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132 views121 pagesPhysics Notes
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beparymahiuddinCopyright
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/ 121
ens
HAROON TARIQ
Revision Notes
PHYSICS CONTENTS
Topic 1 Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement 1
Topic 2 Kinematics 14
Topic 3 Dynamics 22
Topic 4 Mass, Weight and Density 27
Topic 5 Turning Effect of Forces 30
Topic 6 Pressure 33
Topic 7 Energy, Work and Pawer 36
Topic 8 Kinetic Model of Mal 42
Topic 9 Transfer of Thermal 46
Topic 10 Temperature 48
Topic 11 Thermal Properties ler al
Topic 12 General Wave Props 56
Topic 13 Light W 60
Topic 14 Electromagnetic Spectrum oa
Topic 15 Sound O Levels with 73
Topic 16 Static electric TAROON TARIQ 78
Topic 17 Current of Electricity 82
Topic 18 D.C. Circuits 90
Topic 19 Practical Electricity 97
Topic 20 Magnetism 102
Topic 21 Electromagnetism 106
Topic 22 Electromagnetic Induction ar
iv Contents TOPIC | Physical Quantities,
Units and Measurement
Candidates should be able to:
(@) show understanding that all physical quantities consist of a numerical magnitude and a unit
(b) recall the following base quantities and their units: mass (kg), length (m), time (s), current (A),
temperature (K), amount of substance (mol)
(0) use the following prefixes and their symbols to indicate decimal sub-multiples and multiples of
the SI units: nano (n), micro (11), milli (m), centi (c), deci (a), Kilo (k), mega (M), giga (G)
(d) show an understanding of the orders of magnitude of the sizes of common objects ranging from
a typical atom to the Earth
(e) state what is meant by scalar a ommon examples of each
(f) add two vectors to determine a r id
(g) describe how to measure a vari ccuracy by means of tapes, rules,
micrometers and calipers, usin
(h) describe how to measure a shott i period of a simple pendulum with
appropriate accuracy using st ents
1. Physical quantities consist of:
(a) Numerical m: Fa fe acpratys the size.of the physical quantity.
(b) Unit - de Son ns Ree ese
2. Physical unk
(a) Basic quantities
Basic Quantity Name of SI Unit | SI Unit
length metre m
mass kilogram kg
time second s
thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
amount of substance mole mol
(b) Derived quantities - defined in terms of the basic quantities through
equations. SI units for these quantities are obtained from the basic SI units
through the equations.
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement Pa Example 1.1
Mass .
Volume (Unit for mass: kg, Unit for volume: m°)
kg
Therefore unit for density = — = kg/m*
m
Density =
3. (a) Units of measurements: SI units are used as standardised units in all
measurements in the world. SI is the short form for “International System
of Units”.
(b) Other Units:
Length Mass Time
1_km = 1000 m 1 kg = 1000 g 1h =60 min
1m = 100 cm 1g = 1000 mg 1 min =60s
dem = 10 mi
4. Examples of some de
Derived Quantity
density
A complete list of key quantities, symbolS- and units used for the O Level
examination can be found in the syllabus.
O Levels with
1.2 Prefixes, Symbols ROON TARIQ,
1. Physical meat e very large, like 23 150 0 m, or very small, like
0.000 000 756 m. Writing down such numbers can be time consuming and
error-prone. We use prefixes to indicate decimal sub-multiples and multiples
of the SI units to make writing such numbers easier.
TOPIC 1 2. Some prefixes of the S! units are as follows:
»
B
Prefix Multiple Symbol | Factor | Order of Magnitude
Tera | 1000000000000; T 10 12
Giga | 1 000 000 000 G 10° 9
Mega | 1 000 000 M 10° 6
Kilo | 1000 k 10° 3
Deci | 0.1 d 107 a
Centi | 0.01 c 107 2
mili | 0.001 m 10° 3
Micro | 0.000 001 u 10° 6
Nano | 0.000 000 001 n 10° -9
Pico | 0.000 000 000 P 12
The ones in bold are spi ly required in
Example 1.2
(a) 0.000 0031 m = 3.1
(b) 0.000 000 0012 s
When measurements 2c Babe or too smal
in standard form as follows:
Mx 10"
Mlies in the range of C= MetWels with
N denotes the ORR CON anrnyRopD | @
Orders of magnitude are often being used to estimate numbers which are
extremely large to the nearest power of ten.
Eg.
(a) Estimate the number of strands of hair on a person's head.
(b) Estimate the number of breaths of an average person in his lifetime
qos
nvenient to express them
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement 5. The following tables show how the orders of magnitude are used to conoal
some masses and lengths. i
Mass/kg | Factor Length/im Factor
Electron 10° Radius of a proton 10%
Proton 107" Radius of an atom 10"
Ant 10° Height of an ant 40°
Human 10" Height of ahuman | 10°(10°= 1)
Earth 10% Radius of the Earth 10°
Sun 10” Radius of the Sun 10°
Example 1.3
Find the ratio of the hi a human to an ant.
Ratio of height of hum: = 10° = 1000.
1.3. Scalars and Vectors
1. Asscalar quantity — ha
E.g. mass, distance, ti
not have direction.
2. Avector quantity — has
cn
E.g. weight, displacement, velocity, accel
Example 1.4
The velocity of a partidid can Be ¥téleu Ss: pod! Yt particle = 2.0 m/s and itis
moving at an anid] das R4EVE AM ridontar 2
2.0 mis
4 | TOPIC 1 1.4
Addition of Vectors
1. Involves magnitude and direction.
Example 1.5
Find the resultant force R at point P due to F, and F,.
F,=4N
P
Using Pythagoras’ Theo!
R= WAY HAY
R= /4?+207 = /416
R= 20.4N
Ris at an angle @ stove ros
(feed
nee e206
@= 11.3" O Levels with
Method 2: Graphital Mid ON TAR | Q
P F,=20N
(Not drawn to scale)
Step 1: Select an appropriate scale
E.g. 1.cmto2N.
Step 2: Draw a parallelogram of vectors to scale.
Step 3: Measure the diagonal to find R.
Step 4: Use the protractor to measure angle @.
Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement E 1.5. Measurement of Length
1. Choice of instrument depends on the degree of accuracy required.
Range of length, / | Instrument | Accuracy Example
1> 100 cm Measuring tape |#0.1 cm _| waistline of a person
5 em