DATA
PRESENTATION
Learning Objectives
▪ Explain the purpose and importance of data presentation
▪ Enumerate the essential components of a table
▪ Discuss the meaning of graphs
▪ Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of graphical
presentation of data
▪ Identify appreciate graphs to use for a given data
▪ Discuss the description and function of the different graphs
Review
Basic concepts
Descriptive Statistics
1. Organize data
Tables
• Frequency Distributions
• Relative Frequency Distributions
Graphs
• Bar Chart or Histogram
• Stem and Leaf Plot
• Frequency Polygon
Descriptive Statistics
2. Summarize data
Central Tendency (or Groups’ “Middle Values”)
• Mean
• Median
• Mode
Variation (or Summary of Differences Within Groups)
• Range
• Interquartile Range
• Variance
• Standard Deviation
Text Presentation
• Main method of conveying information as it is used to explain results
and trends, and provide contextual information.
• Data are fundamentally presented in paragraphs or sentences.
For instance, information about the incidence rates of delirium following
anesthesia in 2016–2017 can be presented with the use of a few
numbers:
“The incidence rate of delirium following anesthesia was
11% in 2016 and 15% in 2017; no significant difference of
incidence rates was found between the two years.”
Table Presentation
▪ Convey information that has been converted into words or numbers
in rows and columns
▪ Tables are the most appropriate for presenting individual
information, and can present both quantitative and qualitative
information.
▪ Useful for summarizing and comparing quantitative information of
different variables and information with different units can be
presented together
FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
WHAT IS A
FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION?
Suppose we ask a sample of 30 teenagers each to tell us how
old they are. The list of their ages is shown in Table 5.1
Frequency distribution
Frequency distribution
A table listing all classes and
their frequencies
For nominal and ordinal data, a
frequency distribution consists
of a set of classes or categories
along with the numerical counts
that correspond to each one.
Frequency distribution
To display discrete or
continuous data in the form
of a frequency distribution,
break down the range of
values of the observations
into a series of distinct, non-
overlapping intervals.
RELATIVE
FREQUENCY
Relative frequency
▪ The proportion of the total number of
observations that appears in that interval.
▪ It is computed by dividing the number of values
within an interval by the total number of values
in the table, multiplied by 100% to obtain the
percentage of values in the interval.
▪ Relative frequencies are useful for comparing sets
of data that contain unequal numbers of
observations
Relative frequency
f/n x 100
f= is the number of times the
data occurred in the
observation
n= total frequencies
CUMULATIVE
FREQUENCY
Cumulative relative frequency
Is the percentage of the total
number of observations that have a
value less than or equal to the upper
limit of the interval
It is calculated by summing the
relative frequencies for the specified
interval and all previous ones.
Cumulative relative frequency
❑ Always start with the FIRST relative
frequency data. ( e.g: ages 25-34: 1.2)
❑ Add the absolute frequency to the
running total ( e.g: 1.2 + 14.1 = 15.3)
❑ Repeat for the remaining values
15.3+41.4 = 56.7
56.7+28.0= 84.7
84.7+10.8=95.5
95.5+3.2= 98.7
98.7+0.8= 99.5
99.5+0.5= 100
Graph
Presentation
Graphs simplify complex
information by using images
and emphasizing data
patterns or trends, and are
useful for summarizing,
explaining, or exploring
quantitative data.
20
Graphical Presentation of Data
Categorical Numerical
variables variables
Frequency
Line chart
distribution
Bar chart, Frequency
Pie chart distribution
Pareto Histogram
diagram and ogive
Scatter plot
Bar chart
▪ Popular type of graph used to display a frequency distribution
for nominal or ordinal data.
▪ In a bar chart, the various categories into which the
observations fall are presented along a horizontal axis.
▪ A vertical bar is drawn above each category such that the
height of the bar represents either the frequency or the relative
frequency of observations within that class.
Histogram
▪ A histogram depicts a frequency
distribution for discrete or
continuous data.
▪ It is a bar graph in which the
horizontal scale represents classes
and the vertical scale represents
frequencies.
▪ The horizontal axis displays the
true limits of the various intervals.
▪ The true limits of an interval are
the points that separate it from the
intervals on either side.
Histogram
Pareto chart
D. PIE CHART
▪ Useful for comparing
individual categories with
the total.
Frequency polygons
▪ It is constructed by placing a point at the center of each
interval such that the height of the point is equal to the
frequency or relative frequency associated with that
interval
▪ Points are also placed on the horizontal axis at the
midpoints of the intervals immediately preceding and
immediately following the intervals that contain
observations.
▪ The points are then connected by straight lines.
Frequency polygons
Frequency polygons
Rating
(Midpoint) Frequency
0 - 2 (1) 20
3 – 5 (4) 14
6 – 8 (7) 15
9 – 11 (10) 2
12 – 14 (13) 1
Scatter plots (One-Way Scatter Plots)
▪ Another type of graph that can be used to summarize
a set of discrete or continuous observations
▪ Uses a single horizontal axis to display the relative
position of each data point in the group
Scatter plots (box plots)
Box plots are similar to one-
way scatter plots in that they
require a single axis; instead of
plotting every observation,
however, they display only a
summary of the data
Scatter plots (two-way scatter plots)
▪ Used to depict the relationship
between two different
continuous measurements.
▪ Each point on the graph
represents a pair of values;
▪ The scale for one quantity is
marked on the horizontal axis,
or x-axis, and the scale for the
other on the vertical axis, or y-
axis.
Line Graphs
▪ Similar to a two-way scatter plot in that it can be
used to illustrate the relationship between
continuous quantities.
▪ Each point on the graph represents a pair of values.
▪ Adjacent points are connected by straight lines
▪ Useful for representing time-series data
▪ Useful for studying patterns and trends across data
▪ Also appropriate for representing not only time-series
data, but also data measured over the progression of
a continuous variable such as distance.
Line Graphs
Dot Plot
Stem-and Leaf Plot
