100 Must-Know
Functions to Master
Excel, SQL, Python,
R and Power BI
Pooja Pawar
Pooja Pawar
Excel
1. XLOOKUP: Searches a range or array for a match and returns a
corresponding value.
Syntax: =XLOOKUP(lookup_value, lookup_array, return_array,
[if_not_found], [match_mode], [search_mode])
2. VLOOKUP: Searches for a value in the first column of a range and returns
a value in the same row from another column.
Syntax: =VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num,
[range_lookup])
3. HLOOKUP: Searches for a value in the first row and returns a value from
the same column in another row.
Syntax: =HLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, row_index_num,
[range_lookup])
4. INDEX: Returns the value of a cell in a specified row and column.
Syntax: =INDEX(array, row_num, [column_num])
5. MATCH: Returns the relative position of a value in a range.
Syntax: =MATCH(lookup_value, lookup_array, [match_type])
6. IF: Performs a logical test and returns one value for TRUE and another
for FALSE.
Syntax: =IF(logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false)
7. IFERROR: Returns a specified value if an error occurs.
Syntax: =IFERROR(value, value_if_error)
SUMIF: Adds the values in a range that meet a specified condition.
Syntax: =SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range])
Pooja Pawar
8. COUNTIF: Counts the number of cells that meet a specified condition.
Syntax: =COUNTIF(range, criteria)
9. LEN: Returns the number of characters in a text string.
Syntax: =LEN(text)
10. LEFT: Extracts a specific number of characters from the start of a text
string.
Syntax: =LEFT(text, num_chars)
11. RIGHT: Extracts a specific number of characters from the end of a text
string.
Syntax: =RIGHT(text, num_chars)
12. MID: Extracts text from the middle of a string, starting at a specified
position.
Syntax: =MID(text, start_num, num_chars)
13. TRIM: Removes all extra spaces from text, leaving only single spaces
between words.
Syntax: =TRIM(text)
14. TEXT: Formats numbers and dates into specified text formats.
Syntax: =TEXT(value, format_text)
15. CONCATENATE (or CONCAT): Joins two or more text strings into one.
Syntax: =CONCATENATE(text1, text2, ...)
16. NOW: Returns the current date and time.
Syntax: =NOW()
17. TODAY: Returns the current date without the time.
Syntax: =TODAY()
Pooja Pawar
18. ROUND: Rounds a number to a specified number of digits.
Syntax: =ROUND(number, num_digits)
19. ABS: Returns the absolute value of a number.
Syntax: =ABS(number)
Pooja Pawar
SQL
1. COUNT(): Counts the number of rows that match a specified condition.
Syntax: SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name;
2. SUM(): Calculates the total sum of a numeric column.
Syntax: SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name;
3. AVG(): Computes the average value of a numeric column.
Syntax: SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name;
4. MIN(): Returns the smallest value in a column.
Syntax: SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;
5. MAX(): Returns the largest value in a column.
Syntax: SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name;
6. ROUND(): Rounds a numeric value to a specified number of decimals.
Syntax: SELECT ROUND(column_name, decimal_places) FROM
table_name;
7. LENGTH(): Returns the length of a string.
Syntax: SELECT LENGTH(column_name) FROM table_name;
8. UPPER(): Converts a string to uppercase.
Syntax: SELECT UPPER(column_name) FROM table_name;
9. LOWER(): Converts a string to lowercase.
Syntax: SELECT LOWER(column_name) FROM table_name;
10. TRIM(): Removes leading and trailing spaces from a string.
Syntax: SELECT TRIM(column_name) FROM table_name;
Pooja Pawar
11. COALESCE(): Returns the first non-null value in a list.
Syntax: SELECT COALESCE(column1, column2, ...) FROM table_name;
12. CONCAT(): Combines two or more strings into one.
Syntax: SELECT CONCAT(string1, string2) FROM table_name;
13. SUBSTRING(): Extracts a part of a string from a column.
Syntax: SELECT SUBSTRING(column_name, start, length) FROM
table_name;
14. DATEPART(): Extracts a specific part of a date, such as year or month.
Syntax: SELECT DATEPART(part, date_column) FROM table_name;
15. GETDATE(): Returns the current date and time.
Syntax: SELECT GETDATE();
16. CAST(): Converts one data type to another.
Syntax: SELECT CAST(expression AS data_type) FROM table_name;
17. CONVERT(): Converts a value to a specified data type.
Syntax: SELECT CONVERT(data_type, expression, style) FROM
table_name;
18. ISNULL(): Replaces NULL values with a specified value.
Syntax: SELECT ISNULL(column_name, replacement_value) FROM
table_name;
19. DISTINCT: Returns unique values from a column.
Syntax: SELECT DISTINCT(column_name) FROM table_name;
20. GROUP BY: Groups rows sharing a property for aggregate calculations.
Syntax: SELECT column_name, COUNT(*) FROM table_name GROUP BY
column_name;
Pooja Pawar
Python
1. len(): Returns the number of items in an object.
Syntax: len(object)
2. type(): Returns the type of an object.
Syntax: type(object)
3. str(): Converts an object into a string.
Syntax: str(object)
4. int(): Converts a value into an integer.
Syntax: int(value)
5. float(): Converts a value into a floating-point number.
Syntax: float(value)
6. list(): Converts an iterable into a list.
Syntax: list(iterable)
7. dict(): Creates a dictionary from a sequence of key-value pairs.
Syntax: dict([mapping or iterable])
8. set(): Creates a set from an iterable.
Syntax: set(iterable)
9. tuple(): Converts an iterable into a tuple.
Syntax: tuple(iterable)
10. sorted(): Returns a sorted list from an iterable.
Syntax: sorted(iterable, key=None, reverse=False)
11. abs(): Returns the absolute value of a number.
Syntax: abs(number)
Pooja Pawar
12. round(): Rounds a number to a specified number of decimals.
Syntax: round(number, ndigits=None)
13. sum(): Returns the sum of all items in an iterable.
Syntax: sum(iterable, start=0)
14. min(): Returns the smallest value in an iterable.
Syntax: min(iterable)
15. max(): Returns the largest value in an iterable.
Syntax: max(iterable)
16. range(): Generates a sequence of numbers.
Syntax: range(start, stop, step)
17. zip(): Combines multiple iterables element-wise.
Syntax: zip(*iterables)
18. enumerate(): Adds an index to an iterable.
Syntax: enumerate(iterable, start=0)
19. input(): Takes input from the user.
Syntax: input(prompt)
20. print(): Prints objects to the console.
Syntax: print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n')
Pooja Pawar
R Programming
1. mean(): Calculates the mean of a numeric vector.
Syntax: mean(x, na.rm = FALSE)
2. median(): Calculates the median of a numeric vector.
Syntax: median(x, na.rm = FALSE)
3. sum(): Adds all elements in a vector.
Syntax: sum(x, na.rm = FALSE)
4. min(): Returns the smallest value in a vector.
Syntax: min(x, na.rm = FALSE)
5. max(): Returns the largest value in a vector.
Syntax: max(x, na.rm = FALSE)
6. sd(): Calculates the standard deviation of a numeric vector.
Syntax: sd(x, na.rm = FALSE)
7. var(): Calculates the variance of a numeric vector.
Syntax: var(x, na.rm = FALSE)
8. length(): Returns the number of elements in an object.
Syntax: length(x)
9. abs(): Returns the absolute value of a number.
Syntax: abs(x)
10. round(): Rounds numbers to the specified number of decimal places.
Syntax: round(x, digits)
11. paste(): Concatenates strings with a separator.
Syntax: paste(..., sep = " ")
Pooja Pawar
12. substr(): Extracts or replaces substrings.
Syntax: substr(x, start, stop)
13. grep(): Searches for patterns in strings.
Syntax: grep(pattern, x)
14. sub(): Replaces the first match of a pattern in strings.
Syntax: sub(pattern, replacement, x)
15. gsub(): Replaces all matches of a pattern in strings.
Syntax: gsub(pattern, replacement, x)
16. is.na(): Checks for missing values.
Syntax: is.na(x)
17. apply(): Applies a function to rows or columns of a matrix or array.
Syntax: apply(X, MARGIN, FUN)
18. lapply(): Applies a function to each element of a list.
Syntax: lapply(X, FUN)
19. sapply(): Simplified version of lapply that returns vectors or arrays.
Syntax: sapply(X, FUN)
20. plot(): Creates a graph based on the input data.
Syntax: plot(x, y, ...)
Pooja Pawar
Power BI (DAX)
1. SUM(): Returns the sum of a column.
Syntax: SUM(column)
2. AVERAGE(): Returns the average of a column.
Syntax: AVERAGE(column)
3. COUNT(): Counts the rows in a column.
Syntax: COUNT(column)
4. DISTINCTCOUNT(): Counts the distinct values in a column.
Syntax: DISTINCTCOUNT(column)
5. MIN(): Returns the smallest value in a column.
Syntax: MIN(column)
6. MAX(): Returns the largest value in a column.
Syntax: MAX(column)
7. CALCULATE(): Evaluates an expression in a modified filter context.
Syntax: CALCULATE(expression, filter1, filter2, ...)
8. FILTER(): Returns a table that satisfies a condition.
Syntax: FILTER(table, condition)
9. ALL(): Removes filters from a column or table.
Syntax: ALL(column)
10. RELATED(): Returns a related value from another table.
Syntax: RELATED(column)
11. IF(): Returns one value if a condition is TRUE, and another if FALSE.
Syntax: IF(condition, true_result, false_result)
Pooja Pawar
12. SWITCH(): Evaluates an expression against multiple values.
Syntax: SWITCH(expression, value1, result1, value2, result2, ...,
else_result)
13. ISBLANK(): Checks if a value is blank.
Syntax: ISBLANK(expression)
14. NOW(): Returns the current date and time.
Syntax: NOW()
15. TODAY(): Returns the current date.
Syntax: TODAY()
16. FORMAT(): Formats a value based on a specified format.
Syntax: FORMAT(value, format_string)
17. LOOKUPVALUE(): Returns a single value from a column based on
conditions.
Syntax: LOOKUPVALUE(column, search_column, search_value, ...)
18. DATE(): Creates a date value from year, month, and day.
Syntax: DATE(year, month, day)
19. YEAR(): Extracts the year from a date.
Syntax: YEAR(date)
20. MONTH(): Extracts the month from a date.
Syntax: MONTH(date)
Pooja Pawar
