Z-Chart & Loss Function (Negative Z-values)

F(Z) is the probability that a variable from a standard normal distribution will be less than or equal to Z, or alternately, the service level for a quantity
ordered with a z-value of Z.
L(Z) is the standard loss function, i.e. the expected number of lost sales as a fraction of the standard deviation.
Hence, the lost sales = L(Z) x σDEMAND
Z F(Z) L(Z) Z F(Z) L(Z) Z F(Z) L(Z) Z F(Z) L(Z)
-3.00 0.0013 3.0004 -2.25 0.0122 2.2542 -1.50 0.0668 1.5293 -0.75 0.2266 0.8812
-2.99 0.0014 2.9904 -2.24 0.0125 2.2444 -1.49 0.0681 1.5200 -0.74 0.2296 0.8734
-2.98 0.0014 2.9804 -2.23 0.0129 2.2345 -1.48 0.0694 1.5107 -0.73 0.2327 0.8658
-2.97 0.0015 2.9704 -2.22 0.0132 2.2246 -1.47 0.0708 1.5014 -0.72 0.2358 0.8581
-2.96 0.0015 2.9604 -2.21 0.0136 2.2147 -1.46 0.0721 1.4921 -0.71 0.2389 0.8505
-2.95 0.0016 2.9505 -2.20 0.0139 2.2049 -1.45 0.0735 1.4828 -0.70 0.2420 0.8429
-2.94 0.0016 2.9405 -2.19 0.0143 2.1950 -1.44 0.0749 1.4736 -0.69 0.2451 0.8353
-2.93 0.0017 2.9305 -2.18 0.0146 2.1852 -1.43 0.0764 1.4643 -0.68 0.2483 0.8278
-2.92 0.0018 2.9205 -2.17 0.0150 2.1753 -1.42 0.0778 1.4551 -0.67 0.2514 0.8203
-2.91 0.0018 2.9105 -2.16 0.0154 2.1655 -1.41 0.0793 1.4459 -0.66 0.2546 0.8128
-2.90 0.0019 2.9005 -2.15 0.0158 2.1556 -1.40 0.0808 1.4367 -0.65 0.2578 0.8054
-2.89 0.0019 2.8906 -2.14 0.0162 2.1458 -1.39 0.0823 1.4275 -0.64 0.2611 0.7980
-2.88 0.0020 2.8806 -2.13 0.0166 2.1360 -1.38 0.0838 1.4183 -0.63 0.2643 0.7906
-2.87 0.0021 2.8706 -2.12 0.0170 2.1261 -1.37 0.0853 1.4092 -0.62 0.2676 0.7833
-2.86 0.0021 2.8606 -2.11 0.0174 2.1163 -1.36 0.0869 1.4000 -0.61 0.2709 0.7759
-2.85 0.0022 2.8506 -2.10 0.0179 2.1065 -1.35 0.0885 1.3909 -0.60 0.2743 0.7687
-2.84 0.0023 2.8407 -2.09 0.0183 2.0966 -1.34 0.0901 1.3818 -0.59 0.2776 0.7614
-2.83 0.0023 2.8307 -2.08 0.0188 2.0868 -1.33 0.0918 1.3727 -0.58 0.2810 0.7542
-2.82 0.0024 2.8207 -2.07 0.0192 2.0770 -1.32 0.0934 1.3636 -0.57 0.2843 0.7471
-2.81 0.0025 2.8107 -2.06 0.0197 2.0672 -1.31 0.0951 1.3546 -0.56 0.2877 0.7399
-2.80 0.0026 2.8008 -2.05 0.0202 2.0574 -1.30 0.0968 1.3455 -0.55 0.2912 0.7328
-2.79 0.0026 2.7908 -2.04 0.0207 2.0476 -1.29 0.0985 1.3365 -0.54 0.2946 0.7257
-2.78 0.0027 2.7808 -2.03 0.0212 2.0378 -1.28 0.1003 1.3275 -0.53 0.2981 0.7187
-2.77 0.0028 2.7708 -2.02 0.0217 2.0280 -1.27 0.1020 1.3185 -0.52 0.3015 0.7117
-2.76 0.0029 2.7609 -2.01 0.0222 2.0183 -1.26 0.1038 1.3095 -0.51 0.3050 0.7047
-2.75 0.0030 2.7509 -2.00 0.0228 2.0085 -1.25 0.1056 1.3006 -0.50 0.3085 0.6978
-2.74 0.0031 2.7409 -1.99 0.0233 1.9987 -1.24 0.1075 1.2917 -0.49 0.3121 0.6909
-2.73 0.0032 2.7310 -1.98 0.0239 1.9890 -1.23 0.1093 1.2827 -0.48 0.3156 0.6840
-2.72 0.0033 2.7210 -1.97 0.0244 1.9792 -1.22 0.1112 1.2738 -0.47 0.3192 0.6772
-2.71 0.0034 2.7110 -1.96 0.0250 1.9694 -1.21 0.1131 1.2650 -0.46 0.3228 0.6704
-2.70 0.0035 2.7011 -1.95 0.0256 1.9597 -1.20 0.1151 1.2561 -0.45 0.3264 0.6637
-2.69 0.0036 2.6911 -1.94 0.0262 1.9500 -1.19 0.1170 1.2473 -0.44 0.3300 0.6569
-2.68 0.0037 2.6811 -1.93 0.0268 1.9402 -1.18 0.1190 1.2384 -0.43 0.3336 0.6503
-2.67 0.0038 2.6712 -1.92 0.0274 1.9305 -1.17 0.1210 1.2296 -0.42 0.3372 0.6436
-2.66 0.0039 2.6612 -1.91 0.0281 1.9208 -1.16 0.1230 1.2209 -0.41 0.3409 0.6370
-2.65 0.0040 2.6512 -1.90 0.0287 1.9111 -1.15 0.1251 1.2121 -0.40 0.3446 0.6304
-2.64 0.0041 2.6413 -1.89 0.0294 1.9013 -1.14 0.1271 1.2034 -0.39 0.3483 0.6239
-2.63 0.0043 2.6313 -1.88 0.0301 1.8916 -1.13 0.1292 1.1946 -0.38 0.3520 0.6174
-2.62 0.0044 2.6214 -1.87 0.0307 1.8819 -1.12 0.1314 1.1859 -0.37 0.3557 0.6109
-2.61 0.0045 2.6114 -1.86 0.0314 1.8723 -1.11 0.1335 1.1773 -0.36 0.3594 0.6045
-2.60 0.0047 2.6015 -1.85 0.0322 1.8626 -1.10 0.1357 1.1686 -0.35 0.3632 0.5981
-2.59 0.0048 2.5915 -1.84 0.0329 1.8529 -1.09 0.1379 1.1600 -0.34 0.3669 0.5918
-2.58 0.0049 2.5816 -1.83 0.0336 1.8432 -1.08 0.1401 1.1514 -0.33 0.3707 0.5855
-2.57 0.0051 2.5716 -1.82 0.0344 1.8336 -1.07 0.1423 1.1428 -0.32 0.3745 0.5792
-2.56 0.0052 2.5617 -1.81 0.0351 1.8239 -1.06 0.1446 1.1342 -0.31 0.3783 0.5730
-2.55 0.0054 2.5517 -1.80 0.0359 1.8143 -1.05 0.1469 1.1257 -0.30 0.3821 0.5668
-2.54 0.0055 2.5418 -1.79 0.0367 1.8046 -1.04 0.1492 1.1172 -0.29 0.3859 0.5606
-2.53 0.0057 2.5318 -1.78 0.0375 1.7950 -1.03 0.1515 1.1087 -0.28 0.3897 0.5545
-2.52 0.0059 2.5219 -1.77 0.0384 1.7854 -1.02 0.1539 1.1002 -0.27 0.3936 0.5484
-2.51 0.0060 2.5119 -1.76 0.0392 1.7758 -1.01 0.1562 1.0917 -0.26 0.3974 0.5424
-2.50 0.0062 2.5020 -1.75 0.0401 1.7662 -1.00 0.1587 1.0833 -0.25 0.4013 0.5363
-2.49 0.0064 2.4921 -1.74 0.0409 1.7566 -0.99 0.1611 1.0749 -0.24 0.4052 0.5304
-2.48 0.0066 2.4821 -1.73 0.0418 1.7470 -0.98 0.1635 1.0665 -0.23 0.4090 0.5244
-2.47 0.0068 2.4722 -1.72 0.0427 1.7374 -0.97 0.1660 1.0582 -0.22 0.4129 0.5186
-2.46 0.0069 2.4623 -1.71 0.0436 1.7278 -0.96 0.1685 1.0499 -0.21 0.4168 0.5127
-2.45 0.0071 2.4523 -1.70 0.0446 1.7183 -0.95 0.1711 1.0416 -0.20 0.4207 0.5069
-2.44 0.0073 2.4424 -1.69 0.0455 1.7087 -0.94 0.1736 1.0333 -0.19 0.4247 0.5011
-2.43 0.0075 2.4325 -1.68 0.0465 1.6992 -0.93 0.1762 1.0250 -0.18 0.4286 0.4954
-2.42 0.0078 2.4226 -1.67 0.0475 1.6897 -0.92 0.1788 1.0168 -0.17 0.4325 0.4897
-2.41 0.0080 2.4126 -1.66 0.0485 1.6801 -0.91 0.1814 1.0086 -0.16 0.4364 0.4840
-2.40 0.0082 2.4027 -1.65 0.0495 1.6706 -0.90 0.1841 1.0004 -0.15 0.4404 0.4784
-2.39 0.0084 2.3928 -1.64 0.0505 1.6611 -0.89 0.1867 0.9923 -0.14 0.4443 0.4728
-2.38 0.0087 2.3829 -1.63 0.0516 1.6516 -0.88 0.1894 0.9842 -0.13 0.4483 0.4673
-2.37 0.0089 2.3730 -1.62 0.0526 1.6422 -0.87 0.1922 0.9761 -0.12 0.4522 0.4618
-2.36 0.0091 2.3631 -1.61 0.0537 1.6327 -0.86 0.1949 0.9680 -0.11 0.4562 0.4564
-2.35 0.0094 2.3532 -1.60 0.0548 1.6232 -0.85 0.1977 0.9600 -0.10 0.4602 0.4509
-2.34 0.0096 2.3433 -1.59 0.0559 1.6138 -0.84 0.2005 0.9520 -0.09 0.4641 0.4456
-2.33 0.0099 2.3334 -1.58 0.0571 1.6044 -0.83 0.2033 0.9440 -0.08 0.4681 0.4402
-2.32 0.0102 2.3235 -1.57 0.0582 1.5949 -0.82 0.2061 0.9360 -0.07 0.4721 0.4349
-2.31 0.0104 2.3136 -1.56 0.0594 1.5855 -0.81 0.2090 0.9281 -0.06 0.4761 0.4297
-2.30 0.0107 2.3037 -1.55 0.0606 1.5761 -0.80 0.2119 0.9202 -0.05 0.4801 0.4244
-2.29 0.0110 2.2938 -1.54 0.0618 1.5667 -0.79 0.2148 0.9123 -0.04 0.4840 0.4193
-2.28 0.0113 2.2839 -1.53 0.0630 1.5574 -0.78 0.2177 0.9045 -0.03 0.4880 0.4141
-2.27 0.0116 2.2740 -1.52 0.0643 1.5480 -0.77 0.2206 0.8967 -0.02 0.4920 0.4090
-2.26 0.0119 2.2641 -1.51 0.0655 1.5386 -0.76 0.2236 0.8889 -0.01 0.4960 0.4040
0.00 0.5000 0.3989
 Z-Chart & Loss Function (Positive Z-values)
F(Z) is the probability that a variable from a standard normal distribution will be less than or equal to Z, or alternately, the service level for a quantity
ordered with a z-value of Z.
L(Z) is the standard loss function, i.e. the expected number of lost sales as a fraction of the standard deviation.
Hence, the lost sales = L(Z) x σDEMAND
Z F(Z) L(Z) Z F(Z) L(Z) Z F(Z) L(Z) Z F(Z) L(Z)
0.00 0.5000 0.3989 0.75 0.7734 0.1312 1.50 0.9332 0.0293 2.25 0.9878 0.0042
0.01 0.5040 0.3940 0.76 0.7764 0.1289 1.51 0.9345 0.0286 2.26 0.9881 0.0041
0.02 0.5080 0.3890 0.77 0.7794 0.1267 1.52 0.9357 0.0280 2.27 0.9884 0.0040
0.03 0.5120 0.3841 0.78 0.7823 0.1245 1.53 0.9370 0.0274 2.28 0.9887 0.0039
0.04 0.5160 0.3793 0.79 0.7852 0.1223 1.54 0.9382 0.0267 2.29 0.9890 0.0038
0.05 0.5199 0.3744 0.80 0.7881 0.1202 1.55 0.9394 0.0261 2.30 0.9893 0.0037
0.06 0.5239 0.3697 0.81 0.7910 0.1181 1.56 0.9406 0.0255 2.31 0.9896 0.0036
0.07 0.5279 0.3649 0.82 0.7939 0.1160 1.57 0.9418 0.0249 2.32 0.9898 0.0035
0.08 0.5319 0.3602 0.83 0.7967 0.1140 1.58 0.9429 0.0244 2.33 0.9901 0.0034
0.09 0.5359 0.3556 0.84 0.7995 0.1120 1.59 0.9441 0.0238 2.34 0.9904 0.0033
0.10 0.5398 0.3509 0.85 0.8023 0.1100 1.60 0.9452 0.0232 2.35 0.9906 0.0032
0.11 0.5438 0.3464 0.86 0.8051 0.1080 1.61 0.9463 0.0227 2.36 0.9909 0.0031
0.12 0.5478 0.3418 0.87 0.8078 0.1061 1.62 0.9474 0.0222 2.37 0.9911 0.0030
0.13 0.5517 0.3373 0.88 0.8106 0.1042 1.63 0.9484 0.0216 2.38 0.9913 0.0029
0.14 0.5557 0.3328 0.89 0.8133 0.1023 1.64 0.9495 0.0211 2.39 0.9916 0.0028
0.15 0.5596 0.3284 0.90 0.8159 0.1004 1.65 0.9505 0.0206 2.40 0.9918 0.0027
0.16 0.5636 0.3240 0.91 0.8186 0.0986 1.66 0.9515 0.0201 2.41 0.9920 0.0026
0.17 0.5675 0.3197 0.92 0.8212 0.0968 1.67 0.9525 0.0197 2.42 0.9922 0.0026
0.18 0.5714 0.3154 0.93 0.8238 0.0950 1.68 0.9535 0.0192 2.43 0.9925 0.0025
0.19 0.5753 0.3111 0.94 0.8264 0.0933 1.69 0.9545 0.0187 2.44 0.9927 0.0024
0.20 0.5793 0.3069 0.95 0.8289 0.0916 1.70 0.9554 0.0183 2.45 0.9929 0.0023
0.21 0.5832 0.3027 0.96 0.8315 0.0899 1.71 0.9564 0.0178 2.46 0.9931 0.0023
0.22 0.5871 0.2986 0.97 0.8340 0.0882 1.72 0.9573 0.0174 2.47 0.9932 0.0022
0.23 0.5910 0.2944 0.98 0.8365 0.0865 1.73 0.9582 0.0170 2.48 0.9934 0.0021
0.24 0.5948 0.2904 0.99 0.8389 0.0849 1.74 0.9591 0.0166 2.49 0.9936 0.0021
0.25 0.5987 0.2863 1.00 0.8413 0.0833 1.75 0.9599 0.0162 2.50 0.9938 0.0020
0.26 0.6026 0.2824 1.01 0.8438 0.0817 1.76 0.9608 0.0158 2.51 0.9940 0.0019
0.27 0.6064 0.2784 1.02 0.8461 0.0802 1.77 0.9616 0.0154 2.52 0.9941 0.0019
0.28 0.6103 0.2745 1.03 0.8485 0.0787 1.78 0.9625 0.0150 2.53 0.9943 0.0018
0.29 0.6141 0.2706 1.04 0.8508 0.0772 1.79 0.9633 0.0146 2.54 0.9945 0.0018
0.30 0.6179 0.2668 1.05 0.8531 0.0757 1.80 0.9641 0.0143 2.55 0.9946 0.0017
0.31 0.6217 0.2630 1.06 0.8554 0.0742 1.81 0.9649 0.0139 2.56 0.9948 0.0017
0.32 0.6255 0.2592 1.07 0.8577 0.0728 1.82 0.9656 0.0136 2.57 0.9949 0.0016
0.33 0.6293 0.2555 1.08 0.8599 0.0714 1.83 0.9664 0.0132 2.58 0.9951 0.0016
0.34 0.6331 0.2518 1.09 0.8621 0.0700 1.84 0.9671 0.0129 2.59 0.9952 0.0015
0.35 0.6368 0.2481 1.10 0.8643 0.0686 1.85 0.9678 0.0126 2.60 0.9953 0.0015
0.36 0.6406 0.2445 1.11 0.8665 0.0673 1.86 0.9686 0.0123 2.61 0.9955 0.0014
0.37 0.6443 0.2409 1.12 0.8686 0.0659 1.87 0.9693 0.0119 2.62 0.9956 0.0014
0.38 0.6480 0.2374 1.13 0.8708 0.0646 1.88 0.9699 0.0116 2.63 0.9957 0.0013
0.39 0.6517 0.2339 1.14 0.8729 0.0634 1.89 0.9706 0.0113 2.64 0.9959 0.0013
0.40 0.6554 0.2304 1.15 0.8749 0.0621 1.90 0.9713 0.0111 2.65 0.9960 0.0012
0.41 0.6591 0.2270 1.16 0.8770 0.0609 1.91 0.9719 0.0108 2.66 0.9961 0.0012
0.42 0.6628 0.2236 1.17 0.8790 0.0596 1.92 0.9726 0.0105 2.67 0.9962 0.0012
0.43 0.6664 0.2203 1.18 0.8810 0.0584 1.93 0.9732 0.0102 2.68 0.9963 0.0011
0.44 0.6700 0.2169 1.19 0.8830 0.0573 1.94 0.9738 0.0100 2.69 0.9964 0.0011
0.45 0.6736 0.2137 1.20 0.8849 0.0561 1.95 0.9744 0.0097 2.70 0.9965 0.0011
0.46 0.6772 0.2104 1.21 0.8869 0.0550 1.96 0.9750 0.0094 2.71 0.9966 0.0010
0.47 0.6808 0.2072 1.22 0.8888 0.0538 1.97 0.9756 0.0092 2.72 0.9967 0.0010
0.48 0.6844 0.2040 1.23 0.8907 0.0527 1.98 0.9761 0.0090 2.73 0.9968 0.0010
0.49 0.6879 0.2009 1.24 0.8925 0.0517 1.99 0.9767 0.0087 2.74 0.9969 0.0009
0.50 0.6915 0.1978 1.25 0.8944 0.0506 2.00 0.9772 0.0085 2.75 0.9970 0.0009
0.51 0.6950 0.1947 1.26 0.8962 0.0495 2.01 0.9778 0.0083 2.76 0.9971 0.0009
0.52 0.6985 0.1917 1.27 0.8980 0.0485 2.02 0.9783 0.0080 2.77 0.9972 0.0008
0.53 0.7019 0.1887 1.28 0.8997 0.0475 2.03 0.9788 0.0078 2.78 0.9973 0.0008
0.54 0.7054 0.1857 1.29 0.9015 0.0465 2.04 0.9793 0.0076 2.79 0.9974 0.0008
0.55 0.7088 0.1828 1.30 0.9032 0.0455 2.05 0.9798 0.0074 2.80 0.9974 0.0008
0.56 0.7123 0.1799 1.31 0.9049 0.0446 2.06 0.9803 0.0072 2.81 0.9975 0.0007
0.57 0.7157 0.1771 1.32 0.9066 0.0436 2.07 0.9808 0.0070 2.82 0.9976 0.0007
0.58 0.7190 0.1742 1.33 0.9082 0.0427 2.08 0.9812 0.0068 2.83 0.9977 0.0007
0.59 0.7224 0.1714 1.34 0.9099 0.0418 2.09 0.9817 0.0066 2.84 0.9977 0.0007
0.60 0.7257 0.1687 1.35 0.9115 0.0409 2.10 0.9821 0.0065 2.85 0.9978 0.0006
0.61 0.7291 0.1659 1.36 0.9131 0.0400 2.11 0.9826 0.0063 2.86 0.9979 0.0006
0.62 0.7324 0.1633 1.37 0.9147 0.0392 2.12 0.9830 0.0061 2.87 0.9979 0.0006
0.63 0.7357 0.1606 1.38 0.9162 0.0383 2.13 0.9834 0.0060 2.88 0.9980 0.0006
0.64 0.7389 0.1580 1.39 0.9177 0.0375 2.14 0.9838 0.0058 2.89 0.9981 0.0006
0.65 0.7422 0.1554 1.40 0.9192 0.0367 2.15 0.9842 0.0056 2.90 0.9981 0.0005
0.66 0.7454 0.1528 1.41 0.9207 0.0359 2.16 0.9846 0.0055 2.91 0.9982 0.0005
0.67 0.7486 0.1503 1.42 0.9222 0.0351 2.17 0.9850 0.0053 2.92 0.9982 0.0005
0.68 0.7517 0.1478 1.43 0.9236 0.0343 2.18 0.9854 0.0052 2.93 0.9983 0.0005
0.69 0.7549 0.1453 1.44 0.9251 0.0336 2.19 0.9857 0.0050 2.94 0.9984 0.0005
0.70 0.7580 0.1429 1.45 0.9265 0.0328 2.20 0.9861 0.0049 2.95 0.9984 0.0005
0.71 0.7611 0.1405 1.46 0.9279 0.0321 2.21 0.9864 0.0047 2.96 0.9985 0.0004
0.72 0.7642 0.1381 1.47 0.9292 0.0314 2.22 0.9868 0.0046 2.97 0.9985 0.0004
0.73 0.7673 0.1358 1.48 0.9306 0.0307 2.23 0.9871 0.0045 2.98 0.9986 0.0004
0.74 0.7704 0.1334 1.49 0.9319 0.0300 2.24 0.9875 0.0044 2.99 0.9986 0.0004
3.00 0.9987 0.0004