Module: & 1 TWo PoRT Totroduction eee & generat network havin ae Paty’ ob berminels bors an important building block in mea Busters auch aS Communicebion syste, cortrotsypters te. the Pate of keaminel of which cleckricol emery enters 14 known oF the inpet bermin pile He Pair of keaminel of ich the signal leaves ig Known & the output terminal PB pote of berminels af which a signal 7 entes o% Leave a neknork t4 Catted fort A network ro QR Pairs _ besmineds i4 kmonn 4 A Port nebwoe Kk 4 ~The Poa \ peter a Newer al Tepek pig — ontak a. weprterts a kWo pork network With input terminals 4-1! & outpa termined 2-9). A a- pork network hob fouw Variables Vi, 21,4 -& Ty of Hse four Variobles g tan be bolcery ob defender’ and the other HWE ob independ entDapending, OD hich. Vomiables ORE cheer ah Independent Vari ables hour seks Of Pohamebtvs ane defined bor a tWo pork Network “They one | opens Civcturt impedance | EL —Parrameher Jd. Shovk Urcutt Admettancte parameter(Y) I3- Hybrid ox h- parameters 4. Trrartmission oF ABCD Pa\ameters oPen Urcuit Impedante arramebers L2- Parameters Vy and Vy ave dependent variables where oh 2, & Tg ave independent Variables. vi 2 #,(T,L) Wwe C2522) Pthe trnenk and output voltages Vand VU can be erprused tn teres of inpet and outpub -currends tq & In 4 V, = 43, + 4nd =~ @ BAT +4 D © In mekrixn form [ofan 2 JEL yy = | cated trpub impedance a, Ty=0 (2) B= Ne > fox Ward trarsheri anc age ss mpedence ful I, =0 Raorn => Reverse hrars bev | to | I,=0 impedance C2 ee ag 2 Ne ae t=0 =z output impedence ca’) Eayuivolent L-Porrametey model ae NS ORESi... Ye Paccamtevs |shert Urtutt admittance] Vy amd Wy ome tndependent Var iobles Whey a Ty amd T, ane deperndertVariables T= HCv0%D Ty = faCVs Va) the Impuk and output cusverts 1 & Ta Can be cxprered In terres of input and outpul VoLbages, Vo & Ng q Vy +2 Vo. 37> @ Ty = YoyV + 20 No. ~@© In motrix form q, Se vy x | Yo; Yoo Va Vy = =a Put ao bom @ Yu 2 eo catteah input admittance (1) from © Ya, 2 dn\) forward tramshe Vy [vgco adenttbersCe (17) © Rut a zo \pom © Nio= 2 \ > Reverse bromshet ad mittante Vo IV\ =o from @ Yoo > Tr | Va. bMi=0 oukpul admittance GDvee [MY brid Pavamectexs Ch- ota ASCH) BYorid Pavamcters one used in wedabing” transistor Crcatks a Dependent Voor ables _. Independert Vari ables Meh CE) & Tarte) Nye hy, thavs > © Ty hg, 2 + hoo Vn PQ Tr motrin bows *) shy Ala (5) To hoy hoa | LMJ 2 1, 2 Z, \Yaeo hay = ta — => Lov ward current gain z, |ar? phen Fro 3 hin = Mi i 12 ~ |i, => Reverse VoLrage gen oes | 2 ovkput ad mittonce (w Vo IZ)=0 hi & haa howe o dimersion § no dimension her hin and hoy ain te These Poramrebtrh ae mined up they one cotled hybrid ParamsTWrarsmision | chain | Aecp | Remered Grceit Parameters Trrarhritsion Parameht%% awe ured tm Me arrays of, Pony hronamission Lines Ty & Vy ome independent Vari cbles theve 05 =T and VW one dependent Vari ables aeeg -8h +50 = Vy -0I, »+@® mre fee Neg okt Ve Aign iA how we due ts pack - ie... eggs & Hot arttum eal fob Tyco brm © AM Vo Ip=0 | => RevevAc Volbage gen fron © Ce Ty c > trarsher Gu) a Ty=o0 adr ttance Put Ny =O oO B= | => brorsber C25 | ae leo Tm pedante 3 ReVerA€ current(vlwv=2 Pre muh! Piytng both sides bY ia to wd iv) sty) 2 oe fvj=[NJ'2 oo (vy) =[29[T) . {ed =f’ i) {27 t2J={v1 Pre mutt thy =a on both Aides by fey! Gye (2J kT 14) @ {2y-) 0) e ato fs Je(YI(vJ wer “(eye 7 Inkey vabionship between Band Y gjE{VG0uaee ee eee eee Reger EXPT _2- Parameters tn _kams Ao ferammeters week 2 pe y Vp = tt t2p sO Vy = %, 7, oe eS Y-PS => Te YY +t Yay 5 @® Ty = Yo, Vj t+ Yoo Vo" 2@Representin g © & @ in meabxborm Del (2) 1) te bind 7 § VoL Ns Ty Yi ' TS yee = YeoT - Vint oo Yo Yin sy Yo; Y22 Ve = e My 1, YW 3, -%a1 Ly Yo) 3 _. a You Yin y | Yo Yen] wheve SY = Yu Yoo Yi2Yoy =. Cs x, + (5) 7® Vg = a = + /Nu \e 3) bY oi © & © with © «> SY By By = Yer 5 By 2-Yay ys Se an ay ay YS a ih 2 = i = [% (a BY ~SY %, ter Typ YuPrd apres y favorneters in lemme % & ee ae Wek& Y-Pavamectes_ Ty, HY FV, 9 O eayuotiorS By =Yay¥y +Y.é> 9@) ZB-Ps > Vs Bj42,+ A242 © Na = %\ 1) 4 M222 3@ Repreperk “y ® &@ vw mokrix how (sella) vy 2 r= D ae : | Va Z| = Jai 7 Fate ee At | Sy Br te, be ~2 z= tar) Vy 2S Ve, 3@) < be oo lel ae . | Ve = Buy =a)" Gye | x | & <tere yack ons ® §® with Oo, @ Ny = Ba . Yi2 =~ 2+ yp, %, I, + %2I2 3@ hws VW Shy tha + © Ty eho 2, the 3@ ron © hay = hey A Ca a & ne 2 aay Compan © Fh =o Nu aa bY ia ae Put © *H © y {=u thy = bal ( %) ! hy hay v +(( 22. ober) “ee “( Tg cS (ta), *(had ch hy SOComParn eajuckiorn © witty © ays bas Yoo = A Ay hy Be Parromckev4 iy bears ABCD Podvamekes Z-PA B VM = 27, 42,3, 3@ “= iT 44,3,9°© peep pS > Vo = AMg-BI, +@ IT, = CV, —pr, 3® From @ cy = 2, +02, \ fy (2)4 © conan) © with © ey a a Pak SH in oe aces, +(2)2)- Bt) = (eye fo (24 ( 42 5) (Ey + z% a 2 ae © with © By = Al fea> AD-BC Cl =ABCD im terres 4 L- Parra nnekev® [alates Oe ABCD PS 2B VW= AVy-BI2 9@ T- CVg-21, 9@ t-PA > Wey Fd, +2(,7, >+© 2 = % 2 +%, 7, 3 from @ ait = \a ~A2 8 Ga) Gan 7 Comp ant © rth © ei _ ze oe fut ©E) is Viozd a Ng \ “s(C&) Dt) | #9, sY- Pawametev& in kre ee eee YoPS By Te WV, +%aV 2 O z = Yo 1 + Ya, © PBCD pe 5 V, HAV, -BL, 5 © Ty acy -0t, 9@® = 7 aoe Comparex © with eS Ss 4 =(A te G4 - ( P2=e = with © Gore Paring (6) Yy = & Ni2 = a S aeVia Ay -BI2 7AO Dp = CVy -b1, 79© Y- PA & Dey, +Yn% PO Tz = Yuv, +Yao V2 9 @ frromn Me ae ha) ABCD PA SD Corse Pos =) with a Be Ya pk © in x, =| (sty ) a.) + Yn, = —\ YnYon -Ye | Vy +(CQu \t Yo\ Ya = (YW Yoo Yi Yay (~ (4). Noy Yo) x, “(ae oc (42) Yat “© jot © with @ e. or D=—_Yu my Yo ABCD PavomncterS in terms 4 Y P59 | cee ree eeABCD ParamctexS tn lems h-p's ABCD PS > W=AYW-B8I, 5 \ T= cy -pI, h-Ps x hy I, FAiV2_ 3 Dahjt, thay 2@ from @ hoy _ 8 si fa) - (A) © Com Pars a © ots es pt © tn ye ze (is vy + wD >] a Ky hoo a) Ve fe hey ky hea hirhoy . — (ee fu he} = —( fh be wate — ©nwth@© ne ho\b Rava rm tetA 12> teams ABcD ps \o | he ps SV, ehn TF, +huy 2m Jy =hy TD, thes 3 I PBCD PA > VY, =AN-BI, >® acs Dre ® from @) day =cvy—2, ss G7 Com Pans ~~ pith © ies ° Faye “(4 4)z2 - “0 of (* _ Boy, My G4 + ee pp 22) 5 2®© [nae pith oO Kor a Rei procel network = Dia = Bay > Vi2= Yor > hy = ha Aye Zany Yu = Yor, A= Ddsan > Ge Ay bad GAP Peramcter® hor a network bind Y= Poh ammckes® hy oa (2 hoy hoo 3 é | yf ee Wo te pene Via = hin 2-2 cour hu = Yo;= het = 3 20607 Ai) x Yea = An = 24 = 8m AY = pppiication 9 tb, % & To ferwenneters th-pohametys 3 TE used in the ommotg oie ot Amol Aignal am phbicry We est: the caper volent crc t oh p Pomarnetevs® Com bE used a% ad oc eqyuivetert Grek of Brno aignel BIT | eB out ac amatgs Cy amg thier Z-Pawometey.s rt is sed to rreprpert givers post Nek WOTK ink ity eqyuivalert T nethowK HCH is Hoe mob im povtark network in Commmunt cob 0 aypter>ABCD Poramebers a \ wed how Hoe omen oh power brartrsasion Une phere an puk port 4% Hae Sendin end and output port sf the nekwowk iB He TECei ving end 2, tHe Unc tAd He bransrete ion farrammchew® bow He network Shown Jo kKvL @ Aneut Ade ~ ad, —3V2 + VV, =0 - Mye 3p 4 24, =® ogry kel © outpot Side Ty = sit, + Vo cs oo oN \ a +3,(BE) oe =)Cz) 32) Re avy 0.4 a @ = C2) yy +CE)Cn) 3% ania) @ 5 @® vith aspen Parra mck t4 A= 13 2 Qq2, BE = on ee = Ge a Sooyrw: De-L = -o.2r as Se Prove PD-BC = 4 bow a ec procal networt! Re ty, B= Ae ca Oe Bay 2a, ray AD-Bc = /2u : 224 (= = = Su tea —(*0%.~*ney = : za, Zap S Sy Bo- ye, + FR, a = Zoe, 2 Us By %a\Nost, Pp-Bes] +#ince hor a veeiprotak network | Bo For a S Yermochs cal nekwoerk Show bh =) hy = Oe 4 bn = a | 7 ene Qn = hy hoa “hinhyy 2 (2) -fy¢3 2) = Bor2- Mey 4 Hr 2 Sen Bae Sone 6 om Ot Soe Arynce By = Ha hor a Ayrnmehs caf network The hollowing eqyuctions gives Hoe wobion ALR between votes and currerd& th A a- Port nefroerk T2025 02M, _ oe ov, Or INg brar tri Aston oe & worwste the nebwork wusker in fea 4, ABCD PoNarmneckVhGaven x, = O2TV, —02Vy =H Ty = —020V) tel Vy 3G) y-PA Oo i 2 Yu MMe 27 ©® Ty =.Yas¥y + Yoa%o AG taney Ca) Yy = O28, Yio son ot) @ a Yo4 = fo —O20,%, =olo bind ABCD PavamckeY Se ee © ae Oe, EL =© \, = AM B22 9@® — (= ONG -pt, 7A®© . =a. hrm © 0/20, =O-10Vy “2 Ve OS VQ WS TQ. 2=@) Pu © in © . L= o-as os Va -5 Ty \ — o> Vy I, s-o 01s, —b25 Ty =@® omranng © § © Azo SS, BES Com Panny & Cr 0r0FS, DEV PB 5 | =| oS a =D —0.075 \os2\y- Vg +2, 7@ ket @ node 3 Ng-Mj 4 Vg -Me +2, =O oo : 3Vzg —\g 20 eae 27@ pt © wm © 4&@ BN, -a(%) st, a= frm E) 2% aa f In Aam @® @ es May =o Yea Hw -h BY“ EY A® Vip eos 1 =b5o gtnd Z Ppohamdkrs bend {yj I= (3 3] Ce} ey e = =| i 3 =| 3 om S als pr kel @ rode |Conn parwiengy O,@ With Y= Petrarnahens ay Yy stars, Yin 2-35 Ve asc, Yao = LSU ye f 4 73 Ay =r -9 2-3 — er -(F 4) fa 7! a -. — ~32 + Bea(2y A2| =f o! By ee -\ “£ Dekermine Y & ABCD Pad amet er sven L- Pohancehews a apovt P nekWork AMC By +20, en, t 202 Boz ty = (on | ~~} ——__ pel oe = 2% bt = C20) C20) (oy Cie) = S06 Yo = Bx BE 4 20.0607 De coo Sy ioe wei lc AE Soo Yap=e - _ al ta erlo spore ae S00 Vo ei a ( 2 = =00 \ ae COO = Ka |ee eee eee ABCD Parameters So A= =u = go a2 5 Cot HL =e) 2a\ fo za td B= 4b = S00 2505 D= Bez 230 23 2a) te 2a lo Given FT zo. FV, —012%y Hsp onus te bind 2 & ABeDd Por amekeTS eS Gaver Y- Paramcttr® vy Comm Part the given exuobios with YoP4% Ne | Os er aw Yo, You —oo 4 Bx Patrannekevs ree BYy= Yu Yor 7 Yt2 Yay =(osycd — C02) C02) 20-46 Sy ves 2 SANG oY OuE 2 (2 al = —C-o ooo OF) 20-4 SKA! O4G ay | .f2¢ — —C-012 =o. AS re G3 4_ Fa a SC oes OGEY 3 en! & Porrarn ck evs ABCD @ a | & a | Yo\ Od | @. = 5: i = ne Ney on ! Coy oe Yo ord D> Yu = res cas Yo) ore : and ork Garth Currents a ce Vouk oe obbairredt experi mertol how a A Pork nekwor kK. dd ine Y- Parham ekevs Dd with Short Created oukpul Tesmh : qe- oamh & MY tos i te Srpa short Urtd bed | zlomA, yo Zo t r= YY, TY ia AO tL Yo, Vy +No2 Vo 9 © - = 3 Yu ~i | = SXIS* Og mar Vy | Ygco 25 2 -3 Ya A \ HSRC? Ro l6OT me Vo. WM =? 3d Yo; = 2 - 23 : = = TOBKIS” _o-olamrw | | eo asYoo = Te ~ toni Bo TOs Vi zo Dekewmmine fy -pavamdters bor the mek Wowk Shown, 5, chy dy Phi Ay aby A, thea TO prod hye hon er en wwe pe Dp 50 tepet “beget ns since 8, =O Ls, 20 — bul «& a ae Ny Sho Vg = XC Parts ) we f | a os o Parts Pub bow 2 = No Paths Mie maths Ro ls c0 Ry +R te =be Rs Vy = “eK Ay a ==§=SsSseSeM He ookpat oo kee @ node © Now + Nog + & A) abe but Ve Va AR 9 ® Puk Vo Valor Vy = Cie DPBS) oe QR, + Ci) Paks Q + Cin) Pg Ry kel @ ¥ Kat fx, = NHP= Cm. +h) 0 Ra tks J fay Aa | = -GBat hs) “Vase Paths For the methork shown bind Yg %_Pavameters 44 2 ore an oy ws 2 =O ‘| Ket @ rede 2 ‘aM 4 Na = T, - 32, aw 2: Bub rk kote Hee Volue 4, bike oes + Vy = 3, -3( Sy 05 Ve) Tg = 4-05 \5@oi) o) §£@ | i ggege=_s- 16 Os we eFO shae(ue oes eyed Se (23 +7" es a} Fu Bi —oO oy) o| tee a na (2 7 eker’ tnd Ee Paham . Zo, “ 1 @® 4 fe . Ny 2 2 Vo. kK ovply Kel @ node VWo+ Vy BV Ne =I, ee el Keel @ node 2 ae eee ( T= avytay SCDComparing, O8@ wy Yo> Parramebey egy uab'ony Yue “SUS Fo 2-w Yar 2-aw ee [rs =| AY =\"bs SI \ 2 -3tas-) fey = fya7 PS _. ess “ey ean, Mages Delewmine Y § EB ParvrameckeoK, tr, (= —— ony 43> 8N, & Ve C2 kve fe mah® “a= C2\42,\2. = UT, + 325 + Ve MoH + 3a, 4 CD ARDD2 Ng > ady-e Cotas) + 2C3\42/) = ACI, 2%) a 2-60, - #4, .& comparing © ,@ Bye Be, AB HSA, Ryr-6P, By —-4oe P-L4 4 be “(8 <,} =-lz¢30 =1¢ oo pe | ite ae 6 3 Ig > [yr = aot ~/ 222 0-277 9 1 0.333 0-166 3 3 ok |For the network hoon obtain E- pararekt™& and draw He ~-Poha 7 eayivalert Gorcait Kur te _toopc V2 22, Fis =o Ys 32, -2, AO see \y-3CIg423) 20 Vaz ad, alg 2@® Kut to Weer® 2I,+ Cz ~-T)) + 2CI, +42) £0 .|..Lr~wr~—C~C~—C—COC.C—COCN -T, +51, +22, so Si,- 1+22, 3@ “Np 2 34,—-( T,-22,) = I Sh Isa, —2,) +23, iseVee fot ee a Vee ee hee + 2 Comm pants, with \g = 4, io Bre ae) Rind Y- paranncteos® hor Hoe Crrecui E Bhown and use thers ty bind Hae “rant tiers Yarram hte x Jo arey Kel @ node | OVC se we a, ae ae c w(t) = foe Ge ZT 2(s xis2)Yy —Corsx16*)V2 3Oce Ker @ nede 2 Me EMM) 2 TL a Ge TysCasxict) W tosxt) & 3@ an eas RIK Y- Parrameh\ cay uakion Ny Sasmue Vin = OS MU Yay = —O asm, Yon SOS MU Aine Yy 2Yg, Peer % Sgpmmebical & Yin = Yay nernork 4 we pre cal . Az - Yoo a -sxiet eee] oer eu Yat. ~asxiot Be-S = \ =4kn Y2) asxiot —Ou Yer ~Yi2Y2y) oe Yay Dz ~-Yy = ei Yas =RS xt| Dekermine ABCD Parameters (®) | Bp ekay KvL te boop © vy - 2, — Cd, -33) <0 vy -23, —t +4, =0 5 { = © loop @ 22,42(2,+4,) + '(43-T)eo 22, 4+ 21, +43 +27, J, =o —-—, +27, +s 4, =o YW-ad, + at, 3 © Os v, =32,-L(7-24) = 3a,-S) +24, ia Se Ve l4 as +2 { ay ap 5 { o =als Be De = 18S cen tay ae Go] Se oe Bay a Dz tr =8ls = 3 za als Emad h-Pavamcders bow Hoe Garcurt ee Ee” Show Te De Vy wo Noe LIiFy et : LLAMY = k \ | Toe ie CaS Vy Qa eeLoop ob S$C4, +20 Ae es) (22) — 52 ie S Oe = itshashaste oF a tae a hy Dt = = |+26% st =) SCits2) SCS) gh Rap = at = SCD = SE 222 14s (4s = as hoo = . 2er CSFind 2-Ppawameckt? for He Grcuit Jan Ahown ao 35. vy, 6h Ve os ul Vi) = lez, Fer, We 62,497, Com Pars WH 2+ Phamelh eqyuchon% a ss > Bt) the ty en = len, | B22 bn | 221 _ 2 29-2| Nokey— Th there i5 no clependert source in MWe given network Hen . ein) Zo = % & Yio =Ya, them ork, be Reciprocal ib Sard bo Te woe mework A of TT type, Po Bors ah he nekweTh 1 oh To type opty kvl ; Ro: ex0 Dekewrrine rhe transminion &) | Parameters fox the networkshown ' {ne } to preety Kel @ wode 1 = ~V. > M+ Qi- 2) = S$tly,-% +» © Ss Poe @ eede | 2 = = = c CY -¥y) | 4g ty = CStD Ye -VYy Vv j= CStI)N, ~ Ty "@35@) er Om © = —— [ CS#IDY ~Ta | = cS a (¢ wu -T}ea = SH ay Ss T=] s*4+s4+l )vy — (Sth “| [ Ss * ] = || BIH, ABCD Pahameers Vi = Avy - BD, zy, = Cv, —DT)_ \ A B | ‘ StESH SHY Deteymine — hybrid “a gonannses ae) is x (Q oe AT Tay” eye ko loop © Vi = 34,7242 =O kve te boop & walte Ft, 9 © ed ‘}euL to loop (SD ACA, oh) + akg +4C Ag tL) =O Big TAX XD \ Sg = AL An 3 @® A a a oe ur mt On O Vy = 32, ~ afar Ax ee i akWis ax, + Vy 2® \ eS a thy toriney ie ~ juodicord — parame ~v Nye hu Xs Thi Na : hay 8) hee Xgz harks a % _ ne) {4 ‘ hoy hee aParameters for Fmd & & h- nekwork Shown besey 4 tne 2 2.0 ee ACA, AP) FU, FACALHAL) =O A) + x_ = - AX ONS Ho, te g4a, za, tay N oo. oes a Hx, — 4, aa Va = + 3xQ Comm? ars oo By ayo tay ten wrth 2-parrarnekeT eayustion yesGen Dez Wye, - By Ry = ¢s>¢3) -(1) G1) hy =Az =l6 tor 3 hie = 2 = oe hat > TB ate tar | 3 haa = ee ter S xz ge >. gp ae) : a wk ale wk we