Structure of Metals
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The Structure of Metals
Metal and Non-metal Use in Automobiles
Some of the metallic and nonmetallic materials used in a typical
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automobile
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Classification of Materials
Metals Polymers
• good conductors of
Ceramics & Glasses
• thermally and • very large molecules
electricity and heat • low density, low weight
• shiny appearance electrically insulating
• maybe extremely flexible
• affected by corrosion • resistant to high
• strong, but deformable temperatures and
harsh environments
• hard, but brittle
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Classification of Materials: A Few Additional Categories
Semiconductors Composites
Biomaterials • electrical properties • consist of more than
implanted in human between conductors one material type
body and insulators • designed to display
compatible with body • electrical properties a combination of
tissues can be precisely properties of each
controlled component
Intel Pentium fiberglass surfboards
hip replacement
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Material Selection
For example, to design a can of soft drink.
1. Rigid, so that the container does not deform under
the weight of the drink.
2. Strong enough to withstand the weight of drink and
cope with forces likely to be incurred in use without
breaking.
3. Low density, so that it is not too heavy.
4. Able to keep the “bubbles” in the drink not allow the
gas to escape. 6/19
5.Resistant to chemical attack by the drink
6.Can be pressed (manufactured) to the required shape
7.Cheap
8.Capable of being recycled and reduced the demands on the earth’s
resources.
Note:
We can buy such drink in aluminum cans, in glass bottles and in
plastic bottles, these being materials that Engineers have selected
as a solution for the above issue. 7/19
Therefore : in selecting a material for a product, engineers must decide:
1. What properties are required?
2. Whether the required properties will be maintained during the service
Life of the product.
3. Whether the material can be processed to the required shape and
dimensional accuracy.
4. Whether it can be joined to other materials.
5. Whether it will cause environmental problem.
6. Whether the material can be economically used to produce the shape.
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Types of materials.
Materials are usually classified into four main groups:
1.Metals
2.Polymers
3.Ceramics
4.Composites.
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1- Metals
• They are usually having high electrical conductivities high
thermal conductivities.
• Ductile, thus permit products to be made by being bent into
different shapes.
• High stiffness and strength.
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Engineering metals are generally alloys That are made by mixing two or
more elements,
For example d steel is an alloy of
Stainless steel is an alloy of Iron, chromium and carbon magnesium &
possibly other elements.
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• Why do we make alloys?
• To improve properties of pure metal as it is very weak
materials.
• The carbon improve the strength of iron.
• Chromium in the stainless steel improve the corrosion
resistance.
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Non-ferrous alloys
i.e. not iron based
1. Light alloys, - Aluminum, Magnesium
2. Heavy alloys, - Copper lead, nickel
3.Refectory metals - Molybdenum, Tungsten
4.Precious metals - Gold, silver, platinum
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2- Polymers
• Thermoplastic
• Thermosets
Thermoplastic that soften when heated & Thermosets
become hard again when heat
It is generally flexible and relatively soft that do not soften but char and
Example decompose.
It is widely used as films or sheets as Thermosets are usually rigid and hard
bags, bottles and wires and cable phenol formaldehyde known as
insulation Bakelite.
It is widely used for electrical plug
casings, doorknobs and handles.
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Polymers have:
1. Low electrical conductivity.
2. Low thermal conductivity
3. Expand more when there is a change in temp.
4. Corrosion resistance
5. Low stiffness, stretch more and are not as hard
6. When loaded they tend to creep i.e., extension gradually
changes with time.
7. Their properties depend very much on the temp. So, a
polymer which may be tough and flexible at room temp
may be brittle at 00C and show a considerable creep at
1000C.
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3- Ceramics
• Tend to be brittle, relatively stiff, stronger in
compression than tension, hard, chemically inert,
and bad conductors of electricity and heat.
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Classification
1. Domestic ceramics, porcelain, vitreous China,
stone-ware & cement.
2. Engineering ceramics, alumina carbides &
nitrates
3. Natural ceramic rocks
4. Electronic material, semiconductors, super
conducting ceramics.
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4- Composites re materials composed of two different
materials bonded together.
• For example, there are composites involving glass
fibers or particles in polymers, ceramic particles in
metals (cermet's), and steel rods in concrete.
(reinforced concrete).
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