Mathematical Functions:
1. ABS () - Absolute Value:
Meaning: Returns the absolute value of a
number.
Syntax: ABS (number)
Example: ABS (-10)
Output: 10
2. ROUND () - Round to Nearest Integer:
Meaning: Rounds a number to the nearest
integer or to the specified number of decimal
places.
Syntax: ROUND (number, decimal places)
Example: ROUND (15.678, 2)
Output: 15.68
3. POWER() - Exponentiation:
Meaning: Raises a number to the power of
another.
Syntax: POWER(base, exponent)
Example: POWER(2, 3)
Output: 8
4. EXP() - Exponential:
Meaning: Returns e raised to the power of a
specified number.
Syntax: EXP(number)
Example: EXP(2)
Output: 7.3890560989306495
5. LOG() - Natural Logarithm:
Meaning: Returns the natural logarithm of a
number.
Syntax: LOG(number)
Example: LOG(10)
Output: 2.302585092994046
6. PI() - Pi Constant:
Meaning: Returns the mathematical constant pi.
Syntax: PI()
Example: PI()
Output: 3.141592653589793
Numerical Functions:
1. RAND() - Random Number:
Meaning: Returns a random number between 0
and 1.
Syntax: RAND()
Example: RAND()
Output: 0.837419287
2. SQRT() - Square Root:
Meaning: Returns the square root of a number.
Syntax: SQRT(number)
Example: SQRT(25)
Output: 5
3. AVG() - Average:
Meaning: Returns the average value of a numeric
column.
Syntax: AVG(column)
Example: AVG(salary)
Output: 55000
4. COUNT() - Count Rows:
Meaning: Returns the number of rows in a result
set.
Syntax: COUNT(column)
Example: COUNT(employee_id)
Output: 30
5. MAX() - Maximum Value:
Meaning: Returns the maximum value in a set of
values.
Syntax: MAX(column)
Example: MAX(sales)
Output: 100000
6. MIN() - Minimum Value:
Meaning: Returns the minimum value in a set of
values.
Syntax: MIN(column)
Example: MIN(salary)
Output: 30000
7. SQUARE() - Square of a Number:
Meaning: Returns the square of a number.
Syntax: SQUARE(number)
Example: SQUARE(4)
Output: 16
8. SUM() - Sum of Values:
Meaning: Returns the sum of all values in a
numeric column.
Syntax: SUM(column)
Example: SUM(sales)
Output: 500000
String Functions:
1. CONCAT() or CONCATENATE() - Concatenate Strings:
Meaning: Concatenates two or more strings.
Syntax: CONCAT(string1, string2, ...)
Example: CONCAT('Hello', ' ', 'World')
Output: 'Hello World'
2. LENGTH() or LEN() - String Length:
Meaning: Returns the length of a string.
Syntax: LENGTH(string) or LEN(string)
Example: LENGTH('Hello')
Output: 5
3. UPPER() - Uppercase Conversion:
Meaning: Converts a string to uppercase.
Syntax: UPPER(string)
Example: UPPER('hello')
Output: 'HELLO'
4. LOWER() - Lowercase Conversion:
Meaning: Converts a string to lowercase.
Syntax: LOWER(string)
Example: LOWER('WORLD')
Output: 'world'
5. TRIM() - Remove Spaces:
Meaning: Removes leading and trailing spaces
from a string.
Syntax: TRIM(string)
Example: TRIM(' Hello ')
Output: 'Hello'
6. ASCII() - ASCII Value:
Meaning: Returns the ASCII value of the leftmost
character of a string.
Syntax: ASCII(string)
Example: ASCII('A')
Output: 65
7. CHAR() - ASCII to Character:
Meaning: Converts an ASCII value to a character.
Syntax: CHAR(ascii_value)
Example: CHAR(65)
Output: 'A'
8. CHARINDEX() - Substring Position:
Meaning: Returns the position of a substring
within a string.
Syntax: CHARINDEX(substring, string)
Example: CHARINDEX('lo', 'Hello')
Output: 3
9. REPLACE() - Replace Substring:
Meaning: Replaces occurrences of a specified
substring with another substring.
Syntax: REPLACE(string, old_substring,
new_substring)
Example: REPLACE('Hello World', 'World',
'Universe')
Output: 'Hello Universe'
10. LTRIM() - Left Trim:
Meaning: Removes leading spaces from a string.
Syntax: LTRIM(string)
Example: LTRIM(' Hello')
Output: 'Hello'
11. RTRIM() - Right Trim:
Meaning: Removes trailing spaces from a string.
Syntax: RTRIM(string)
Example: RTRIM('Hello ')
Output: 'Hello'
Logical Functions:
1. AND - Logical AND:
Meaning: Returns true if all conditions are true.
Syntax: condition1 AND condition2
Example: salary > 50000 AND department = 'IT'
Output: True or False
2. OR - Logical OR:
Meaning: Returns true if at least one condition is
true.
Syntax: condition1 OR condition2
Example: age > 21 OR income > 50000
Output: True or False
3. NOT - Logical NOT:
Meaning: Returns true if the condition is false
and vice versa.
Syntax: NOT condition
Example: NOT status = 'Inactive'
Output: True or False
Date & Time Functions:
1. NOW() - Current Date and Time:
Meaning: Returns the current date and time.
Syntax: NOW()
Example: NOW()
Output: '2024-01-16 14:30:00'
2. CURDATE() - Current Date:
Meaning: Returns the current date.
Syntax: CURDATE()
Example: CURDATE()
Output: '2024-01-16'
3. CURTIME() - Current Time:
Meaning: Returns the current time.
Syntax: CURTIME()
Example: CURTIME()
Output: '14:30:00'
4. YEAR() - Extract Year:
Meaning: Extracts the year from a date.
Syntax: YEAR(date)
Example: YEAR('2024-01-16')
Output: 2024
5. MONTH() - Extract Month:
Meaning: Extracts the month from a date.
Syntax: MONTH(date)
Example: MONTH('2024-01-16')
Output: 1
6. DAY() - Extract Day:
Meaning: Extracts the day from a date.
Syntax: DAY(date)
Example: DAY('2024-01-16')
Output: 16
