wars in the future
4. International organizations also take on by recognizing that the treaty signers
lives of their own. exercise complete control over their
domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in
How did global system originate?
each other's affairs.
1. Village/Tribe- people in various regions
1. Westphalian system - a system that gives
of the world were identified according to
stability to European nations through direct
respective units.
control of their domestic activities - free
2. Christian world - started by apostles of from interference of other nations.
Jesus Christ until Christianity became a state
2. Napoleonic Code - a principle that spread
religion.
"liberty", "equality" and "fraternity" as
3. Nation-State - refers to state governing a themes for creation of new form of
nation. government in France.

What is the difference between nation and 3. Metternich system- an alliance of "great
state? powers" - United Kingdoms, Austria, and
Prussia that restored monarchical,
hereditary, and religious privileges of rulers.
International Relations " the greatest happiness of all nations taken
together".
This refers to the field of study and practice
focused on understanding the unique 3. Giuseppe Mazzini- believes that free,
relationships that exist between various unified nation-state should be the basis of
nations and cultures. These relationships on global cooperation.
the other hand plays a huge impact on
4. Woodrow Wilson- forwarded the
international politics, law security,
principle of self-determination and advocate
diplomacy, economics and governance
for the creation of League of Nations to
Politics prevent a world war II.
Is the set of activities that are associated B. Socialist internationalism
about making decisions in groups or other
Achievement: Declaration of International
forms of power relations between
women's Day and Labor Day
individuals such as distribution of resources
and creating alliances or affiliations Proponents:
Internationalism 1. Karl Marx -claimed a premium
economic equality among the classes of
Internationalism is an imagined system of
citizens in the world.
heightened interaction between various
sovereign states particularly the desire for 2. Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx
greater cooperation and unity among states established a socialist revolution through a
and people. It comes in different forms, but battle cry "Workers of the world, Unite! you
the principle may be divided into two broad have nothing to lose but your chains."
categories: liberal
internationalism and socialist 3. Vladimir Lenin - established the
internationalism. communist international (Comintern) in
1919 to serve as central body for directing
A. Liberal internationalism communist parties all over the world.
Achievement: Foundation of United Nation 4. Stalin re-stablished the Comintern as
Communist Information Bureau
Proponents:
(Cominform) in order to direct the various
1. Immanuel Kant - argues that citizens in communist parties that had taken power in
the state must give up some freedom and Eastern Europe.
establish a continuously growing state
consisting of various nations which will
ultimately include the nations of the world". 2.2 The Roles and Functions of the United
Since, if there is no form of world Nations
government then international system will
be chaotic. International Organization

2. Jeremy Bentham- says that the Is an organization established by a treaty or

objectives of the global legislators should other instrument governed by international
aim to propose legislation that would create law and possessing its own international
legal personality, such as the United organization is far from perfect, it
Nations, the World Health Organization and should be emphasized that it has so
NATO far achieved its primary goal of
averting another global war. And
because of this reason the United
Nations should be considered as a
success.
Five active Organs of the United Nations:
1. General Assembly (GA)
• Main function: Assessing members
When scholars refer to the groups like the countries and deciding on the budget
UN or institutions like the IMF and the • The only organ where every member
World Bank, they usually call state is represented
them international organization. • Consist of committees
International Organization (IO) refers to • Convenes annually in September,
international intergovernmental organization special sessions can also be held
or groups that are primarily made up of • Voting on important questions or
member-states. International relations recommendations on peace and
scholars Michael N. Barnett and Martha security, budgetary concerns and the
Finnemore listed the following powers of election, admission, suspension or
IOs. expulsion of members – is by a two-
thirds majority of those present and
1. IOs have the power of classification.
voting
2. IOs have the power to fix meanings.
2. Security Council (SC)
3. IOs have the power to diffuse norms.
• UN’s most powerful organ
The United Nations • It deals with threats to international
peace and security
• It has 15 members, 5 of which are
permanent: the USA, China, Russia,
Britain and France
• Permanent members have veto
• power when the Council decides on
After the collapse of the League of important issues
Nations at the end of World War II, • Its powers include the establishment
countries that worried about another of peacekeeping operations, the
global war began to push for the establishment of international
formation of a more lasting sanctions, and the authorization of
international league. The result was military action through Security
the creation of the United Nations on Council resolutions
October 24,1945. Although the
3. Economic and Social Council its charter, the decisions on important
(ECOSOC) questions such as those on peace and
security, admission of new members and
• Central platform for debate, and budgetary matters. require a two thirds
innovative thinking on sustainable majority of the General Assembly.
development Decisions on other questions are done by a
• The principal body for coordination, simple majority. Annually, the General
policy review, policy dialogue, and assembly elects a GA president to serve a
recommendations on economic, one year term of office. All member-states,
social and environmental issues, as currently at 193, have seats in the GA. The
well as for implementation of the Philippines played a prominent role in the
internationally agreed development GA's early years when a Filipino diplomat
goals named Carlos P. Romulo was elected GA
• ECOSOC engages a wide variety of President from 1949-1950.
stakeholders – policymakers,
parliamentarians, academics, major Although the GA is the most
groups, foundations, business sector representative organization in the United
representatives and 3,200+ registered Nations, many commentators consider the
non-governmental organizations U.N. Security Council (SC) as the most
• The work of the council is guided by powerful. According to the U.N., this body
an issue-based approach consists of 15 member states. the G.A.
elects ten of these 15 to two-year terms.
4. International Court of Justice (ICJ)
The Five Permanent Members of the
• The principal judicial organ of the U.N. Security Council are -
UN
• Based in the Hague, Netherlands 1. The United States of America
• Consists of 15 judges elected by the 2. China
General Assembly and Security
Council 3. Russia
• Applies international law 4. France
• Its main functions are to settle legal
disputes submitted to it by states and 5. The United Kingdom
to provide advisory opinions on legal The above-mentioned states are permanent
questions submitted to it members since the founding of the United
• No appeals can be made by parties to Nations and cannot be replaced through
its judgement election. The SC takes the lead in
determining the existence of a threat to the
5. Secretariat -UN Admin
peace or an act of aggression. It calls upon
6. Trusteeship council the parties to a dispute to settle the act by
peaceful means and recommends methods of
The General Assembly (GA) is the United
adjustment or terms of settlement. In some
Nations' main deliberative policy making
cases, it can resort to imposing sanctions or
and representative organ. According to the
even authorizing the use of force to maintain
or restore international peace and security. The UN Security Council is tasked with
Because of these powers, states that seek to authorizing international acts of military
intervene militarily in another state need to intervention. Because of the P5's veto
obtain the approval of the SC. With the power, it is tough for the Council to release
SC'S approval, a military intervention may a formal resolution, much more implement
be deemed legal. This is an immense power. it. This became an issue, for example, in the
late 1990s when the United States sought to
The third UN organ is the Economic and
intervene in the Kosovo war.
Social Council (ECOSOC) which is the
"principal body for coordination, policy
review, policy dialogue, and
recommendations on social and
environmental issues, as well as the
implementation of internationally agreed
development goals." It has 54 members
elected for three-year terms. Currently it is
the UN's central platform for discussion on
sustainable development.
The fourth is the International Court of On September 2005, the Philippines was
Justice whose task "is to settle, in part of the powerful U.N Security council as
accordance with international law, legal one of the 10 non-permanent members. The
disputes submitted to it by states and to give Philippines served as the chair/head of the
advisory opinions referred to it by UN Security Council. In the file photo, then
authorized United Nations' organs and Philippine President Gloria Arroyo was
specialized agencies. presiding the UN Security Council meeting -
one of the shining moments in our nation's
Finally, the secretariat consists of the
history.
"Secretary-General and tens of thousands of
international UN staff who carry out the Principles of UN
day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by
the General Assembly and the organization's • All members states have sovereign
other principal organs." equality
• All member states must obey the
Challenges of the United Nations charter
The United Nations is not a world • Countries must try to settle their
government and it functions primarily differences by peaceful means
because of voluntary cooperation from • Countries must avoid using force or
states. If states refuse to cooperate, the threatening to use force
influence of the UN can be severely • The UN may not interfere in the
circumscribed. Perhaps, the biggest domestic affairs of any country
challenge of the United Nations is related to • Countries should try to assist the
the issues of security. United Nations
League of Nations
 • Founded on January 10, 1920 international institutions like the UN are
• After the Paris Peace Agreement that always in a precarious position. On the one
ended world war 1 hand, they are groups of sovereign states.
• Ceased operations on April 20, 1946 On the other, they are organizations with
their own rationalities and agendas. It is
International law known as public this tension that will continue to inform the
international law and law of nations, is the evolution of these organizations. However,
set of rules norms, and standards generally note that there are many institutions,
accepted in relations between nations groups, and ideas that hold international
The Philippines was a member of the United and global politics together. In your own
nation's security council Non-permanent time, you may want to explore these topics
and was the Head or chair on September on your own.
2005. and Carlos p. Romulo is consider as
the Philippine's greatest diplomat ever.

Module 2 Summary
This lesson examined the roots of the
international system. In tracing these roots,
a short history of internationalism was
provided. Moreover, internationalism is but
one window into the broader phenomenon of
globalization. Nevertheless, it is a very
crucial aspect of globalization since global
interactions are heightened by the increased
interdependence of states. This increased
interdependence manifests itself not just
through state-to-state relations.
Increasingly, international relations are
also facilitated by international
organizations that promote global norms
and policies. The most prominent example
of this organization, of course, is the United
Nations.
Global governance is such a complex issue
that one can actually teach an entire course
in itself. This lesson has focused on the IOs
and the United Nations in particular.
International organizations are highlighted
because they are the most visible symbols of
global governance. The UN, in particular,
is the closest to a world government. What
is important to remember is that